Esta dissertação de mestrado visa analisar o regime jurídico do contrato de Engineering, Procurement and Construction (ou contrato de EPC), tomadas como premissas os princípios do modelo de financiamento de projetos (project finance), conforme utilizado no setor de infraestrutura e obras de grande porte. O trabalho parte do regime jurídico do contrato de empreitada do Código Civil de 2002, traçando um paralelo com as características principais do contrato de EPC e os interesses envolvidos em um projeto financiado com recurso limitado (limited recourse) ou sem recurso (no recourse) ao patrimônio dos patrocinadores, com o objetivo de verificar a adequação das normas da empreitada ao referido instituto ou a eventual necessidade de regramento específico sobre a matéria. / This master thesis aims at analyzing the legal framework on the Engineering, Procurement and Construction Agreement (EPC), based on the principles and rules of the project finance as applied to the construction and infrastructure areas. The present work sets forth the basis of the construction agreement (contrato de empreitada) as set forth in the Brazilian Civil Code, establishing a comparison with the main aspects of the EPC contract and the interests involved in a limited recourse or no recourse financed project with the objective of verifying the adequacy of the rules of the Brazilian construction agreement (contrato de empreitada) to the EPC contract or the need to create an specific legal framework for such agreement.

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is a serious violation of the Human Rights with global and local implications. The multidimensionality of CSEC requires us to understand its historical elements, legal definitions, and psychosocial characteristics. International agencies, states, and national agencies (statutory and voluntary sectors) have agreed on an agenda of responses including research on CSEC, partnership and collaboration, legal changes and adjustment, promoting criminal prosecution, social policies and interventions for children and young people that have been made subject to CSEC. These interventions are diverse in their approaches, purposes, types of services, models, and critical points. In accordance with international agreements, the Chilean State recognised CSEC as a social problem and developed social policies, legal changes and intervention programmes across the country. In this context, practitioners have built a 'know-how' of social intervention in CSEC based on technical guidelines (social policy on CSEC), institutional directions and pragmatic decisions from fieldwork reflexivity. However, there is no clear evidence about the rationale, models, practices, strategies and critical points in the interventions and weakness in the monitoring and evaluations. Applied Discourse Analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between different levels of social intervention on CSEC: policy, intervention models and practices. The research purpose was to describe, understand, and analyse the programmes of social intervention in CSEC, the social intervention models, and the interdisciplinary practices in Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, implemented in the decade of 2004-2014 in Chile. Government and alternative documents were analysed (13 each), discussion groups with interdisciplinary professional teams in CSEC (3), and a focus group (1) composed of policymakers, academics, researchers, police and judicial representatives was undertaken. These materials were data-managed and analysed using the software dedoose. All University of Edinburgh Research Ethics procedures were followed. The findings indicate that Government documents highlight two discursive styles: Mandatory and Pragmatic, regarding the intervention and the approaches used. These discourses (1) defined the interventions as a part of a system or building a network of services, (2) established a condition of the intervention that recognised children as a subject of law or recognised the specialised character of the intervention, and (3) based interventions on guidelines and ethical principles or challenges, and evidence-based approaches. Alternative documents developed a discursive style of Monitoring and Evaluation that emphasised (1) the complexity of CSEC and the need to develop responses, (2) then recognised challenges such a making visible CSEC and problems with the interventions; and finally (3) recommended the basis for the intervention. Mixed Stakeholders group (1) emphasised CSEC characteristics, and the institutional responses (2) specified the structure of the intervention, and (3) identified tensions and challenges in the adjustments of social policies and intervention practices, methodological needs, and the judicial system rationale and practices. These findings are significant because they help us to understand the processes involved in building appropriate and situated responses for children and young people that have been made subject to CSE on a local, regional and global level.

Magister Legum - LLM / The Republic of South Sudan became independent from the Republic of Sudan on 9 July 2011. South Sudan has an area of 644, 329 km2 and a total estimated population of around 12, 6 million.1The original state of Sudan was intensely divided along ethnic, religious and ideological lines. The general population of the Republic of Sudan is mainly Sunni Muslim whereas the South Sudanese are mostly Christian, with small populations that still practice African indigenous religions.2While the Republic of Sudan is predominantly Arabic-speaking, English and over sixty local languages are spoken in South Sudan.3 The new Republic of South Sudan was born after one of the longest and most ruthless wars fought in Africa. The war between the government of Sudan and the Southerners had its roots in 1955 as resistance to “Sudanisation” began in the run-up to Sudanese independence. Provincial administration4favouring the better-educated northerners over southerners and further conflict fuelled by "Islamisation" strategies and the inability to actualise a government framework that would ensure self-governance for the South led to a protracted civil war between the north and south.5 The Addis Ababa Agreement that ended the first civil war in 1972 did not resolve political pressures and when Sharia law was introduced in 1983, it reignited the north-south conflict.6 The Second Sudanese Civil War ended with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005. The CPA ended a period of constant war between 1955 and 2005 barring an eleven-year truce that isolates two savage stages.7

A presente pesquisa buscou investigar se a colaboração premiada, tal como regulada pela lei nº 12.850/13, ostenta um regime jurídico especial passível de sistematização. Objetivou-se demonstrar que há uma autonomia da qual se pode extrair direitos, deveres e poderes dos sujeitos participantes do acordo, além de poderes do Juiz, e que, dadas suas particularidades, não podem ser considerados, ao menos integralmente, inseridos na classificação de negocio jurídico processual adotada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Demonstrou-se que essa constatação gerou inúmeras e persistentes perplexidades na doutrina que, aos poucos vem sendo superadas pela jurisprudência. A partir do referencial teórico utilizado, procurou-se, então, sistematizar os direitos e deveres do colaborador e do proponente e, também, os poderes do Juiz ao realizar o controle judicial dos acordos, buscando-se examinar os comportamentos possíveis de tais agentes em cada uma das fases procedimentais que compõe o complexo ato da colaboração. Além disso, investigou-se as clausulas que podem figurar no acordo de colaboração premiada. Por meio da análise dos principais termos de colaboração premiada e das decisões judiciais que sobre eles recaíram, exemplificou-se as principais clausulas que tem sido utilizadas no âmbito da operação Lava-Jato, agregando-as segundo a natureza de seu conteúdo e problematizando-se os aspectos controvertidos de sua aplicação, principalmente, com o exame das decisões judiciais proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Em conclusão, buscou-se estudar, com maior precisão, a colaboração premiada ao assumir a perspectiva de que ela constitui um subsistema do tradicional sistema acusatório, com peculiaridades tais, que conferem a ela autonomia que justifica a tentativa de sistematização e aclaramento das características do regime jurídico deste singular instituto. / This paper sought to investigate whether the plea agreement, as regulated by Law No. 12,850/13, has a special legal framework which may be systematized. The objective was to demonstrate there is an autonomy from which the rights, duties and powers of the subjects participating in the agreement, in addition to the powers of the Judge, may be extracted, and which, given their particularities, cannot be considered, at least in full, in the classification adopted by the Federal Supreme Court. It has been shown that this finding has generated several and persistent perplexities in the doctrine which, little by little, have been overcome by jurisprudence. The theoretical framework used then sought to systematize the rights and duties of the participant and the proponent and also the powers of the Judge when performing judicial control of the agreements, seeking to examine the possible behavior of such agents in each of the procedural stages making up the complex act of the plea agreement. In addition, the clauses which may appear in the plea agreement have been investigated. By analyzing the main terms of plea agreement and the judicial decisions resulted from them, we have exemplified the main clauses which have been used in the scope of the Operation Car Wash (Operação Lava-Jato), adding them according to the nature of their content and problematizing the controversial aspects of its application, mainly, with the examination of the judicial decisions uttered by the Federal Supreme Court. In conclusion, it was sought to study, with greater precision, the plea agreement by assuming the perspective that it constitutes a subsystem of the traditional accusatory system, with such peculiarities granting to it autonomy which justifies the attempt of systematization and clarification of the characteristics of the legal framework of this singular institute.

<p>The European Union is the Community made on bases of multiculturalism, diversity and</p><p>equality between Members and its citizens. From the very beginning of being social actor, the European Union has wanted to fight with discrimination. In the July 2008 the Council Directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation was announced. This essay is about the problem of discrimination on the ground of ethnic origin, disability and sexual orientation in</p><p>the European Union. According to the Eurobarometer survey these types of discrimination are the most spread within the European Society. With help of this survey I set a hypothesis and I tested it. The question was if the “Old” Member States are more successful with the fight with the problem that “New” Member States. There are acts of law considering and protecting</p><p>citizens against discrimination. Most of the regulations include the unequal treatment in</p><p>employment, is why I wanted to make researches about the same problem outside the</p><p>employment. I checked what kind of minorities protection exist in legal framework of the EU and I concluded that the New Directive Proposal is actually answer for their problems and in the same time legislation changes are not enough.</p>

The European Union is the Community made on bases of multiculturalism, diversity and equality between Members and its citizens. From the very beginning of being social actor, the European Union has wanted to fight with discrimination. In the July 2008 the Council Directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation was announced. This essay is about the problem of discrimination on the ground of ethnic origin, disability and sexual orientation in the European Union. According to the Eurobarometer survey these types of discrimination are the most spread within the European Society. With help of this survey I set a hypothesis and I tested it. The question was if the “Old” Member States are more successful with the fight with the problem that “New” Member States. There are acts of law considering and protecting citizens against discrimination. Most of the regulations include the unequal treatment in employment, is why I wanted to make researches about the same problem outside the employment. I checked what kind of minorities protection exist in legal framework of the EU and I concluded that the New Directive Proposal is actually answer for their problems and in the same time legislation changes are not enough.

Since 1986 and especially during the early 90s, environmental protection has become a constitutional principle in Vietnam as regulated by Articles 17 and 29 of the 1992 Constitution. The first Law on Environmental Protection, passed by the National Assembly on December 27, 1993 created a foundation for environmental legislation becoming an important field in Vietnam’s legal system. In the following, Vietnam enacted its very first Law on Water Resources (No. 08/1998/QH10) in January 1999 aiming to provide a foundational framework for managing the water sector in Vietnam. In recent years, the legislative framework on water resources management has further developed. Important water-related regulations on the guidance and implementation of the Law on Water Resources have been issued and often amended to meet the requirements of the country’s development, and its international integration. To date, Vietnam’s legislation on the water sector consists of a complex system of legal documents issued by different state agencies. Though legislation of water sector management in Vietnam has greatly improved during the last decade, it has obviously not yet come to full fruition. Hence, the paper intends to provide an overview of achievements as well as problems and conflicting issues within Vietnam’s current water sector management legislation. / Kể từ năm 1986, đặc biệt là những năm đầu của thập kỷ 90, bảo vệ môi trường đã trở thành nguyên tắc hiến định (được quy định tại Điều 17 và 29 Hiến pháp 1992). Luật Bảo vệ môi trường đầu tiên được Quốc hội thông qua ngày 27 tháng 12 năm 1993 đã đặt nền móng cho việc hình thành hệ thống pháp luật về môi trường ở Việt Nam. Tiếp theo đó, ngày 20 tháng 05 năm 1998, Quốc hội nước Cộng hòa xã hội Việt Nam khóa X, kỳ họp thứ 3 đã thông qua văn bản luật đầu tiên về tài nguyên nước - Luật Tài nguyên nước số 08/1998/QH10 hình thành một nền tảng pháp lý cho hệ thống pháp luật bảo vệ nguồn tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam. Trong những năm gần đây, hầu hết các văn bản dưới luật quan trọng và cần thiết cho việc hướng dẫn thi hành Luật Tài nguyên nước đã được ban hành và không ngừng được sửa đổi, bổ sung nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu phát triển và hội nhập quốc tế của đất nước trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau. Tuy nhiên, khung pháp lý hiện hành về tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam bao gồm một hệ thống các văn bản quy phạm pháp luật khá phức tạp, nhiều tầng nấc, được ban hành bởi nhiều cơ quan có thẩm quyền khác nhau. Mặc dù hệ thống pháp luật về tài nguyên nước đã được liên tục sửa đổi, bổ sung và hoàn thiện trong suốt một thập kỷ qua, nhưng rõ ràng vẫn chưa thực sự đi vào cuộc sống. Bài viết dưới đây đề cập chủ yến đến một số các thành tựu cũng như những vấn đề mâu thuẫn hiện tại của pháp luật bảo vệ nguồn tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam.

Pastaruoju metu e.valdžia tampa vis dažnesnis diskusijų objektas tiek buitiniu, tiek ir aukščiausiu teoriniu lygiu visame pasaulyje. Beveik visos pasaulio valstybės vysto e.valdžios iniciatyvas, eEuropos 2005 Veiksmų Plane e.valdžia išskiriama kaip viena pagrindinių prioritetinių krypčių. Ir nors pats e.valdžios fenomenas palyginti nesenas, tačiau jo skvarba tampa kiekvienos šalies socialine būtinybe. Dabartinės valdžios teisinio reguliavimo pagrindai iš esmės kinta dėl naujų valstybės ir visuomenės sąlygų bei poreikių. Nesunku pastebėti, kad šiandien radikaliai keičiasi valstybinio valdymo funkcijos, būdai bei jų įgyvendinimo priemonės. Visuotinai pripažinta, kad e.valdžios įgyvendinimo sėkmė priklauso nuo teisinio reguliavimo aplinkos. Valstybės turi nustatyti e.valdžios teisinio reglamentavimo rėmus, geriausiai atitinkančius jų visuomeninius poreikius, kadangi tik tinkama teisinė aplinka gali paskatinti e.valdžios procesų vystymasi. Kyla daugybė teisinių problemų, kurių sureguliavimui tiek mokslininkai, tiek įstatymų leidėjai ieško geriausių sprendimo būdų. / Recent developments of e-governance initiatives and processes are highly dependant on a proper legal environment of e-governance. The author of the thesis provides an overview of different legal framework initiatives for e-governance and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of them. The second part of the thesis is devoted to different regulatory theoretical approaches of e-governance expanding gradually around the world. First one concentrates on the developing separate laws and regulations covering individual questions pertaining to e-governance. Holistic framework identifies and addresses all relevant issues impacting e-Governance development under a single principal law or regulation. This part also includes an analysis of the alternative and maybe co-existence regulatory ways for e-governance – principle based model and self-regulation. Which model will work better will depend on the purpose of the regulation and on the specific circumstances. The third part gives real life examples introducing with the Austrian E-government Act and the USA 2002 E-government Act. Although the acts develop different e-governance legal regulatory concepts, several common features are identified – main e-governance principals, public-private partnership, establishing the responsible institutions, penal provisions. Finally current e-government situation of the Republic of Lithuania is examined. The legal environment of e-governance in Lithuania is still in transitional phase and... [to full text]

Brands can be one of the most valuable assets a company holds. These intangible assets are difficult tovalue and brand valuation is today a debated subject. By register or incorporate a trademark you can getsole right to it. This legal protection is a big part of the brand. The purpose of this essay is to analysethe value of a brand in an economical historical perspective with institutional theory and law andeconomics. I will describe how the legal framework for accounting (Bokföringslagen andårsredovisningslagen) and trademarks (varumärkeslagen) changes from 1960 to 2010. By looking atarticles from Nordiskt immateriellt rättsskydd (NIR) about trademarks and brands from 1960 to 2010 Iwill try to analyse how the view of brand valuation changes during these years. My result is that brandsget more and more popular and the value of a brand is more important in 1990 and forward then it wasin the 1960’s. I also find it hard to decide whether brands should be activated in company’s balancesheet because of the uncertainty and subjectivity in brand valuation.

Le statut des militaires en France s'est toujours inscrit dans la spécificité. En effet, bien que la loi numéro 72-662 portant statut général des militaires du 13 juillet 1972, puis la loi numéro 2005-270 du 25 mars 2005, reconnaissent aux militaires la qualité de citoyen, elles aménagent, dans un second temps, un ensemble de sujétions qui restreignent, voire interdisent, aux militaires l'exercice de libertés inhérentes à la qualité de citoyen. Les militaires ne peuvent être considérés comme des citoyens 'ordinaires' puisque, d'une part, ils sont des agents de l'état et sont, de ce fait, astreints à des sujétions propres aux agents publics; d'autre part, de la spécificité des missions qu'ils assument découlent des sujétions qui leur sont propres. Cependant, le rapprochement des militaires à la société civile organisée par la loi du 25 mars 2005 ainsi que les évolutions de la société civiles et de l'armée française ont conduit à s'interroger sur les justifications de sujétions des militaires. La présente thèse a ainsi pour objet l'étude des sujétions militaires au regard des droit et libertés garantis à tout citoyen français. / The legal situation of the French military has alway been specific. The legislators of 1972 and 2005 have progressively put an end to the capitis deminutio which prevent the soldiers to exercise their rights and liberties. For this purpose, the legal framework of the military has been progressively approched to the legal framework of the official, while preserving specific principles forming the very basis of the military state. The military have recovered the substance part of their the rights and liberies aknowleged to the cititizens, and consequently, they are legaly between the citizen, the official and the soldier.