Metoo-rörelsen har skapat ett större behov av transparens och en djupare förståelse försexuella trakasserier. Ett tabubelagt ämne som i århundrade har varit del av tystnadskultur harträtt in i ljuset och synliggjorts. Slagkraften i rörelsen är att igenkänningsfaktorn äromfattande. Metoo-rörelsen är folkstyrd och berör samtliga samhällsnivåer och kommerframskrida så länge problematiken kvarstår.Syftet med forskningen är att belysa hur fenomenet metoo har påverkat det förebyggandearbetet mot sexuella trakasserier i organisationer i Sverige. Men även hur dessa förändringarhar etablerats. Med anledning att bidra till större förståelse av det förebyggande arbetet motsexuella trakasserier på arbetsplatserna.Denna kvalitativa studie baseras på tolv kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer, från treorganisationer inom Skåneregionen. Intervjuerna har riktats till fyra rollinnehavare irespektive organisation. Dessa är i oberoende ordning: Ledare, medarbetare, HR-representantoch fackligt-ombud. Vi vill tro att metoo har bidragit till förändring. I vissa fall harförändringen varit ringa märkbar, i andra fall har rörelsen lett till större förändringar. Dekonkreta förändringar vi har uppmärksammar är uppdaterade styrdokument, tydligareinformation om nolltolerans, årliga medarbetarundersökningar och genomgångar påarbetsplatsträffar. Vi uppfattar att det fortfarande finns ett stort mörkertal och attproblematiken fortfarande är högaktuellt på arbetsplatser. / The Metoo movement has created a greater need for transparency and a deeperunderstanding of sexual harassment. A taboo subject that for centuries has consisted of aculture of silence, has entered the light and made visible. The decisive factor in themovement is that the recognition factor is extensive. The Metoo movement is run by people,it had an impact on all levels of society and will continue as long as the problem persists.The purpose of the research is to elucidate how the phenomenon of metoo has had an impacton the preventive work against sexual harassment in organizations in Sweden, but also howthese changes have been established. The intention is also to contribute a greaterunderstanding of preventive work against sexual harassment in the workplaces.This qualitative study is based on twelve qualitative semi-structured interviews, from threeorganizations in the Skåne region. The interviews were directed to four role-holders in eachorganization. These are in independent order: Leaders, employees, HR representative andtrade union representative. We believe that Metoo has contributed to change, in some cases ithas been noticeable, in other cases the movement has led to major changes. The concretechanges we have noticed are updated governance documents, clearer information on zerotolerance, annual employee surveys and reviews of workplace meetings. We perceive thatthere is still a large unrecorded number and that the problem is still high on the workplaces.

Transportation is an essential part of city life. However the extensive use of private cars in urban transport systems leads not only to a decrease in public health and quality of life but also drives global warming through the emission of GHG. The growth rate of CO 2 emissions caused by transportation is among the highest across all energy sectors. In order to mitigate climate change, it is therefore crucial to reverse this trend and change urban transport systems towards more climate compatibility. Thus, this thesis investigates if and how mobility demand and climate protection can be combined in urban transport systems.To answer these questions, the thesis discusses characteristics of climate-friendly transportation based on findings from academic literature. Moreover, policy instruments to transform urban transportation towards climate compatibility as well as possible obstacles and constraints in this regard are investigated. More precisely, socio-technical/infrastructural, technological, financial, legal, institutional/organisational, political, habitual, and cultural constraints are described and the significance of pragmatic, moral, and cognitive legitimacy is ascertained with regard to public and political acceptance of policies.Drawing on these theoretical assumptions, the case of Berlin is analysed in more detail. Based on policy documents, statistical data, expert interviews, and a public hearing in the Senate of Berlin, it is investigated how the city plans to make its transport system more climate-friendly and what the actual state of climate compatibility within the transport sector is at the moment. As a result, it could be observed that policies for climate-friendly transport are in place and mostly implemented but that the amount of CO 2 emissions caused by the transport system and especially by road traffic has more or less stagnated since the 1990s. Several reasons for this development could be ascertained: The transformation towards climate compatibility is, on the one hand, constrained bylegal, infrastructural, institutional, political, habitual, and cultural factors as well as by the lack of personnel within the city administration, and, on the other hand, hampered by the perceived inacceptability of car-restrictive policies.The conclusion from this thesis is therefore that it is thereotically possible to combine mobility demand and climate protection in urban transport systems and it is furthermore imperative in order to mitigate climate change and its dreaded impacts. In practical terms, however, cities face several intertwined and often very distinct obstacles and constraints that can only be overcome by long-term, dedicated, and citizen-oriented policy planning and implementation.

This study has been partly inspired by the fact that historical narratives on the evolution of the South African Electricity Supply Industry (ESI), have for the most part focused on the national vertically integrated utility, Eskom; with far less attention being paid to the role that the municipal electricity undertakings (MEU's) have, and continue to, play. Indeed, this is somewhat surprising if one considers that MEU's began operating more than 20 years before Eskom's 1923 formation; and perhaps this lack of focus on MEU's is compounded by Eskom's operational crisis from 2006 (threatening its ongoing viability), which has overshadowed the perilous situation that MEU's have found themselves in. The research thus has two objectives. The first is to provide a detailed historical account of the role of MEU's and their contribution to the country's ESI from their genesis; while demonstrating the linkages between Eskom, MEU's and the three tiers of government. The second then examines how from the formation of the Union (1910), two fundamental but diametrically opposing objectives continue to prevail: 1) An over-burdened, financially ‘self-sufficient', local government, whose limited scope to collect revenue means electricity surpluses must be maximised to cross-subsidise its operations; and, 2) A vertically integrated utility, mandated to generate electricity at the lowest unit price, so as to provide the energy intensive economy with a competitive advantage. These contradictions, which have endured for many decades, reached fever pitch in the last 20 years, contributing significantly to the demise of ESI reforms initiated in 2000 and abandoned in 2010. Simultaneously, they have worsened the crisis of local government, which is constitutionally mandated to deliver basic services to its constituents, whose failure to do so, in many instances now threatens national government legitimacy at the most fundamental level. Within this context, the research, (based on the premise that history and institutions matter), employs the theoretical framework of new institutionalism, as applied through the lens of historical institutionalism (HI). Here, application of HI's core tenets revolves around identifying and explaining the critical junctures which create path dependency and institutional lock-in, while also accounting for incremental change which undoubtedly exists over a 120-year period. However, the unjust social and economic history of the country, where political decisions (pre and post-apartheid) have had a disproportional impact on state entities, requires closer scrutiny. For this, a detailed conceptual framework is employed to disentangle the complex relationship that has developed between the three tiers of government and their respective interacting powers. Ultimately, in delivering a detailed historiography of municipal electricity supply, the research posits that the ESI requires deeper fundamental reform than envisaged in 2000; and that most importantly, this must take cognisance of the extent to which MEU's are embedded within local government. This, the research believes, will increase the likelihood of local government participation and acceptance; perhaps pointing to an as yet unexplored path forward out of the South African ESI's current quandary.

This thesis focuses on the problematic nature of art valuation, more specifically concerning the ideas of use-value and exchange-value in Honoré de Balzac’s Le Cousin Pons and Donna Tartt’s The Goldfinch. Written in nineteenth-century France, Balzac’s novel paints a bleak portrait of what he believes to be a morally corrupt society obsessed with the lesser things in life such as money and status rather than what is truly important: culture and art. In her novel, which bears a striking resemblance to Balzac’s, Tartt presents her perception of present-day United States, also plagued with moral corruption and disregard for the cultural significance of art, but ultimately attempts to convey the message that art will prevail and transcend not only time but human weakness as well. This analysis will attempt to trace the evolution of the value of the collections of art in these two novels. Through the examination of the themes of legitimacy, surrogacy and betrayal, I will analyze the paradoxes of value of both art and family structure.

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Dissertation thesis focuses on the ethical aspects of literary production of the Czech dissidents. Literature is viewed primarily as a means to legitimation; it works as a legitimizing or delegitimizing agent. A good example is the Czech dream-book by Ludvik Vaculik which shows how it is possible through the written word to (de)legitimize and to (de)mythologize themselves and others and what ethical issues such behavior brings. It works with concepts of the proliferative effect of fiction and the author's reputation as symbolic capital; postulation of the authenticity of the literary testimony; the theory of collective authorship; describing the process of silencing; and the concept of the last dictionary and the solidarity based on a revision of this dictionary. It seeks to contribute to a new approach to dissent by showing the (de)legitimizing efforts in the samizdat's literature and the literature about the dissent and thus to undermine the mainstream homogenization of this multifaceted phenomenon.

International organisations and global businesses aim to achieve green growth through the decoupling of economic growth and environmental impacts. However, increased evidence calls into question the approach of green growth, that has been adopted by international institutions such as the UN and the OECD. The current indication is that there is no significant decoupling taking place and substantial theoretical barriers remain for it to occur. From that basis I investigate how businesses use narratives related to decoupling and green growth to manage legitimacy while pursuing the conflicting goals of both economic growth and environmental sustainability. This is achieved through document analysis and thematic analysis of sustainability reports from 50 of the world’s largest transnational corporations. The narratives are then analysed from the perspective of legitimacy theory. I identify seven narratives: i) Businesses recognise the problems, ii) Action is being taken, iii) Goals have basis in science, iv) Technology and innovation provide the solutions, v) Businesses offer crucial benefits, vi) Businesses are at the hands of demand and vii) External action is needed. These are then derived into strategies using legitimacy theory and two overarching themes are identified, the narratives mitigating businesses' negative ties to environmental impacts and communicate that businesses are conforming to societal expectations. The narrative findings and legitimacy strategies show similarities with previous research, while the latter also makes new contributions to the field. The novel findings that have not been discussed in the context of sustainability reports previously are customer demand, external action from governments, and the emphasis on technology and innovation paving the way for green growth. Furthermore, businesses are shown to pay little attention to barriers towards green growth and the findings give clear indication that companies are currently dedicated to the sustainability approach of green growth despite the lack of scientific evidence.

The philosopher A. John Simmons has early on put forward a defense for philosophical anarchism. He believes that he has succeeded to establish that the different non-voluntaristic attempts to explain state legitimacy all fail to give a solid explanation of how states can be legitimate without expressed consent. In the light of the huge problems to establish legitimacy on pure voluntaristic grounds he concludes that it there might not exist any legitimate states. In the reality of this, he believes philosophical anarchism must be considered as a possible theory in political thought.An important notion in Simmons’ philosophical anarchism is to distinguish between legitimacy and justification. In the Kantian understanding of justification, it entails legitimacy. This is not so in the Lockean way of thinking, according to Simmons. This distinction is crucial for understanding Simmons’ version of philosophical anarchism where one could endorse and regard a state as justified without having to admit that it is legitimate.Luara Ferracioli has tried a slightly different approach and has argued for that there is a contradiction within philosophical anarchism. She has tried to show that a liberal state is the only guaranty to safeguard the autonomy of children. This creates a conflict for the anarchist where both the endorsement and the disproval of the state renders the anarchist to deny a group autonomy (children or adults).In the end, I argue for that Simmons’ philosophical anarchism survives this attack by maintaining his weaker form of philosophical anarchism and sticking to his distinction between justification and legitimacy of the state. The downside of his theory, however, seems to be that we are left with a rather lukewarm theory that may not change much in practice.

Background: The fashion industry has been extensively regarded as one of the most environmentally harmful industries. There is an increasing market for fast fashion and short lifespan, resulting in the fact that environmental impact is a growing concern. Micro, small- and medium-sized enterprises currently stand for 70% of the global pollution. Further, in Sweden, this category is not as regulated as large companies regarding environmental sustainability activities.  Problem: With the fashion industry being a major factor for global environmental impact, discussions regarding the sector have emerged. Attention on companies’ environmental sustainability has increased in past years and more companies have adopted new operations. Although studies regarding motives have been done in other countries, generalization cannot be made across different nationalities, sizes and sectors. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of motives to adopt environmental sustainability within micro, small- and medium-sized businesses in the Swedish fashion industry. It aims at using previously found theories and findings to explore and create an overview of company motivations.  Method: This research was performed by a qualitative research design and 6 semi-structured interviews were conducted.  Results: The findings present the influence of several different motives. Among those were ethics and societal pressure more common than financial performance, competitiveness and brand image. There are different motives to engage in environmental operations. The ones found and presented in the theoretical summary all seemed to have a significance to some degree to the various interviewed companies.

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the charismatic legitimacy of the organization Oatly, a vegan food brand, following the criticism from external stakeholders concerning Oatly’s new shareholder; the investment firm Blackstone Group. The study explores the views of young external stakeholders in regard to the statement Oatly issued in response to the criticism. The paper’s final purpose is to understand if Oatly is considered to be charismatically legitimate, and have established a charismatic legitimacy which protects them when facing criticism. Methodology - The theoretical framework of Conger and Kanungo (1998) charismatic leadership scale is adopted to analyze the views of young external stakeholders regarding Oatly’s response. Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches can reveal how stakeholders interpret Oatly’s statement.   Findings - Stakeholders were critical of the investment, yet simultaneously perceived Oatly as charismatic. Oatly’s established charismatic legitimacy enables the organization to make decisions that stakeholders perceive as defying of Oatlys’s fundamental ideology.  Research implications - The results have an impact on a societal level since it provides knowledge in regard to how organizations can use their established charismatic legitimacy to influence the public debate related to their actions. Originality/Value - The paper examines how consumer criticism affects the charismatic legitimacy of a vegan food brand through the lens of young external stakeholders. Furthermore, the study raises the importance of an established charismatic legitimacy for organizations when facing criticism concerning misalignments between the organization's actions and ideology.   Keywords - Oatly, charismatic legitimacy, Weber, organizational external communication.   Paper type - Research paper.