O presente estudo objetivou analisar a legitimação do poder entre franqueados da rede CCAA na região de Passo Fundo/RS; trata-se de um processo pelo qual esses pequenos empreendedores buscam consolidar suas relações de trabalho para exercerem suas funções de direção com autoconfiança. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva que usou como método de coleta de dados a entrevista semi-estruturada aliada a observações do ambiente. Quatro diretores de escolas de idiomas da rede CCAA na região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul participaram da pesquisa. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a uma análise interpretativa feita a luz do referencial teórico que resgatou a conceituação do poder, bem como seu papel na sociedade, antes de abordar o poder (e suas fontes) no contexto das organizações empresariais. O manual de gestão de pessoas da rede CCAA permitiu que uma análise documental complementasse o estudo, cujos resultados ratificaram a difícil mensuração da legitimação do poder, mas foram positivos, no sentido de que o fenômeno foi investigado dos mais diversos ângulos e identificou-se de forma não-planejada uma série de fatores correlatos, provocando, assim, uma evolução no seu entendimento, pois percebeu-se que diferentes estratégias de legitimação do poder foram adotadas variando conforme a história de vida e o estilo de liderança de cada um dos empreendedores e que essas estratégias geraram resultados semelhantes a curto prazo, mas no longo prazo, tendem a distanciar as empresas em quesitos como grau de profissionalização e capacidade de expansão, por exemplo. / The current study had the purpose of analyzing the legitimation of power among directors of CCAA chain units in the region of Passo Fundo/RS, it´s a process in which these small business people try to make working relationships solid to perform their functions of direction with self-confidence. For so, it was done a descriptive qualitative research that used as method of data collection a semi-structured interview together with observations of the environment. Four directors of foreign languages schools of CCAA chain in the northern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul took part in the research. The collected data were submitted to an interpretative analysis made under the light of the academic frame that rescued the conception of power, as well as its role in the society, before approaching the power (and its fountains) in the context of business organizations. The guidebook of people management of CCAA chain allowed a documental analysis to complement the study, which results reinforced the difficulties in measuring the legitimation of power, but were good after all, since the phenomena was investigated from an array of angles and a series of related factors were identified in a non-planned way, provoking, thus, an evolution on its understanding, since it was realized that different strategies of legitimation of the power were adopted according to the history of life and leadership style of each of the directors and that these strategies may create similar results in short term, but in long term tend to increase the distance between the companies in matters such as professionalization level or capacity for expansion, for instance.

O presente estudo objetivou analisar a legitimação do poder entre franqueados da rede CCAA na região de Passo Fundo/RS; trata-se de um processo pelo qual esses pequenos empreendedores buscam consolidar suas relações de trabalho para exercerem suas funções de direção com autoconfiança. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva que usou como método de coleta de dados a entrevista semi-estruturada aliada a observações do ambiente. Quatro diretores de escolas de idiomas da rede CCAA na região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul participaram da pesquisa. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a uma análise interpretativa feita a luz do referencial teórico que resgatou a conceituação do poder, bem como seu papel na sociedade, antes de abordar o poder (e suas fontes) no contexto das organizações empresariais. O manual de gestão de pessoas da rede CCAA permitiu que uma análise documental complementasse o estudo, cujos resultados ratificaram a difícil mensuração da legitimação do poder, mas foram positivos, no sentido de que o fenômeno foi investigado dos mais diversos ângulos e identificou-se de forma não-planejada uma série de fatores correlatos, provocando, assim, uma evolução no seu entendimento, pois percebeu-se que diferentes estratégias de legitimação do poder foram adotadas variando conforme a história de vida e o estilo de liderança de cada um dos empreendedores e que essas estratégias geraram resultados semelhantes a curto prazo, mas no longo prazo, tendem a distanciar as empresas em quesitos como grau de profissionalização e capacidade de expansão, por exemplo. / The current study had the purpose of analyzing the legitimation of power among directors of CCAA chain units in the region of Passo Fundo/RS, it´s a process in which these small business people try to make working relationships solid to perform their functions of direction with self-confidence. For so, it was done a descriptive qualitative research that used as method of data collection a semi-structured interview together with observations of the environment. Four directors of foreign languages schools of CCAA chain in the northern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul took part in the research. The collected data were submitted to an interpretative analysis made under the light of the academic frame that rescued the conception of power, as well as its role in the society, before approaching the power (and its fountains) in the context of business organizations. The guidebook of people management of CCAA chain allowed a documental analysis to complement the study, which results reinforced the difficulties in measuring the legitimation of power, but were good after all, since the phenomena was investigated from an array of angles and a series of related factors were identified in a non-planned way, provoking, thus, an evolution on its understanding, since it was realized that different strategies of legitimation of the power were adopted according to the history of life and leadership style of each of the directors and that these strategies may create similar results in short term, but in long term tend to increase the distance between the companies in matters such as professionalization level or capacity for expansion, for instance.

O presente estudo objetivou analisar a legitimação do poder entre franqueados da rede CCAA na região de Passo Fundo/RS; trata-se de um processo pelo qual esses pequenos empreendedores buscam consolidar suas relações de trabalho para exercerem suas funções de direção com autoconfiança. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva que usou como método de coleta de dados a entrevista semi-estruturada aliada a observações do ambiente. Quatro diretores de escolas de idiomas da rede CCAA na região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul participaram da pesquisa. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a uma análise interpretativa feita a luz do referencial teórico que resgatou a conceituação do poder, bem como seu papel na sociedade, antes de abordar o poder (e suas fontes) no contexto das organizações empresariais. O manual de gestão de pessoas da rede CCAA permitiu que uma análise documental complementasse o estudo, cujos resultados ratificaram a difícil mensuração da legitimação do poder, mas foram positivos, no sentido de que o fenômeno foi investigado dos mais diversos ângulos e identificou-se de forma não-planejada uma série de fatores correlatos, provocando, assim, uma evolução no seu entendimento, pois percebeu-se que diferentes estratégias de legitimação do poder foram adotadas variando conforme a história de vida e o estilo de liderança de cada um dos empreendedores e que essas estratégias geraram resultados semelhantes a curto prazo, mas no longo prazo, tendem a distanciar as empresas em quesitos como grau de profissionalização e capacidade de expansão, por exemplo. / The current study had the purpose of analyzing the legitimation of power among directors of CCAA chain units in the region of Passo Fundo/RS, it´s a process in which these small business people try to make working relationships solid to perform their functions of direction with self-confidence. For so, it was done a descriptive qualitative research that used as method of data collection a semi-structured interview together with observations of the environment. Four directors of foreign languages schools of CCAA chain in the northern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul took part in the research. The collected data were submitted to an interpretative analysis made under the light of the academic frame that rescued the conception of power, as well as its role in the society, before approaching the power (and its fountains) in the context of business organizations. The guidebook of people management of CCAA chain allowed a documental analysis to complement the study, which results reinforced the difficulties in measuring the legitimation of power, but were good after all, since the phenomena was investigated from an array of angles and a series of related factors were identified in a non-planned way, provoking, thus, an evolution on its understanding, since it was realized that different strategies of legitimation of the power were adopted according to the history of life and leadership style of each of the directors and that these strategies may create similar results in short term, but in long term tend to increase the distance between the companies in matters such as professionalization level or capacity for expansion, for instance.

As it is known to linguists and other professionals (whose object of study is language, communication), language is the way in which we interact with the social environment, with the other, in different contexts of use. In this sense, the subjects can use both their mother tongue (L1) and acquire any other language (L2), so that they can interact with the other language. Studying a foreign language (FL) and the consequent requirement for teaching at least one FL, in elementary school, it is then a right provided by the LDB. This teaching, in turn, is guided by the FL PCN, with prediction of a teaching / learning process focused on the interaction of the subject with the other, with their environment. Among the foreign languages, the English (hereinafter LI) is, in Brazil, the most taught in schools, given the great power, the American influence. As a result, we chose as our object of study the analysis of the discourses in circulation in the didactic textbook (later, LD) of LI, used in the public schools from Moita Bonita (SE), Vontade de Saber Inglês (KILLNER; AMANCIO), from the 6th to the 9th grade. From this perspective of research, we aim to contribute to the teaching of LI in our state and, more specifically, in this city. Because of this approach, our work is confined to two areas of knowledge: the Discourse Analysis (French line), based mainly on Orlandi's studies (1984, 2000, 2001, 2008); Applied Linguistics, from the point of view of Leffa (1999), Lima (2008). For the construction of our theoretical device, we counted with the contributions of Foucault (1997, 2003, 2009 [1969], 2012 [1978]), in the light of which we study the relations of power / knowledge established in the school; The question of authorship, observing from which place (social, institutional) the subject, in the position of author, states, which image does his interlocutor. In this way of approach, we also use the research of Grigoletto (1999), Carmagnani (1999), whose investigations are focused on LD. And, to understand the whole process of institutionalization of LI, its consequent adoption by Brazilian schools, we studied the historicization of the teaching of this LE; the language as a symbolic force, according to Bourdieu (s / d). We also searched the important documents, such as LDB (1996), PCN (1999), PNLD (referring to the three years of the book in question). As a methodological research resource, to the construction of our analysis device, we made the following research questions: What speeches are circulating in LD LI? What approaches do the authors make of these discourses? From which place (social, institutional) does the author / speaker of the LD of LI state? What ideologies are pervaded in these discourses? What is the image that the subject author of the LD of LI makes of his interlocutor (student)? In order to answer these guiding questions, we use Orlandi's contributions (1984), taking five discursive cut-outs from the LI textbook collection. According to this analyst, these cuts are discursive units, fragments of discursive situations. We then make the following discursive cuts: the discourse of / about society, the discourse of / about grammar, the avertising discourse, the discourse of / about youth, the discourse of / about school. These cutouts were thus organized according to their incidence in this collection. Through these settings, we understand that the relevance of our investigations is to look the LD in a discursive way, trying to interrelate these areas of knowledge (the AD and the LA). We understand, finally, that this multiple view contributes to the constitution of the LI teachers subjects, especially regarding the fact that, from reading this work, they are able to reflect on the relations of power / knowledge established in the school. / Como é do conhecimento dos linguistas e de demais profissionais (cujo objeto de estudo é a língua, a comunicação), a língua é a forma pela qual interagimos com o meio social, com o outro, em diferentes contextos de uso. Nesse sentido, os sujeitos podem usar tanto a sua língua materna (L1) como adquirir qualquer outra língua (L2), para com elas, a partir delas, interagir com o outro. Estudar uma língua estrangeira (LE) e a sua consequente obrigatoriedade de ensino de, pelo menos, uma LE, na escola básica, constitui, então, um direito previsto pela LDB. Esse ensino, por sua vez, é norteado pelo PCN de LE, com previsão de um processo de ensino/aprendizagem voltado para a interação do sujeito com o outro, com o seu entorno. Dentre as línguas estrangeiras, a inglesa (doravante LI) é, no Brasil, a mais ensinada nas escolas, haja vista o grande poder, a influência estadunidense. Em decorrência disso, elegemos como nosso objeto de estudo a análise dos discursos em circulação no livro didático (mais adiante, LD) de LI, utilizado nas escolas públicas do município de Moita Bonita (SE), Vontade de Saber Inglês (KILLNER; AMANCIO), do 6º ao 9º ano. A partir de tal perspectiva de pesquisa, objetivamos contribuir para o ensino de LI em nosso Estado e, mais especificamente, nesse município. Por conta de tal abordagem, nosso trabalho está circunscrito a duas áreas do saber: à Análise do Discurso (linha francesa), a partir, principalmente, dos estudos de Orlandi (1984, 2000, 2001, 2008); à Linguística Aplicada, sob o ponto de vista de Leffa (1999), de Lima (2008). Para a construção do nosso dispositivo teórico, contamos ainda com as contribuições de Foucault (1997, 2003, 2009 [1969], 2012 [1978]), à luz do qual estudamos as relações de poder/saber instauradas na escola; a questão da autoria, observando de que lugar (social, institucional) o sujeito, na posição de autor, enuncia, qual imagem faz do seu interlocutor. Nesse caminho de abordagem, utilizamos também as pesquisas de Grigoletto (1999), de Carmagnani (1999), cujas investigações estão voltadas para o LD. E, para entendermos todo o processo de institucionalização da LI, a sua consequente adoção pelas escolas brasileiras, estudamos a historicização do ensino dessa LE; a língua enquanto força simbólica, consoante Bourdieu (s/d). Pesquisamos igualmente os importantes documentos, tais como a LDB (1996), PCN (1999), o PNLD (referente ao triênio do livro em questão). Como recurso metodológico de pesquisa, para a construção de nosso dispositivo de análise, elaboramos as seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: quais discursos estão em circulação no LD de LI? Quais abordagens os autores fazem desses discursos? De qual lugar (social, institucional) enuncia o autor/locutor do LD de LI? Que ideologias são perpassadas nesses/por esses discursos? Qual a imagem que o sujeito autor do LD de LI faz do seu interlocutor (aluno/a)? Para respondermos a essas questões norteadoras, lançamos mão das contribuições de Orlandi (1984), procedendo a cinco recortes discursivos na referida coleção de LD de LI. Consoante essa analista, tais recortes são unidades discursivas, fragmentos de situações discursivas. Efetuamos, então, os seguintes recortes discursivos: o discurso da/sobre a sociedade, o discurso da/sobre a gramática, o discurso publicitário, o discurso da/sobre a juventude, o discurso da/sobre a escola. Esses recortes foram assim organizados conforme a sua incidência nessa coleção. Mediante tais colocações, entendemos que a relevância das nossas investigações consiste nesse debruçar de olhar discursivo sobre o LD, tentando inter-relacionar essas áreas do saber (a AD e a LA). Entendemos, enfim, que esse olhar múltiplo contribui para a constituição dos sujeitos professores de LI, principalmente no que concerne ao fato de eles, a partir da leitura deste trabalho, serem capazes de refletirem sobre as relações de poder/saber estabelecidas na escola. / São Cristóvão, SE

Starting around 1500 a period of state formation changed the European map. The scattered medieval principalities were replaced with more centralised and better organised states with permanent armies. Sweden was quite successful in competing with these states and experienced a period of expansion. The means for warfare were drawn, to a large extent, from the peasantry, which meant that a great number of Swedes were sent to the front line and were never to return. This thesis investigates the dissemination of information, war propaganda and mobilisation in Sweden, 1655–1680. This period is interesting since it includes both offensive wars (under the reign of Karl X Gustav), a period of peace (under the regency) and defensive warfare(under Karl XI). A basic assumption has been that information is an important power resource. In the study both the dissemination and the content of the propaganda are examined. The most important sources have been the minutes and correspondence of the kings, the regency and the council of the realm, along with the sources from the diet and the provincial meetings. In particular, the prayer days and thanksgiving days, in both manuscript and printed sources, have been studied. To investigate the actual dissemination of information, the sources in the regional archives of the counties of Uppsala and Kopparberg and the archives of several episcopates have been examined. There existed developed media for the dissemination of information, namely, “the system of information”. Information was disseminated from the pulpits, at the diet and provincial meetings, by county governors and bailiffs, and by printed texts. In this thesis it is shown that the rulers were anxious to explain and justify the wars to the people and that they deliberately used the dissemination of information as a power tool. To keep the people in a good mood was vital for the war effort. War propaganda was spread both in times of war and peace, and its main messages remained the same during Sweden’s Age of Greatness. The main message of the long-term propaganda was that the wars were a divine punishment: it was because of the sinful people that wars broke out. According to the propaganda, the world was populated with evil enemies that were striving to destroy Sweden. The best protection against the enemies (next to God) was a good regent. It was also stated that, in the event of war, it was the duty of the subjects to contribute. The direct propaganda was conducted in four different phases. The first phase was about explaining the outbreak of war, the second phase was about mobilisation, the third phase was about disseminating information in order to uphold the morals and the fourth and last phase was about explaining the peace. The messages of the long-term propaganda had their equivalents in the direct propaganda. These arguments, however, were not always sufficient. The state representatives also highlighted the great perils threatening the country and used a patriotic rhetoric. The war propaganda depoliticised the wars, and made it possible to mobilise great resources from the population in times of war. The frequently used picture of threatening wars contributed to the legitimacy not only of a permanent army and offensive warfare, but also of the power of the king and the social order at large.

The purpose of this study is to examine the media coverage of a police shooting in Bagarmossen, Stockholm. According to the news the police claimed it was an act of self-defense as a man fired a gun at them which is why the man was shot to death, but a month later stated that the man had not even been armed. The following study seeks to analyze the differences and similarities between articles published before and after the modified information. It also examines social actors present and how the media portrays them. We applied discourse analysis on sixteen news articles to answer our research questions. The prominent differences we found were in the portrayals of the incident and the most protrusive social actors in­volved. Before the police changed their state­ment, the man shot dead was portrayed as a criminal with deviant behavior. After the changed statement, the media portrayed him as a family man with strong ties to his hometown. The police were another social actor in our study, portrayed before the changed statements as efficient with a strong work ethic. After, the police were por­trayed as dishonest and lacking severely in their communica­tion as a legitimate authori­ty. One of the similarities found before and after the changed statement was the pres­ence of the local community as a social actor and its significance for the news media's portrayal of the incident.