Drawing on the classification of expertise developed by Collins and Evans, this study explores the expertises held by members of NHS Research Ethics Committees (RECs) and how they differ from the ones described by the regulations. The study used Q methodology followed by ten semi-structured interviews with Lay and Expert REC members. The results show that committee members see themselves as part of a team, with individual members making different contributions to a collective task. Viewing REC members in this way allows their different expertises to be formally recognised and leads to the creation of two new membership categories, specialist and generalist, based on these expertises. Specialists have expertises such as statistics and pharmacy that are required by the current legislation and which would be present on recruitment. Generalists possess the other expertises needed by the committee but which not required by statute. These include the clinical expertises possessed by healthcare professionals and the other professional expertises – legal, academic, IT and so on – that are typically found amongst those currently classed as Lay members. All REC members, be they specialist or generalist, would also be trained in the ethical and regulatory expertises required to deliver an ethical review. Emphasising how all REC members, whether specialist or generalise, have expertises that contribute to the ethical review enables recruitment activities to focus on the skills needed by the committee rather than current concerns with population demographics. This provides a solution to many of the recruitment issues identified by participants. In particular, it enables the replacement of skills on a ‘like for like’ basis using clearly defined person specifications. Not only would such a process comply with the Nolan principles it be more likely to maintain the integrity and function of the committee regardless of personnel changes.

Although forensic biology is a powerful tool in criminal investigations, there are a number of capability gaps; namely, the interpretation of low-level DNA mixtures, associating the DNA profile with a body fluid, and the issue of consent in sexual offences. A research strategy was developed that utilises whole genome amplification (WGA), messenger RNA and microRNA analysis, DNA profiling, and clothing damage analysis. An evaluation of a WGA technique – multiple displacement amplification - with and without a macromolecular crowding agent, indicated that this may be of use for DNA samples containing certain mixing ratios; however, for this to be truly of use, knowledge of the nature of the sample preanalysis is required, which is not feasible in a forensic environment. A SYBR Greenbased mRNA gene expression test was developed that was capable of distinguishing between saliva and blood by using relative quantitation on real-time PCR. However, the low specificity of the SYBR Green meant that a higher number of controls were required for this to work at forensic standard. A single channel simultaneous analytical test for DNA and microRNA was also developed, which meant that it could be possible to definitively identify the body fluid origin of a DNA profile. This represented a significant step forward in improving forensic biology capability. Reconstruction studies were carried out in response to a sexual assault case where consent was an issue. This study demonstrated that it was possible to cause significant damage to a bra without causing damage to the hook and eye fastening; thus, negating a hypothesis offered by the defence. A long term research strategy has been developed and significant progress has been made in improving the capability of the operational forensic biologist.

Consent is a concept used frequently and with great significance in a wide array of legal fields. It serves to regulate relationships, legitimize authority, delimit normality, and entrench idealized ways of being in the world. Yet despite the consequence of these functions, there is very little precision within legal scholarship about just what consent is. Few investigations of its definitional content depart from presumptive statements about personal autonomy. These associations are often described as the ‘common sense’ of consent and serve to secure a foundationalist discourse about what consent is, rendering alternative conceptions of its meaning or functions unintelligible. This is perhaps best evidenced in more critical approaches to consent, where despite widespread acknowledgement of the concept as a legal and political fiction, its status as a signifier of autonomy is maintained. This creates an imperative to move beyond the notion of consent as merely an illusion, to an understanding of it as something more operative. Not only does the story of autonomy that is told about consent obscure the social realities of inequality, difference, and subordination that might threaten a notion of a homogenous citizenry (and thus, governmental action made in its name), but it also conceals the historically specific conditions of existence which have brought consent’s ‘common sense’ story of autonomy into being. This thesis explores how this dominant narrative of consent, while producing certain ‘ideal’ subjectivities, also necessarily produces subjectivities which don’t fall within the ambit of consent. Moreover, this project asks what is achieved when the meaning of consent is positioned as a matter of ‘common sense’? What does its apparent transparency keep obscure? In contrast to conventional approaches to consent, this project positions consent as an historical artefact rather than a concept with doctrinal, cognitive, or communicative certainty and seeks to investigate its operations across legal fields rather than strictly within them. This includes an examination of consent to sex, the doctrine of informed consent in medical jurisprudence, and the defence of consent to assault in professional sporting contexts. Further, the project engages in a ‘juridical genealogy’ of consent, studying its use in three vastly different historical periods in search of how it might perform different socio-political functions than understandings of its role within contemporary medical and criminal law suggest it should. How these counter-narratives of consent serve to challenge the dominant autonomy story are investigated for what they reveal about the frames of cultural and legal intelligibility at work in consent law today.

O presente trabalho analisa diferentes aspectos da perícia médico legal, visando buscar formas efetivas de otimizar seus laudos e aferir melhores resultados na busca da verdade dos fatos na Justiça brasileira. Para tanto, é feita uma análise etimológica e uma breve retrospectiva da história da perícia, como forma de melhor entender e contextualizar suas bases e origens. Após, é analisada a realidade brasileira nesta área, em especial no Estado de São Paulo, mediante a verificação da estrutura dos locais de perícia, bem como da qualidade das intervenções dos poderes legislativo e executivo nesta área. É discutida, ainda, a questão da desvinculação da perícia à Segurança Pública no Brasil, bem como é realizado um breve estudo de direito comparado, em que são focadas as diferenças no tratamento legal da perícia entre o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e os ordenamentos estrangeiros. / This study analyzes several aspects of forensic expertise, aiming to seek effective ways to optimize the experts reports, consequently benchmarking best results in the search for the truth in investigations carried out in Brazil. Therefore, it was performed an etymological analysis and a brief retrospective of the history of forensic sciences as a way to understand and contextualize its origins and bases. In sequence it was analyzed the Brazilian reality in this field, especially in the State of São Paulo, by means of checking the structure of the locations where the States official examinations are conducted, as well as the quality of the interventions of the government and the parliament in this field. This work also discusses the issue of untying the States official examinations from the Citizen Security authorities in Brazil, as well as performs a brief study of comparative Law, which is focused on the differences related to the legal treatment of forensic sciences on foreign Legal systems compared to the Brazilian Legal system.

The thesis consists of two volumes. Volume 1: This volume consists of three chapters. The first chapter is a literature review examining whether there is a link between psychopathy and self-harm. The second chapter is a quantitative study investigating whether scores on the HCR-20 and FAM risk assessment tools predict frequency of self-harm in females within a secure psychiatric hospital. The third chapter comprises a public domain briefing document which provides a plain language summary of the literature review and empirical paper. Volume 2: This volume consists of five Forensic Clinical Practice Reports (FCPRs). The first details the case of a 63-year-old man with depression and paranoid schizophrenia, formulated from both cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. The second is a service evaluation examining whether scores on the HCR-20 and HoNOS decrease over time for patients detained within a secure psychiatric hospital, and whether individuals’ scores on these measures reflect the level of security in which they reside. The third FCPR documents the case of a 34-year-old man experiencing offence-related anxiety, shame and depression. The fourth FCPR is a single-case experimental design investigating the effectiveness of a trauma-focussed cognitive-behavioural intervention for offence-related PTSD. The fifth FCPR is an abstract of an oral case presentation of a 14-year-old girl experiencing school anxiety. Pseudonyms have been used throughout to ensure anonymity.

[pt] Investiga-se os elementos da fantasia que influenciam a percepção e as reações sociais e subjetivas aos crimes sexuais, e seus efeitos na teorização das perversões, desde sua origem na Medicina Legal do Século XIX. A abordagem é orientada à elucidação das moções pulsionais que determinam as características dos discursos que delimitam o perverso como uma entidade nosográfica. / [en] This thesis investigates fantasy elements that influence the perception and the social and subjective reactions to sexual crimes, and their effect on the theorization of perversions, from its origins in nineteenth century s Legal Medicine. The approach is focused on elucidating the impulses which determine the characteristics of the discourses that define perversion as a nosographic entity.

Esta dissertação investiga a emergência da noção de periculosidade na legislação penal brasileira através da reconstrução das discussões formuladas no âmbito da medicina e do direito. Adotando uma abordagem arqueogenealógica de pesquisa, inspirada na obra de Michel Foucault, busca reconstituir as diferentes problematizações que foram formuladas no Brasil a respeito da imputabilidade penal e seu entorno. Esta dissertação enfoca assimilação das discussões sobre crime e loucura dos autores europeus nos escritos brasileiros das disciplinas da criminologia, medicina legal e psiquiatria realizados desde o período que antecede a aprovação do Código Penal de 1890, passando pelos debates penais centrados na “questão racial” e na “questão social”, até as discussões alimentadas em torno da “defesa social” e seus reflexos no Código Penal de 1940. Conclui que as propostas tanto da criminologia quanto da medicina legal e da psiquiatria para a adoção de uma legislação penal baseada nos princípios da “defesa social” não foram incorporadas neste Código na extensão almejada por seus defensores. / This dissertation investigates the emergency of the periculosity notion in the Brazilian penal legislation throughout the disputations formulated in the ambit of medicine and right. Adopting an archeogenealogical approach of research, inspired on the Michel Foucault’s work, this enquire search to reconstitute the different problematizations formulated in Brazil among the penal responsibility and his nearness. This dissertation focuses the assimilation of the disputations about crime and madness of the European authors in the brazilian writers of the disciplines of criminology, legal medicine and psychiatry realized since the period before the approbation of the Penal Code of 1890, undergoing the penal debates centered in the “racial question” and in the “social question”, up to the disputations nourished among the “social defense” and his reflexes in the Penal Code of 1940. The conclusion of this work is that the propositions as far of the criminology as of the legal medicine and of the psychiatry for the adoption of a penal legislation founder in the principles of the “social defense” were not incorporated in the extension desired by his sponsors.

Submitted by FABIANA DA SILVA FRANÇA (fabiana21franca@gmail.com) on 2017-12-07T11:51:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 3124363 bytes, checksum: cd9d9535b9b8ac688d58a857fed5a6f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-07T11:51:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 3124363 bytes, checksum: cd9d9535b9b8ac688d58a857fed5a6f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-30 / Documents are characterized as one of the main sources of historical record, configuring themselves as important information elements, producing memory, a legacy for the generation of files. Throughout history, the media of material memory have not provided a great contribution to the archival science in the most diverse institutions. Based on the concept of memory, the developed piece of research aimed to propose the appropriateness of the memory concept in public institutions, more precisely in the case of Legal Medicine archives, specifically the archive of the Nucleus of Legal Medicine and Dentistry (NUMOL), in the municipality of João Pessoa, in the state of Paraíba, starting to manage and use new media with the purpose of identifying missing persons. This piece of research was based on the study of documentary typology of this archive, which characterizes its archival background in storing from the traditional document to any other type of object, vestiges that later will be transformed into sources of information. Nevertheless, the main focuses are the autopsy, anthropological, and dactyloscopic documents and the forensic DNA, which can gather and make available information from the survey of data collected at the crime scene to be used as individual and collective memory of living persons, identified and unidentified bodies. Moreover, the information professional, by making use of the anthropological, genetic and dactilocopic patrimony, aims at preserving and acting in the archival collection maintenance. Thus, the presented research served not only to enhance scientific knowledge, but also to investigate the social aspects in Information Science and to provide society the resignification of the memory registered in its diverse media. / Documentos se caracterizam como uma das principais fontes de registro histórico, configurando-se como importantes elementos de informação, produzindo uma memória, um legado para a geração de arquivos. Ao longo da história, os suportes de memória material não deram uma grande contribuição à ciência arquivística nas mais diversas instituições. Tomando como base o conceito de memória, a pesquisa aqui desenvolvida objetivou propor a adequação do conceito de memória em instituições públicas, mais precisamente no caso de arquivos de Medicina Legal, especificamente, o arquivo do Núcleo de Medicina e Odontologia Legal (NUMOL), do município de João Pessoa no estado da Paraíba, passando a gerenciar e utilizar novos suportes com a finalidade de identificação de pessoas desaparecidas. A construção da pesquisa foi baseada no estudo da tipologia documental deste arquivo, que caracteriza seu fundo arquivístico em armazenar desde o documento tradicional a qualquer outro tipo de objeto, vestígios que, posteriormente, serão transformados em fontes de informação. Todavia, o foco principal são os laudos ou documentos tanatoscópico, antropológico, datiloscópico e o DNA forense, que têm a capacidade de reunir e disponibilizar informações dos levantamentos de dados coletados no local do crime, para serem usados como memória individual e coletiva de pessoas vivas, corpos identificados e não identificados. Além disso, o profissional da informação, ao fazer uso do patrimônio antropológico, genético e datiloscópico, visa preservar e atuar na manutenção do acervo arquivístico. Assim, a pesquisa apresentada serviu não apenas para engrandecer o conhecimento científico, mas também para investigar aspectos sociais na Ciência da Informação e propiciar à sociedade a ressignificação da memória registrada nos seus diversos suportes.

Resumo: Há muito, a criminalística vem buscando soluções para superar um dos maiores desafios no atendimento de locais de crime, qual seja a determinação do intervalo de tempo entre o fato penal ocorrido e o início dos trabalhos de investigação policial. Não somente o intervalo pósmorte (IPM) representa um desses desafios, mas também o tempo decorrido em casos de maus tratos a crianças, idosos ou animais, além dos casos em que a determinação da causa da morte torna-se imprescindível no curso da investigação policial. Assim tornou-se a Entomologia Forense um parâmetro importante na busca por soluções capazes de nortear os trabalhos de apuração de diversos tipos de delito, recorrendo-se a informações sobre a idade do inseto, quando leva em conta sua biologia, bem como o comportamento de toda fauna presente em um corpo, tendo em conta o processo de sucessão ecológica. Para tanto, o conhecimento da fauna existente em diferentes áreas do país é primordial, de modo que a Entomologia Forense possa ser usada como um método corrente junto às técnicas periciais já existentes, além de aumentar a confiabilidade acerca dos laudos emitidos atualmente. Assim, neste estudo, objetivou-se analisar de maneira sistemática, usando como modelo animal carcaças de suínos domésticos (Sus scrofa L.) de aproximadamente 15 Kg, expostas em ambiente rural da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, Alta Mogiana, por meio de armadilhas apropriadas. Um dos animais foi morto por disparo de arma de fogo, enquanto o outro, por overdose de cocaína via intramuscular. Nossos resultados mostram que não houve diferença significativa na abundância e diversidade das espécies devido à intoxicação, porém as carcaças de porcos mortas por cocaína foram consumidas primeiro que as mortas por disparo de arma de fogo. Outra observação importante foi em relação ao primeiro registro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Forensic Science has been researching solutions to overcome one of the greatest challenges in the crime scene, which is determining the time interval between the criminal act occurred and the beginning of the investigation, ie, the post mortem interval (PMI). Among other challenges, is possible estimate the time since a child, aged people were neglected, beside the facts that the determination of the cause of death becomes vital in the course of police investigation. Thus became the entomology an important parameter in the search for solutions that can guide the work for various types of offence, using information about the insect age, when it takes in consideration their biology, as well as the behavior of the fauna present on the body, considering the ecological succession process. Thus, the knowledge of the existing fauna in different areas of the country is necessary for that the forensic entomology can be used as a common method within the forensic scope, as well as increasing the reliability of reports about currently issued. This study aimed at analyze, using as an animal model domestic pig (Sus scrofa L.) of approximately 15 kg, exposed in a rural environment of the Northeast from São Paulo State, Mogiana, by appropriate traps. One of the animal was killed by firearm, while another, by cocaine overdose intramuscularly. Our results showed that there was no significant difference on abundance and species diversity due to intoxication, but the carcasses killed by overdose were consumed by insects before that those killed by shooting. Another important observation regarding to the firt record of breeding of Ornidia obesa (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the carcasses in an attempt to gather enough data to support the possible inclusion of this syrphid fly in the ecological category of necrophagic insects... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Wesley Augusto C. de Godoy / Coorientador: Patrícia Jacqueline Thyssen / Banca: Reinaldo José da Silva / Banca: Carolina Reigada / Mestre

Esta dissertação investiga a emergência da noção de periculosidade na legislação penal brasileira através da reconstrução das discussões formuladas no âmbito da medicina e do direito. Adotando uma abordagem arqueogenealógica de pesquisa, inspirada na obra de Michel Foucault, busca reconstituir as diferentes problematizações que foram formuladas no Brasil a respeito da imputabilidade penal e seu entorno. Esta dissertação enfoca assimilação das discussões sobre crime e loucura dos autores europeus nos escritos brasileiros das disciplinas da criminologia, medicina legal e psiquiatria realizados desde o período que antecede a aprovação do Código Penal de 1890, passando pelos debates penais centrados na “questão racial” e na “questão social”, até as discussões alimentadas em torno da “defesa social” e seus reflexos no Código Penal de 1940. Conclui que as propostas tanto da criminologia quanto da medicina legal e da psiquiatria para a adoção de uma legislação penal baseada nos princípios da “defesa social” não foram incorporadas neste Código na extensão almejada por seus defensores. / This dissertation investigates the emergency of the periculosity notion in the Brazilian penal legislation throughout the disputations formulated in the ambit of medicine and right. Adopting an archeogenealogical approach of research, inspired on the Michel Foucault’s work, this enquire search to reconstitute the different problematizations formulated in Brazil among the penal responsibility and his nearness. This dissertation focuses the assimilation of the disputations about crime and madness of the European authors in the brazilian writers of the disciplines of criminology, legal medicine and psychiatry realized since the period before the approbation of the Penal Code of 1890, undergoing the penal debates centered in the “racial question” and in the “social question”, up to the disputations nourished among the “social defense” and his reflexes in the Penal Code of 1940. The conclusion of this work is that the propositions as far of the criminology as of the legal medicine and of the psychiatry for the adoption of a penal legislation founder in the principles of the “social defense” were not incorporated in the extension desired by his sponsors.