Cette thèse est consacrée à une analyse synoptique de la légitimité des hôpitaux publics tunisiens. Cette légitimité de l’hôpital étant construite en interne et en externe par le personnel qui y travaille et les patients qui le fréquentent, nous l’avons soumise à une catégorisation spatiale en légitimité « intra-organisationnelle » et en légitimité « extra-organisationnelle ». Au niveau intra-organisationnel, les hôpitaux publics tunisiens, ayant fait l’objet d’une réforme débutée depuis un peu plus de deux décennies, l’étude de leur légitimité ne pouvait se faire à l’insu de cet évènement. Par ailleurs, étant donné le caractère professionnel des hôpitaux publics et leur organisation en plusieurs services spécialisés, nous avons procédé à une scission de leur légitimité en légitimité « professionnelle » et en légitimité de « service ». Ces « sous-légitimités » agrégées ensemble ont permis de reconstituer la légitimité globale de l’hôpital. L’analyse de la légitimité « intra organisationnelle » s’est faite au moyen d’une analyse qualitative par étude de cas dans deux EPS tunisiens. Pour le cas de la légitimité de la réforme hospitalière et des mécanismes qui lui ont servi de support, nous avons postulé l’existence d’une relation de causalité circulaire entre institutionnalisation et légitimation, la deuxième étant un préalable à la première. Les analyses menées sur l’ensemble des mécanismes de la réforme ont conclu à une faible institutionnalisation, laissant augurer d’une faible légitimation. Pour le cas des légitimités au niveau professionnel et de service, les résultats ont affiché une grande diversité des légitimités en jeu entre les services hospitaliers et une plus grande homogénéité au sein des mêmes groupes professionnels. Ces résultats attestent du caractère discriminant de l’appartenance au service et professionnelle pour juger de la légitimité de l’hôpital. Au niveau extra-organisationnel, la légitimité de l’hôpital renvoie à celle développée par les patients en externe. Nous avons considéré deux catégories de patients : des patients appelés « classiques » qui s’adressent à l’hôpital pour l’obtention de soins et des patients personnel de l’hôpital, qui en leur qualité de citoyens peuvent s’y présenter pour se soigner. C’est ainsi que nous avons distingué entre légitimité extra-organisationnelle « profane » et entre légitimité extra-organisationnelle « expertale ». Ces deux sous-légitimités relèvent d’une légitimité « expérientielle ». Les patients « profanes » et « experts » vont juger de la légitimité de l’hôpital en s’appuyant sur leur expérience personnelle. Ces deux catégories de légitimité, soumises à une classification hiérarchique ascendante, ont affiché des divergences considérables, les patients étant plus portés vers des aspects moraux pour juger de la légitimité contrairement au personnel, qui maintient intact son ancrage professionnel, en accordant plus d’importance aux aspects techniques et financiers. / This dissertation aims to analyze synoptically the legitimacy of Tunisian public hospitals. This hospital’s legitimacy is constructed internally and externally by both the employees and the patients, has been submitted to a spatial categorization in “intra-organizational legitimacy” and “extra- organizational legitimacy”. At intra-organizational level, Tunisian public hospitals have been subject of a reform that started a little over two decades; the study of their legitimacy could not be done without the knowledge of this event. In addition, given the professional characteristic of the public hospitals and their organization in several specialized services, we conducted a split of their legitimacy in “professional legitimacy” and “service’s legitimacy”. These sub legitimacies aggregated together helped restore the overall legitimacy of the hospital. The analysis of “intra organizational” was made using a qualitative analysis, by case studies in two Tunisian public hospitals. In the case of the reform’s legitimacy and the mechanisms that have served as support, we postulated the existence of a circular causality between institutionalization and legitimization, the second is a prerequisite to the first. The analysis conducted on all the mechanisms of reform have concluded to a weak institutionalization revealing a weak legitimacy. In the case of “professional legitimacy” and “service’s legitimacy”, the results showed a wide range of legitimacy at stake between and hospital services and a greater homogeneity within the same professional groups. These results attest to the discriminatory nature of the professional and service membership to judge the hospital’s legitimacy. At extra-organizational level, the hospital’s legitimacy refers to that developed by the patients. We considered two categories of patients: patients called “classic” that go to the hospital to obtain medical care and others hospital staff patients, who in their capacity as citizens may present themselves for treatment. Thus we distinguished between “profane extra-organizational legitimacy” and “expertal extra organizational legitimacy”. These two sub-legitimacies refer to “experiential legitimacy”. Both profane and expert patients will judge hospital’s legitimacy based on their personal experience. These two categories of extra-organizational legitimacy submitted to a hierarchical cluster analysis, showed significant differences, patients are more likely to judge legitimacy based on moral aspects, unlike staff who maintain intact their professional anchor paying more attention to technical and financial aspects.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universität, Trier, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Selon la théorie de la légitimité, la volonté de l’entreprise de se légitimer influence la communication de sa responsabilité sociétale (RSE). Nous voulons comprendre le rôle de la recherche de légitimité dans la communication de la RSE par une démarche multi-méthodes et ancrée sur le terrain des Caisses d’Épargne. Nous montrons que les banques communiquent davantage sur la RSE spécifique de leurs activités après la crise bancaire de 2008, conformément à la théorie de la légitimité (papier 1). Elles communiquent différemment sur la RSE, ce que l’on associe à la recherche de différents types de légitimité (pragmatique, moral, cognitif). Les Caisses d’Épargne se démarquent par leur communication sur les volets sociétal et communicationnel. Cette différenciation n’est pas surprenante au regard de leur philanthropie intégrée dans leurs activités, gouvernance et culture (papier 2). Le type d’intégration de la RSE apporterait une explication appropriée du type de légitimité visé. L’emploi de la responsabilité morale viserait à restaurer la légitimité et celui de la philanthropie de l’entreprise à la maintenir ; les légitimités (pragmatique, moral et cognitive) seraient associées à différentes intégrations (activités, gouvernance, culture) de la philanthropie (papier 3).Un retour à la théorie affine notre définition de la RSE (papier 4) et de la légitimation (papier 5) pour élargir l’étude de la légitimation par la philanthropie à celle de la légitimation par la RSE (papier 6). Les liens entre la légitimité visée et la RSE communiquée nous conduisent à proposer un approfondissement conceptuel de la théorie de la légitimité et des outils de gestion de la légitimation par la RSE. / According to legitimacy theory, the driver of corporate legitimacy influences corporate communication of corporate social responsibility (CSR). We aim to understand the role of the search for legitimacy in the communication of CSR, through a multi-method approach, embedded in the French Saving Banks research field.We show that banks disclose more CSR information related to their activities tafter the 2008 banking crisis, in accordance with legitimacy (paper 1). Banks communicate differently on CSR, which is associated with the search for different types of legitimacy (pragmatic, moral and cognitive). The French Saving Banks differentiate themselves from the other banks by communicating more about the societal and communicative CSR component. This differentiation is not surprising given their philanthropy integrated into their activities, governance and culture (paper 2).The type of integration of CSR could provide an appropriate explanation of the type of legitimacy sought.The use of moral responsibility would seek to restore legitimacy and the use of corporate philanthropy would seek to maintain legitimacy; the types of legitimacy (pragmatic, moral and cognitive) would be associated with different types of integration of philanthropy (activities, governance, culture) (paper 3).We return to the theoretical framework, to refine our definition of CSR (paper 4) and legitimation (paper 5) in order to expand the study of legitimation through philanthropy, into the study of legitimation through CSR (paper 6). The linkages between the legitimacy sought and the CSR communicated leads us to propose a deepening of legitimacy theory and CSR legitimation management tools.

This dissertation thesis centres on the stability and instability of the Vietnamese communist regime, and how to understand this topic today. This problem was explored with the help of an imported political tool, which Vietnam adopted from the USSR, through China, in the late 1940s, and which experienced a revival in modern economically liberalised Vietnam: emulation movements. This thesis assumed that historic and current emulation movements were designed to control, but also to bring legitimacy or a 'legitimacy effect' (and the related stability), through their different functions. It asked how they succeeded in this task comparatively, in their historic and current incarnations. The framework of functions of emulation movements in Vietnam combined with the theoretical concepts of David Beetham, Max Weber and Robert Lamb served as basic theoretical tenets. The thesis concluded that emulation indeed helped create foundational regime legitimacy and offered possible links to a new communist doctrine. The thesis showed that a predominance of successful legitimization, combined with legitimacy effect and Ho Chi Minh's charisma, helped stabilize the DRV regime, especially until 1954. The analysis of present-day emulation movements, however, showed the weakness of the VCP as it struggles to fulfil the...

Bakgrund: I samband med att samhället strävar efter en mer fossilfri ekonomi och lagstiftare upprättar allt fler direktiv för vad en hållbarhetsrapport skall innehålla blir kraven på företag allt större. Banker har som investering- och finansieringsinstitut en miljöpåverkan genom de investeringar de hanterar. Att investera i exempelvis fossil energi skapar en indirekt klimatpåverkan, men ofta är denna påverkan mer svår att identifiera och inte alltid tydlig för banken själv. Bankers direkta utsläpp kan vara små jämfört med andra industrier vilket kan leda till att analytiker utelämnar banker i deras rapporter. Omställningsarbetet som sker från både EU-nivå och nationell nivå sätter banker i fokus vilket förändrar det externa trycket på dess verksamhet, bankerna måste anpassa sig till de nya normer och värderingar som uppstår i och med detta. Syfte: Studien har som mål att granska och skapa förståelse för hur några av de större svenska bankerna använder legitimeringsstrategier för att befästa sin trovärdighet när de upprättar hållbarhetsrapporter och hur detta har förändrats över tid när nytt externt tryck uppkommer. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och dokumentanalys av fyra svenska bankers hållbarhetsrapporter. Data samlades in genom bankernas hållbarhetsrapporter för att sedan granskas och analyseras genom argumentationsanalys och genom att granska innehållet i hållbarhetsrapporterna. Analys: Analysen av hållbarhetsrapporterna visar att kommunikationen av indirekt klimatpåverkan i bankernas hållbarhetsrapporter utökas över tid. Däremot väljer bankerna att inte redovisa detaljerade data kring deras indirekta klimatpåverkan, trots att det finns intresseorganisationer som skapar ramverk för att detta ska vara möjligt. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att kommunikationen för indirekt klimatpåverkan har utvecklats och expanderats under tio år. Opinionsbildat externt tryck är själv inte är tillräckligt för att få bankerna att ändra på kommunikationen kring indirekt klimatpåverkan även om vissa banker redovisare mer än de andra även utan lagstiftande externt tryck. Efter granskning av hållbarhetsrapporterna är det tydligt att den indirekta klimatpåverkan är den största klimatpåverkan som sker på grund av bankernas verksamhet. Detta kan tyda på att bankerna valt att inte redovisa denna data innan för att kunna bibehålla deras legitimitet i samhället vars normer och värderingar skiftar mot mer hållbart / Background: As society strives for a more fossil-free economy and legislators establish increasing directives on what a sustainability report should contain, the demands on companies are growing. Banks, as investment and financing institutions, have an environmental impact through the investments they manage. Investing in fossil energy, for example, creates an indirect climate impact, but often this impact is more difficult to identify and not always clear to the bank itself. Banks' direct emissions may be small compared to other industries, which can lead analysts to omit banks in their reports. The transition efforts taking place at both the EU and national levels are putting banks in focus, which changes the external pressure on their operations. Banks must adapt to the new norms and values that emerge as a result. Purpose: The study aims to examine and understand how some of the major Swedish banks employ legitimation strategies to strengthen their credibility when preparing sustainability reports, and how this has evolved over time in response to emerging external pressures. Method: The study is based on a qualitative research method and document analysis of sustainability reports from four Swedish banks. Data was collected from the banks' sustainability reports and then examined and analyzed through argumentation analysis and by reviewing the content of the sustainability reports. Analysis: The analysis of the sustainability reports shows that the communication of indirect climate impact in the banks' reports is increasing over time. However, the banks choose not to disclose detailed data on their indirect climate impact, even though there are interest organizations that create frameworks for making this possible. Result: The study's findings indicate that the communication of indirect climate impact has evolved and expanded over a period of ten years. External pressure from stakeholders alone is not sufficient to prompt banks to change their communication regarding indirect climate impact, even though some banks disclose more than others, even without legislative external pressure. After examining the sustainability reports, it becomes evident that indirect climate5impact is the most significant impact resulting from the banks' operations. This suggests that banks may have chosen not to disclose this data in order to maintain their legitimacy in a society where norms and values are shifting towards greater sustainability.

The fashion industry is one of the most criticized industries when it comes to their sustainability performance, where consumers have very high demands and expectations. This study aims to investigate how Swedish companies in the fashion industry use legitimacy strategies in their sustainability reports to repair their legitimacy after receiving negative publicity in the media. The study is based on negative publicity between the years 2016-2021. The researchers in this study have used a qualitative research method in the form of a deductive approach, as the study is based on theories. The data that was collected from the reports was relevant to the media incident. As the starting point was the media incident, the researchers were able to adapt the review of the sustainability reports to find relevant information in line with the negative publicity. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that companies use at least one of Lindblom's four legitimacy strategies in order to repair their legitimacy. The results also showed that the more attention the negative publicity receives from society, the more the companies put emphasis on reporting the event in their sustainability report. / Modebranschen är en av de mest kritiserade branscherna när det gäller deras hållbarhetsarbete, där konsumenterna har väldigt höga krav samt förväntningar. Denna studie har som mål att undersöka hur svenska företag inom modebranschen använder sig av legitimitetsstrategier i sina hållbarhetsrapporter för att reparera sin legitimitet efter att ha fått negativ publicitet i media. Studien är baserad på negativ publicitet mellan åren 2016-2021. Forskarna i denna studie har använt sig av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod i form av en deduktiv ansats, då studien styrs av teorier. Datan som samlades in från rapporterna var det som var relevant till den mediala händelsen. Då utgångspunkten var den mediala händelsen kunde forskarna anpassa granskningen av hållbarhetsrapporterna till att finna relevant information i enlighten med den negativa publiciteten. Utifrån studiens resultat drogs slutsatsen att företagen använder minst en av Lindbloms fyra legitimitetsstrategier i syfte att reparera sin legitimitet. Resultaten visade även att ju mer uppmärksamhet den negativa publiciteten får av samhället, desto större vikt lägger företagen på att redogöra för händelsen i sin hållbarhetsrapport.

Local Law Enforcement and Immigration: Lessons and Recommendations from Police Executives (2007-2021) Tonya D. Chapman ABSTRACT The Immigration and Reform Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) authorized the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) to enter into memoranda of agreement with local law enforcement under section 287(g). The 287(g) program includes the Task Force Model (TFM), Jail Enforcement Model (JEM), Secure Communities (SC), the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) model and the Warrant Service Officer (WSO) Model, which authorizes specific responsibilities of immigration enforcement to local law enforcement agencies. This dissertation examines the impact of local law enforcement's participation in the various 287(g) programs from the perspective of law enforcement executives. Local law enforcement was granted the responsibility in part because Congress and local elected officials believed that immigration increased crime. However, as of 2022, little research on the nexus between crime and immigration supports that claim; nor does it support the claim that crime rates fell as a result of local law enforcement's participation in the 287(g) programs. Consistent with prior research, this dissertation finds that immigration enforcement has a "null or non-significant" effect on crime in these jurisdictions in comparison to jurisdictions that did not participate in the 287(g) programs. Moreover, this dissertation shows that law enforcement's participation in immigration enforcement led to unintended consequences, including adverse impacts on police legitimacy (trust and fear), perceived crime reporting by immigrant communities, and their community policing efforts. This research provides guidance on best practices to law enforcement in an effort to re-imagine the profession in accordance with procedural justice principles. It examines whether and how immigration enforcement has posed challenges for building trust, legitimacy, community engagement and transparency for law enforcement; looks at whether federal mandates and immigration enforcement affected the advancement of community policing and procedural justice; provides insight on lessons learned from law enforcement's perspective; and contributes to research on the immigration-crime nexus. / Doctor of Philosophy / Local Law Enforcement and Immigration: Lessons and Recommendations from Police Executives (2007-2021) Tonya D. Chapman GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT Section 287(g) under the Immigration and Reform Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) authorized the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) to enter into memoranda of agreement with local law enforcement agencies to participate in immigration enforcement. Under Section 287(g), ICE implemented 5 programs, including the Task Force Model (TFM), Jail Enforcement Model (JEM), Secure Communities (SC), the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) model, and the Warrant Service Officer (WSO) model. This dissertation examines the impact of local law enforcement's participation in the 287(g) programs, from the perspective of law enforcement executives. This dissertation shows that law enforcement's participation in immigration enforcement led to unintended consequences, including adverse impacts on police legitimacy (trust and fear), perceived crime reporting by immigrant communities, and their community policing efforts. The dissertation also finds that immigration enforcement has a "null or non-significant" effect on crime. This research provides guidance on best practices to law enforcement in an effort to re-imagine the profession in accordance with fair and impartial policing principles.

L’étude de l’iconoclasme byzantin, cette crise théologique ayant pour cause l’essor du culte associé aux images religieuses, a été un exercice ardu pour les historiens. En effet, les maigres sources disponibles pour cette période sont toutes favorables au culte des images. Bien qu’écrite par un iconodoule convaincu et hostile aux empereurs iconoclastes, la Chronographie de Théophane le Confesseur ne mérite pourtant pas ses étiquettes contemporaines de pro-iconophile et d’anti-iconoclaste. Le présent mémoire propose donc de revoir et de nuancer les écrits de Théophane en ce qui a trait au pouvoir impérial. Il s’agira de démontrer que la place des empereurs sur l’échiquier théologique n’a aucune influence sur la représentation du pouvoir, voire et de ceux qui l’exercent, dans la Chronographie. En effet, une analyse rigoureuse des empereurs de la période iconoclaste (717-780) et de la période iconodoule (780-815) prouvera que pour Théophane, rien n’est absolu : les iconoclastes ne sont pas dépourvus de vertu et les iconodoules peuvent agir de façon tyrannique. La Chronographie propose ainsi une image complexe du pouvoir impérial, qui oblige à reconsidérer les frontières entre légitimité impériale et tyrannie. -- The study of Byzantine iconoclasm, a theological crisis caused by the emergence of religious practices centered on divine images, has proven to be a difficult endeavor for historians. Indeed, the few available sources which discuss this period are clearly favorable to this cult of images. Despite having been written by a convinced iconodule who was also hostile to iconoclastic emperors, the Chronicle by Theophanes the Confessor should not be labelled as purely pro-iconophile and anti-iconoclastic. As such, the present thesis will seek to review and relativize the writings of Theophanes with regards to imperial power. This will attempt to demonstrate that in the Chronicle, the place of emperors on the theological playing field has no impact on the representations of power or those who exert it. In fact, a rigorous analysis of emperors from the iconoclastic period (717-780) as well as the iconodule period (780-815) will show that inTheophanes’ mind nothing is absolute: iconoclasts are not devoid of virtue and iconodules can be tyrannical. Hence, the Chronicle presents a complex image of imperial power, one which demands a reconsideration of the boundaries between imperial legitimacy and tyranny.

This thesis is an attempt to address the surprising lack of study into the question of usurpation in late antiquity. During a period defined by a textual corpus (289-389), the thesis looks at how usurpers and usurpation were presented in the panegyrics delivered to emperors and their courts. That usurpation features very heavily in this corpus should tell us something in itself, but it is a feature of these texts which has hardly been observed. The thesis shows how the panegyrics employed aggressive rhetorical tactics that sought not to bury usurpers in silence but rather to glory in their destruction and to create characters for the usurpers and their regimes that were designed to reinforce the legitimacy claims of the victorious emperor. The language of the panegyrics concerning usurpers and usurpation is thus virtually worthless as a tool to reconstruct the historical actualities of the people and times that they discuss. It cannot be used, as some scholars have done, to give insight into the working of particular usurpations. But the study also demonstrates that the panegyrics are far too valuable a body of sources to simply ignore, as many more scholars have tended to do. The panegyrics demonstrate the beginnings of the processes of memory sanction, or damnatio memoriae, that were imposed upon defeated usurpers and, as such, give us a valuable insight into how imperial Romans recorded their history and conceived of the power structures through which they were governed. Panegyrics are vital to our understanding of usurpers and usurpation because they are the first step in the process of understanding why our narrative sources are so unreliable concerning such men.