Orientador: Margarida Maria de Carvalho / Resumo: Tradicionalmente reduzida a um impulso exclusivo de comicidade, a inserção de personagens femininas nas comédias de Aristófanes foi lida por alguns historiadores como uma preocupação do teatrólogo em ridicularizar a imagem da mulher grega. Ao nos debruçarmos sobre a leitura das peças Lisístrata (411 a.C.), As Tesmoforiantes (411 a.C.) e Assembleia de Mulheres (392 a.C.), encenadas no contexto da Guerra do Peloponeso e posterior derrota de Atenas, formulamos a hipótese de que a esposa legítima foi representada como mantenedora da cidade ateniense, uma vez que percebemos a ênfase em sua importância cívica por ser considerada um veículo justo de crítica nas peças aristofânicas. Ao problematizar os acontecimentos e decisões políticas de seu período, o comediógrafo o fez inserindo mulheres ativas em suas obras, responsáveis por aconselhar seus maridos sobre aquilo que julgavam prejudicial à pólis. Pela lei de Péricles, vigente a partir de meados do V século a.C., eram essas mulheres ativas que carregavam o compromisso de reproduzir cidadãos atenienses, contribuindo para a manutenção da lógica democrática clássica. Em nossa visão, o poeta publicita a faceta atuante e interventora do feminino justamente porque ela estava calcada na legitimidade da transmissão da cidadania. Pautados na análise da documentação textual e na História de Gênero, pretendemos compreender a participação feminina, especificamente das esposas legítimas, na sociedade ateniense do V e início do IV séculos a.C.,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Traditionally reduced to an exclusive comicality impulse, the insertion of female characters in the comedies of Aristophanes was read by some historians as a concern of the playwright in ridiculing the image of Greek woman. When we dive into the reading of Lysistrata (411 BC), Thesmophoriazusae (411 BC) and Assemblywomen (392 BC), staged in the context of the Peloponnesian War and subsequent defeat of Athens, we formulated the hypothesis that the legitimate wife was represented as maintainer of the Athenian city, since we perceive the emphasis in her civic importance as a righteous vehicle of criticism in Aristophanes‘ plots. In problematizing the occurrences and political decisions of his period, the playwright did it inserting active women in his plots; they were responsible for advising their husbands on what they judged to be harmful to the polis. By the law of Pericles, valid since the middle of the fifth century BC, these active women were committed to reproducing Athenian citizens, contributing to the maintenance of the classical democratic logic. In our view, the poet shows the acting and intervening facet of the feminine precisely because it was based on the legitimacy citizenship transmission. Based on the analysis of the textual documentation and on Gender History, we intend to understand the feminine participation, specifically of the legitimate wives, in the Athenian society of the fifth and beginning of the fourth centuries BC, by problematizing the relation bet... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O presente estudo analisa a importância da fase pré-processual, compreendida entre o momento em que surge o conflito de interesses no âmbito da sociedade e aquele em que é deflagrada a ação cível. Desenvolve-se o estudo de institutos do direito comparado, que incutem a noção de elevada utilidade da regulação da conduta pré-processual das partes e advogados como os pre-action protocols e a disclousure do direito inglês e a similar desta no direito estadunidense, a discovery o que evidencia que é a preparação adequada da demanda que permite a superação dos filtros legítimos à propositura de ações. Verifica-se que há procedimentos prévios, preparatórios à ação judicial na legislação vigente, que passam quase despercebidos da doutrina tradicional.A apuração da existência de filtros legítimos à propositura da ação, induz a conclusão de que efetivamente que existe um ônus jurídico de preparação da demanda na fase pré-processual, cuja não observância prejudica o acesso à justiça compreendido o acesso à justiça sob a perspectiva de uma tutela jurídica efetiva, que seja resultado de um processo garantístico além dessa omissão acarretar consequências desfavoráveis para a parte, que vão desde a demora na prestação jurisdicional até a inviabilização da tutela jurisdicional. O magistrado deve exercer um juízo sobre a superação ou não destes filtros pela parte que propõe a demanda, verificando se a mesma é ou não admissível, podendo o processo formar-se e desenvolver-se validamente: este é o juízo de admissibilidade da demanda cível que examina a conduta pré-processual das partes e se o ônus de preparação adequada da demanda foi desempenhado. / This study examines the importance of the pre-trial stage, between the time when the conflict of interest arises in the society and one in which the civil action is triggered. A comparative law institutes study was conducted, to instill the notion of high utility of the regulation of pre-procedural conduct of the parties and lawyers - as the pre-action protocols and disclousure of English law and American law similar to this, the discovery to evidence that the adequate demand preparation is that an overrun of filters to bringing legitimate actions. There are previous procedures, preparatory to the lawsuit in the current law, which pass almost unnoticed from the traditional doctrine. The determination of the existence of legitimate filters to the filing induces the conclusion that indeed there is a legal burden of preparing the application in the pre-procedural stage which affects access to justice access to justice understood from the perspective of effective legal protection, which is the result of a procedure fraught with guarantees beyond this omission cause adverse consequences for the party, ranging from delays in the adjudication to the impracticability of a decision. The magistrate must analyse the overcoming these filters or not by the party that is offering the demand, checking whether it is admissible or not, and if the process can be formed and grow properly: this is the judging of the admissibility which examines the partys pre-procedural conduct and if legal burden of preparing the application in the pre-procedural stage was accomplished.

O presente estudo analisa a importância da fase pré-processual, compreendida entre o momento em que surge o conflito de interesses no âmbito da sociedade e aquele em que é deflagrada a ação cível. Desenvolve-se o estudo de institutos do direito comparado, que incutem a noção de elevada utilidade da regulação da conduta pré-processual das partes e advogados como os pre-action protocols e a disclousure do direito inglês e a similar desta no direito estadunidense, a discovery o que evidencia que é a preparação adequada da demanda que permite a superação dos filtros legítimos à propositura de ações. Verifica-se que há procedimentos prévios, preparatórios à ação judicial na legislação vigente, que passam quase despercebidos da doutrina tradicional.A apuração da existência de filtros legítimos à propositura da ação, induz a conclusão de que efetivamente que existe um ônus jurídico de preparação da demanda na fase pré-processual, cuja não observância prejudica o acesso à justiça compreendido o acesso à justiça sob a perspectiva de uma tutela jurídica efetiva, que seja resultado de um processo garantístico além dessa omissão acarretar consequências desfavoráveis para a parte, que vão desde a demora na prestação jurisdicional até a inviabilização da tutela jurisdicional. O magistrado deve exercer um juízo sobre a superação ou não destes filtros pela parte que propõe a demanda, verificando se a mesma é ou não admissível, podendo o processo formar-se e desenvolver-se validamente: este é o juízo de admissibilidade da demanda cível que examina a conduta pré-processual das partes e se o ônus de preparação adequada da demanda foi desempenhado. / This study examines the importance of the pre-trial stage, between the time when the conflict of interest arises in the society and one in which the civil action is triggered. A comparative law institutes study was conducted, to instill the notion of high utility of the regulation of pre-procedural conduct of the parties and lawyers - as the pre-action protocols and disclousure of English law and American law similar to this, the discovery to evidence that the adequate demand preparation is that an overrun of filters to bringing legitimate actions. There are previous procedures, preparatory to the lawsuit in the current law, which pass almost unnoticed from the traditional doctrine. The determination of the existence of legitimate filters to the filing induces the conclusion that indeed there is a legal burden of preparing the application in the pre-procedural stage which affects access to justice access to justice understood from the perspective of effective legal protection, which is the result of a procedure fraught with guarantees beyond this omission cause adverse consequences for the party, ranging from delays in the adjudication to the impracticability of a decision. The magistrate must analyse the overcoming these filters or not by the party that is offering the demand, checking whether it is admissible or not, and if the process can be formed and grow properly: this is the judging of the admissibility which examines the partys pre-procedural conduct and if legal burden of preparing the application in the pre-procedural stage was accomplished.

Submitted by Bárbara Alexandre Aniceto (ba_ship@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-22T23:23:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO BÁRBARA ANICETO FINAL.pdf: 1200135 bytes, checksum: 8e7243fc2df0a3328d99c20890b823ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jacqueline de Almeida null (jacquie@franca.unesp.br) on 2018-04-23T17:52:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Aniceto_BA_me_fran.pdf: 1200135 bytes, checksum: 8e7243fc2df0a3328d99c20890b823ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T17:52:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aniceto_BA_me_fran.pdf: 1200135 bytes, checksum: 8e7243fc2df0a3328d99c20890b823ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tradicionalmente reduzida a um impulso exclusivo de comicidade, a inserção de personagens femininas nas comédias de Aristófanes foi lida por alguns historiadores como uma preocupação do teatrólogo em ridicularizar a imagem da mulher grega. Ao nos debruçarmos sobre a leitura das peças Lisístrata (411 a.C.), As Tesmoforiantes (411 a.C.) e Assembleia de Mulheres (392 a.C.), encenadas no contexto da Guerra do Peloponeso e posterior derrota de Atenas, formulamos a hipótese de que a esposa legítima foi representada como mantenedora da cidade ateniense, uma vez que percebemos a ênfase em sua importância cívica por ser considerada um veículo justo de crítica nas peças aristofânicas. Ao problematizar os acontecimentos e decisões políticas de seu período, o comediógrafo o fez inserindo mulheres ativas em suas obras, responsáveis por aconselhar seus maridos sobre aquilo que julgavam prejudicial à pólis. Pela lei de Péricles, vigente a partir de meados do V século a.C., eram essas mulheres ativas que carregavam o compromisso de reproduzir cidadãos atenienses, contribuindo para a manutenção da lógica democrática clássica. Em nossa visão, o poeta publicita a faceta atuante e interventora do feminino justamente porque ela estava calcada na legitimidade da transmissão da cidadania. Pautados na análise da documentação textual e na História de Gênero, pretendemos compreender a participação feminina, especificamente das esposas legítimas, na sociedade ateniense do V e início do IV séculos a.C., pela problematização da relação entre o feminino e o masculino, bem como enfatizar a possibilidade do papel feminino ativo. / Traditionally reduced to an exclusive comicality impulse, the insertion of female characters in the comedies of Aristophanes was read by some historians as a concern of the playwright in ridiculing the image of Greek woman. When we dive into the reading of Lysistrata (411 BC), Thesmophoriazusae (411 BC) and Assemblywomen (392 BC), staged in the context of the Peloponnesian War and subsequent defeat of Athens, we formulated the hypothesis that the legitimate wife was represented as maintainer of the Athenian city, since we perceive the emphasis in her civic importance as a righteous vehicle of criticism in Aristophanes‘ plots. In problematizing the occurrences and political decisions of his period, the playwright did it inserting active women in his plots; they were responsible for advising their husbands on what they judged to be harmful to the polis. By the law of Pericles, valid since the middle of the fifth century BC, these active women were committed to reproducing Athenian citizens, contributing to the maintenance of the classical democratic logic. In our view, the poet shows the acting and intervening facet of the feminine precisely because it was based on the legitimacy citizenship transmission. Based on the analysis of the textual documentation and on Gender History, we intend to understand the feminine participation, specifically of the legitimate wives, in the Athenian society of the fifth and beginning of the fourth centuries BC, by problematizing the relation between the feminine and the masculine, as well as emphasizing the possibility of the active feminine role. / 2015/08263-6

Les assassinats ciblés désignent l’utilisation étatique de la force létale avec l’intention préméditée et délibérée de tuer individuellement les personnes sélectionnées se trouvant en dehors des frontières nationales. Sont-ils légitimes au regard de notre compréhension des règles démocratiques et libérales ? Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse de doctorat dresse une comparaison entre les pratique israélienne et américaine. Les assassinats ciblés participent d’une discussion sur la légitimité de l’assassinat politique en même temps qu’ils procèdent des évolutions des théories des bombardements et de l’utilisation préventive/préemptive de la force. (Chap. I) La discussion générale sur leur légitimité doit donc être complétée par une étude soulignant les spécificités nationales de ces politiques. (Chap. II) Israël et les États-Unis se sont servis de ces pratiques pour conduire une reformulation partielle du droit international. (Chap. III) L’absence de mécanismes efficaces de contrôle des normes juridiques lors de conflits armés pose problème. Nous évaluons les procédures et institutions existantes et proposons un élargissement du régime de responsabilité des drones proposés par Allan Buchanan et Robert Keohane aux opérations d’assassinats ciblés. (Chap. IV) Leur efficacité tactique ne garantit pas leur pertinence pour une stratégie de long terme contrant le terrorisme. (Chap. V) Leurs conséquences sur la politique étrangère sont-elles bénéfiques ? Nous montrons qu’ils contribuent à renforcer la souveraineté des États faisant la guerre aux « illégitimes ». (Chap. VI) Ceux-ci sont-ils compatibles avec les valeurs morales prônées par les démocraties israéliennes et américaines ? Ils promeuvent une conception libérale de l’action politique légitime en renouvelant les exigences de transparence à l’égard de l’utilisation secrète de la force. (Chap. VII) Ce débat ouvre des pistes pour un aménagement de la raison d’État en démocratie libérale en précisant le contenu théorique d’une moralité d’exception. (Chap. VIII). / The term “targeted killings” is commonly employed to refer to the intentional, premeditated and deliberate use of lethal force by states to kill selected individuals who are not in their custody. My research questions the justifications used to legitimize targeted killings within the liberal-democratic framework. I first give a chronological account of lethal practices pertaining to targeted killings and the context of their emergence. In the literature, targeted killings are discussed in reference to political assassination, theories of bombing in warfare and the use of preventive/preemptive force. (Chapter I) I then explore the national specific features of targeted killings by comparing Israeli with American discussion. (Chapter II) I analyze how targeted killings have been the spearhead of a recasting of legal obligations of Israel and the United States restricting use of force against irregular actors. (Chapter III) I then analyze national and international actual and hypothetical accountability mechanisms. I complete Allan Buchanan and Robert Keohane proposition of a “Drone Accountability Regime” by extending it to targeted killings. (Chapter IV) Their tactical efficiency does not guarantee their relevance for a long-term strategy aiming at countering terrorism. (Chapter V). What are their consequences on the international level? Targeted killings contribute to reinforce sovereignty of States waging war against “unlawful combatants”. (Chapter VI) Are they compatible with the moral values put forward by Israeli and American democracies? Targeted killings promote a new conception of legitimate violence by strengthening transparency demands towards secret use of force. (Chapter VII) This debate opens up avenues for “Raison d’État” in a liberal democracy by specifying the theoretical content of an exceptional morality. (Chapter VIII).

Tout dommage que suscite la vie en société ne donne pas lieu à réparation . La formule illustre plus désormais un souhait qu’une réalité alors que l’histoire des conditions posées pour restreindre le champ de la réparation est depuis longtemps celle d’un lent et profond déclin. En principe, un dommage pour être indemnisé doit être personnel, certain et direct. La jurisprudence y ajoute une exigence de légitimité. L’examen du droit positif permet cependant de constater un contrôle de moins en moins poussé de ces différentes conditions. La reconnaissance récente du préjudice écologique pur confirme ce mouvement de recul alors que l’indemnisation de ce dommage collectif au sens strict repose sur l’abandon de l’exigence d’un préjudice personnel. Le phénomène est aujourd’hui acté. Il conduit à faire de presque n’importe quelle atteinte la source d’une indemnisation. Il invite surtout à réfléchir à une réhabilitation de certains caractères généraux du préjudice et même à la redécouverte d’autres caractères plus spéciaux comme la prévisibilité ou l’anormalité pour mieux circonscrire le droit de la réparation. Face à ce phénomène de relâchement, deux attitudes sont en effet possibles : soit y céder et abandonner tout espoir de contrôler par des moyens effectifs le champ de l’indemnisation, soit y résister et tenter de redonner au droit de la réparation une dimension à la fois cohérente et restreinte. C’est cette démarche que nous avons tenté d’entreprendre pour permettre au préjudice de jouer enfin un rôle structurant dans le droit contemporain de la responsabilité. / Not all prejudice emanating from society gives rights to redress. This expression illustrates more of a wish than a reality as the history of conditions to restrict the range of redress is one of long duration and of slow and profound decline. In principle, for prejudice to be compensated it must exist, be personnel, and direct. Jurisprudence adds the demands of legitimacy. An examination of current law however, shows that these conditions have less and less of an impact. For example, recent recognition of ecological prejudice confirms this while the compensation of collective damage in the strict sense rests on the relinquishment of the requirement of personal damage. The phenomenon is today acted upon, and results in the making of almost any infringement a source of compensation. As well, it encourages a reflection on the rehabilitation of certain general characteristics of the damage and even about the rediscovery of other more special characteristics. A reaction to the prejudice or an abnormality, to confine better the right are examples. To confront this, two attitudes are possible: either abandon any hope to control the field of the compensation effectively or to resist the phenomenon and restore in the right of redress incorporating a coherent and restricted dimension. It is this latter approach that this dissertation argues to enable prejudice to finally play a structuring role in contemporary law of responsibility.

This master thesis analyses impact of private military companies on the monopoly on legitimate violence. It examines the influence of private military companies on this monopoly in case of the United States and Iraq during the war in Iraq. The united States are in a position of a sending state that has had a long tradition of using these companies. On the other hand Iraq can be seen as a weak state and one could presume that the use of private military companies has a negative impact on its monopoly on violence. Just to validate the negative or positive impact of these companies a state and size of the militaries as main means of violence, and a capability to enforce law on a state's territory is analyzed.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Lekmannarevisorer som utför granskning av kommunala aktiebolag är förtroendevalda personer från politiska partier som utses av kommunfullmäktige. Granskningen som lekmannarevisorerna har i uppdrag sker med stöd från sakkunniga, ekonomiansvariga och övriga i verksamheten för att säkerställa att revisionen är demokratiskt förankrad och professionellt genomförd. Lekmannarevisorer behöver inte vara utbildade ekonomer, vilket skapat kritik över åren. Det har framkommit att det finns stora utvecklingsbehov hos lekmannarevisorer i kommunala aktiebolag och att det dels beror på bristfällig kunskap om hur lekmannarevisionen ska fungera i bolaget. Problemformulering & syfte: För att få förståelse för vad som sker i lekmannarevisionen valde vi att utföra vår studie med fokus på lekmannarevisorer i kommunala aktiebolag. Detta har gjorts genom att besvara följande frågeställningar: Hur ser lekmannarevisorernas arbetsprocess ut? och vilken mening skapar lekmannarevisorerna för revision i kommunala aktiebolag? Studiens syfte är att få en fördjupad förståelse för lekmannarevisorernas arbetsprocess och vad de skapar för mening för revisionen i kommunala aktiebolag. Metod: Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där åtta lekmannarevisorer och en ordförande för förtroenderevisionen semistrukturerat intervjuats från stora och små kommuner runt om i Sverige. Det empiriska materialet har därefter analyserats utifrån vår egen analysmodell för att besvara studiens problemformulering och syfte. Slutsats: Lekmannarevisorer utformar granskningen av kommunala aktiebolag genom att först göra en riskanalys. Under året sker uppföljning av internkontroll. Sedan skrivs en granskningsrapport för att slutligen presentera granskningsrapporten i årsredovisningen. Lekmannarevisorerna i de stora kommunerna för dialog med främst sakkunniga medan lekmannarevisorerna i de små kommunerna även har en nära kontakt med VD, styrelse och auktoriserade revisorer. Lekmannarevisorer skapar mening enligt egenskaperna identitet, sociala relationer och ledtrådar som är viktigast för revisionen i kommunala aktiebolag. Dessa tre egenskaper skapar mest mening, vilket skapar och leder till legitima handlingar. Retrospektivt, medskapande och rimlighet skapar mening men inte i lika stor utsträckning förrevisionen i kommunala aktiebolag. / Background: Local government auditors who perform audits of municipal corporations are elected persons from political parties who are appointed by the municipal council. Local government auditors review with the help of special advisers, financial managers and others in the business to ensure that the audit is democratically anchored and professionally carried out. Local government auditors do not need to have any business education, which has created criticism over the years. It has emerged that there are major development needs for local government auditors in municipal corporations and that this is partly due to insufficient knowledge of how the local government audit should function in the company.  Problem definition & purpose: In order to gain an understanding of what occurs in the local government audit, we chose to perform our study with a focus on local government auditors in municipal corporations. This has been done by answering the following questions: What does the work process of local government auditors look like? and what meaning do the local government auditors create for auditing in municipal corporations? The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of the local government auditors work process and what meaning they create for the audit in municipal corporations.  Method: The study is based on a qualitative research method where eight local government auditors and a chairman of the fiduciary audit from large and small municipalities around Sweden were interviewed in a semi-structured way. The empirical material has then been analyzed based on our own analysis model to answer the study’s problem definition and purpose.  Conclusions: Local government auditors begin the audit process by first conducting a risk analysis of the municipal corporations. Internal control is followed up during the year. An audit report is eventually written to get included in the annual report. The local government auditors in large municipalities mainly have a dialogue with experts, while the local government auditors in small municipalities have close contact with the CEO, board and authorized auditors. The local government auditors create meaning according to the characteristics of identity, social relations and clues that are important for the audit of municipal corporations. These three characteristics create the most meaning, which leads to legitimate actions. Retrospective, enactive of sensible environments and plausibility create meaning, but not to the same extent for the audit in municipal corporations.

No description available.