Amblyomma cajennense é a principal espécie de carrapato incriminada na transmissão de Rickettsia rickettsii, agente etiológico da febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), no Brasil e outros países da América do Sul. O presente trabalho foi realizado com a finalidade de avaliar e quantificar a ocorrência das transmissões transovariana e transestadial de R. rickettsii em A. cajennense, verificando o efeito da infecção nos parâmetros biológicos do carrapato, e finalmente, a capacidade de larvas, ninfas e adultos transmitirem a bactéria para vertebrados. Para tal, cobaias (Cavia porcellus) infectadas experimentalmente com R. rickettsii foram infestadas com larvas e ninfas, para alimentação dos adultos de A. cajennense foram utilizados coelhos infectados. A biologia desses carrapatos expostos à R. rickettsii foi acompanhada até a geração seguinte de ninfa. Amostras de cada estágio evolutivo (larva, ninfa, adulto, ovo, larva, ninfa) foram testadas por PCR em tempo real para determinar a freqüência de carrapatos infectados por Rickettsia. Também foram quantificadas as transmissões transovariana e transestadial de R. rickettsii no carrapato A. cajennense. Cobaias e coelhos não infectados, utilizadas para infestação de cada um dos estágios parasitários do carrapato, foram avaliadas clinicamente e por sorologia, a fim de verificar a ocorrência da transmissão de R. rickettsii para esses animais. Em todas as infestações com carrapatos expostos previamente a R. rickettsii dentro de uma mesma geração, os animais adoeceram com febre alta (temperatura retal >40oC), lesão escrotal e alta letalidade, indicando a transmissão transestadial de R. rickettsii nos carrapatos, sendo esta confirmada por PCR e sorologia dos animais. Quanto à transmissão transovariana, esta ocorre em baixa quantidade nos grupos GL (infectado na fase de larva) e GN (infectado na fase de ninfa), pois das 12 cobaias (seis do grupo GL e seis do grupo GN), apenas três apresentaram sinais clínicos, e somente uma veio a óbito. Um total de oito animais foram positivos à RIFI (reação de imunofluorescência indireta), porém destes, seis apresentaram títulos baixos, entre 128 e 512, provavelmente devido a um pequeno desafio imunológico. As cobaias infestadas com larvas oriundas de fêmeas pertencentes ao grupo GA (infectado na fase adulta) não se apresentaram clinicamente alteradas nem sorologicamente reativas. Sugerindo que transmissão transovariana no grupo GA seja algo raro, pois apesar da progênie de uma das fêmeas ter sido positiva à PCR, nenhuma das cobaias infestadas com larvas ou ninfas de segunda geração manifestou quaisquer evidências do contato com R. rickettsii. Paralelamente, carrapatos não expostos a R. rickettsii (grupo controle GC) foram mantidos nas mesmas condições dos carrapatos infectados, para avaliar a existência de um possível efeito deletério da infecção por R. rickettsii na biologia do carrapato, os quais foram evidenciados com a maior mortalidade de larvas infectadas do grupo GL na primeira e na segunda gerações, além de alterações nos parâmetros biológicos das fêmeas ingurgitadas dos grupos expostos a R. rickettsii. Os resultados encontrados comprovam que a R. rickettsii é maléfica ao A. cajennense, bem como a existência de transmissão transestadial e transmissão transovariana, porém esta ultima em baixa quantidade. Isto ressalta a importância de hospedeiros amplificadores e de outros carrapatos na epidemiologia da Febre Maculosa Brasileira. / Amblyomma cajennense is the main tick species incriminated in the transmission of Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever, in Brazil and in other South American countries. The present work aimed to evaluate and quantify the transovarial and transstadial of R. rickettsii in A. cajennense, verifying the effect of the infection on biological parameters of the tick, and finally, to evaluate the capacity of larvae, nymphs, and adults to transmit the bacterium to vertebrates. For these purposes, guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), experimentally infected with R. rickettsii, were artificially infested with uninfected larvae and nymphs, while adult ticks were allowed to infest experimentally-infected rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The biology of these R. rickettsii-exposed ticks was accomplished until the next generation of nymphs, always having samples of each developmental stage (F1 larva, nymph, and adult, and F2 egg, larva, and nymph) tested by real-time PCR to determine the frequency of infected ticks. In parallel, uninfected control ticks were exposed simultaneous to the same protocols. Infested guinea pigs and rabbits were evaluated clinically and for serology, to verify the occurrence of transmission of R. rickettsii to these animals. In all infestations with ticks previously exposed to R. rickettsii, within the same generation, there were infested animals that presented high fever (rectal temperature >40oC), scrotal lesion, and high lethality, indicating transstadial transmission of R. rickettsii in the ticks, confirmed by PCR on ticks and serology of the animals. Regarding transovarial transmission, it occurred at low levels in females that had been exposed to R. rickettsii during the larval stage (GL) and during the nymphal stage (GN), since only 3 out of 12 guinea pigs (six from GL, and six from GN) infested with F2 larvae presented clinical alterations, with a single lethality. However, eight animals became seropositive by IFA (immunofluorescence assay), from which six had low titers anti-R. rickettsii, between 128 and 512, possibly due to weaker immunological challenges. Guinea pigs exposed to larvae derived from GA females (exposed to R. rickettsii during the adult stage) did not ´present any clinical alteration nor became serologically positive, indication that transovarial transmission is rare in this group. Despite of a single progeny that became PCR-positive, out of others that were all negative, no guinea pig infested with F2 larvae or nymphs from GA females showed evidence that they were in contact with R. rickettsii, similarly to the control group. In relation to a possible effect of R. rickettsii in the tick survival and developmental, there were a higher mortality of infected larvae from the GL group in both first and second laboratory generations, and lower reproductive performance of engorged females from the infected groups. The results show that R. rickettsii has deleterious effects to A. cajennense. There are both trasstadial and transovarial transmissions of R. rickettsii in A. cajennense, however transovarial transmission is at low rates, highlighting the importance that amplifier hosts and other tick species should have in the epidemiology Brazilian spotted fever.

Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) é a principal praga da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, causando danos diretos e indiretos, e seu controle é, em grande parte, realizado por liberações massais do endoparasitoide Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). Entretanto, o uso de inseticidas sintéticos por meio de aplicações foliares para controle da praga antes de sua entrada no colmo tem sido intensificado no Brasil. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente estudo, avaliar a toxicidade e a persistência dos principais inseticidas utilizados na cultura para controle de D. saccharalis pelo contato residual em folhas tratadas nas maiores concentrações de campo, conforme classificação da IOBC/WPRS. Os tratamentos foram clorantraniliprole (Altacor® 350 WG), lambda-cialotrina + clorantraniliprole (Ampligo® 150 SC), clorfluazuron (Atabron® 50 EC), triflumuron (Certero® 480 SC), lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxam (Engeo™ Pleno), tebufenozide (Mimic® 240 SC), novaluron (Rimon® 100 EC) e controle (água destilada). Em laboratório, discos da folha de cana-de-açúcar foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo uma solução composta por [água:ágar] e pulverizadas em torre de Potter, conforme recomendações da IOBC/WPRS. Após 2 h da aplicação, adultos de C. flavipes foram anestesiados com CO2 por 10 segundos e introduzidos em cada placa. Para avaliação da persistência, plantas de cana-de-açúcar foram pulverizadas com os tratamentos até o ponto de escorrimento em casa de vegetação. Aos 5, 15 e 30 dias após aplicação (DAA) foram coletadas as folhas e discos das folhas foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo uma solução composta por [água:ágar]. Para cada dia de avaliação, adultos de C. flavipes foram anestesiados com CO2 por 10 segundos e introduzidos em cada placa contendo os tratamentos. Tanto para o experimento em laboratório como para o de persistência, avaliaram-se os efeitos letal (após 24 h) e subletais da geração maternal e subletais das gerações F1 e F2. As placas foram acondicionadas em sala climatizada com temperatura de 25 ± 2 °C, UR 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 horas. Após avaliação da toxicidade aguda, os inseticidas Altacor® 350 WG, Atabron® 50 EC, Certero® 480 SC, Mimic® 240 SC e Rimon® 100 EC foram classificados como inócuos (classe 1) e vida curta (classe 1). Entretanto, Altacor®, Atabron®, Certero® e Rimon® causaram redução no tamanho da tíbia posterior de fêmeas da geração F1, Rimon® reduziu a razão sexual e Atabron® reduziu o peso das massas de casulos da geração F2. Os tratamentos Ampligo® e Engeo™ Pleno causaram 100% de mortalidade após 2 h da aplicação, sendo classificados como nocivos (classe 4) e em bioensaio de semi-campo como persistentes (classe 4). Portanto, apenas Mimic® pode ser recomendado para controle de D. saccharalis em associação com o controle biológico com liberações de C. flavipes. Os inseticidas enquadrados nas classes 4, nocivos ao parasitoide, devem ser estudados em testes de campo para confirmação da toxicidade. / Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) is the main pest of the sugarcane crop, causing direct and indirect damage, and its control is largely accomplished by mass releases of the endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). However, the use of synthetic insecticides through foliar applications to control the pest before its entry into the stem has been intensified in Brazil. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and persistence of the main insecticides used in the crop for the control of D. saccharalis by the residual contact of treated leaves at the highest field concentrations, according to the IOBC / WPRS classification. The treatments were chlorantraniliprole (Altacor® 350 WG), lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole (Ampligo® 150 SC), chlorfluazuron (Atabron® 50 EC), triflumuron (Certero® 480 SC), lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam (Engeo ™ Pleno), tebufenozide (Mimic® 240 SC), novaluron (Rimon® 100 EC) and control (distilled water). In the laboratory, sugar cane leaf discs were placed in Petri dishes containing a solution composed of water: agar and pulverized in a Potter tower, according to IOBC/WPRS recommendations. After 2 h of application, adults of C. flavipes were anesthetized with CO2 for 10 seconds and introduced into each plate containing the treatments. To evaluate the persistence, sugarcane plants were sprayed with the treatments to the point of runoff under greenhouse conditions. At 5, 15 and 30 days after application (DAA) the leaves were collected and discs were made which were placed in Petri dishes containing a solution composed of water: agar. For each day of evaluation, C. flavipes adults were anesthetized with CO2 for 10 seconds and introduced into each plate containing the treatments. For both the laboratory and persistence experiments, the lethal (after 24 h) and sublethal effects of the maternal and sublethal generation of the F1 and F2 generations were evaluated in a completely randomized design. The plates were conditioned in an air conditioned room with temperature of 25 ± 2 ° C, RH 70 ± 10% and photophase of 14 hours. Insecticides chlorantraniliprole, chlorfluazuron, triflumuron, tebufenozide and novaluron were classified as harmless (class 1) and short-lived (class 1). However, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfluazuron, triflumuron and novaluron caused reduction in the posterior tibia size of females of F1 generation; tebufenozide reduced the sex ratio and chlorfluazuron reduce the weight of parasitoid pupa of the F2 generation. The treatments lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam caused 100% of mortality after 2 h of the application, being classified as noxious (class 4) and semi-field bioassay as persistent (class 4). Therefore, only tebufenozide can be recommended for control of D. saccharalis in association with biological control with releases of C. flavipes. The insecticides classified as classes 4 are not selective to the parasitoid and field tests should be performed to confirm toxicity.

This thesis analyses States’ duty to investigate grave breaches of humanitarian law and how it applies to deep reinforcement learning autonomous weapons. It identifies basic technologic intricacies related to deep reinforcement learning and discusses what issues may arise if such software is used in weapons systems. The thesis applies a legal doctrinal method to study how the technology could frustrate the grave breaches regime and hamper States’ ability to investigate suspected incidents. Furthermore, investigative standards under humanitarian law and human rights law are examined in the context of autonomous weapons systems.  The main argument is that deep reinforcement learning algorithms create a black box that is virtually impossible to investigate and consequently causes accountability issues.

Amblyomma cajennense é a principal espécie de carrapato incriminada na transmissão de Rickettsia rickettsii, agente etiológico da febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), no Brasil e outros países da América do Sul. O presente trabalho foi realizado com a finalidade de avaliar e quantificar a ocorrência das transmissões transovariana e transestadial de R. rickettsii em A. cajennense, verificando o efeito da infecção nos parâmetros biológicos do carrapato, e finalmente, a capacidade de larvas, ninfas e adultos transmitirem a bactéria para vertebrados. Para tal, cobaias (Cavia porcellus) infectadas experimentalmente com R. rickettsii foram infestadas com larvas e ninfas, para alimentação dos adultos de A. cajennense foram utilizados coelhos infectados. A biologia desses carrapatos expostos à R. rickettsii foi acompanhada até a geração seguinte de ninfa. Amostras de cada estágio evolutivo (larva, ninfa, adulto, ovo, larva, ninfa) foram testadas por PCR em tempo real para determinar a freqüência de carrapatos infectados por Rickettsia. Também foram quantificadas as transmissões transovariana e transestadial de R. rickettsii no carrapato A. cajennense. Cobaias e coelhos não infectados, utilizadas para infestação de cada um dos estágios parasitários do carrapato, foram avaliadas clinicamente e por sorologia, a fim de verificar a ocorrência da transmissão de R. rickettsii para esses animais. Em todas as infestações com carrapatos expostos previamente a R. rickettsii dentro de uma mesma geração, os animais adoeceram com febre alta (temperatura retal >40oC), lesão escrotal e alta letalidade, indicando a transmissão transestadial de R. rickettsii nos carrapatos, sendo esta confirmada por PCR e sorologia dos animais. Quanto à transmissão transovariana, esta ocorre em baixa quantidade nos grupos GL (infectado na fase de larva) e GN (infectado na fase de ninfa), pois das 12 cobaias (seis do grupo GL e seis do grupo GN), apenas três apresentaram sinais clínicos, e somente uma veio a óbito. Um total de oito animais foram positivos à RIFI (reação de imunofluorescência indireta), porém destes, seis apresentaram títulos baixos, entre 128 e 512, provavelmente devido a um pequeno desafio imunológico. As cobaias infestadas com larvas oriundas de fêmeas pertencentes ao grupo GA (infectado na fase adulta) não se apresentaram clinicamente alteradas nem sorologicamente reativas. Sugerindo que transmissão transovariana no grupo GA seja algo raro, pois apesar da progênie de uma das fêmeas ter sido positiva à PCR, nenhuma das cobaias infestadas com larvas ou ninfas de segunda geração manifestou quaisquer evidências do contato com R. rickettsii. Paralelamente, carrapatos não expostos a R. rickettsii (grupo controle GC) foram mantidos nas mesmas condições dos carrapatos infectados, para avaliar a existência de um possível efeito deletério da infecção por R. rickettsii na biologia do carrapato, os quais foram evidenciados com a maior mortalidade de larvas infectadas do grupo GL na primeira e na segunda gerações, além de alterações nos parâmetros biológicos das fêmeas ingurgitadas dos grupos expostos a R. rickettsii. Os resultados encontrados comprovam que a R. rickettsii é maléfica ao A. cajennense, bem como a existência de transmissão transestadial e transmissão transovariana, porém esta ultima em baixa quantidade. Isto ressalta a importância de hospedeiros amplificadores e de outros carrapatos na epidemiologia da Febre Maculosa Brasileira. / Amblyomma cajennense is the main tick species incriminated in the transmission of Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever, in Brazil and in other South American countries. The present work aimed to evaluate and quantify the transovarial and transstadial of R. rickettsii in A. cajennense, verifying the effect of the infection on biological parameters of the tick, and finally, to evaluate the capacity of larvae, nymphs, and adults to transmit the bacterium to vertebrates. For these purposes, guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), experimentally infected with R. rickettsii, were artificially infested with uninfected larvae and nymphs, while adult ticks were allowed to infest experimentally-infected rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The biology of these R. rickettsii-exposed ticks was accomplished until the next generation of nymphs, always having samples of each developmental stage (F1 larva, nymph, and adult, and F2 egg, larva, and nymph) tested by real-time PCR to determine the frequency of infected ticks. In parallel, uninfected control ticks were exposed simultaneous to the same protocols. Infested guinea pigs and rabbits were evaluated clinically and for serology, to verify the occurrence of transmission of R. rickettsii to these animals. In all infestations with ticks previously exposed to R. rickettsii, within the same generation, there were infested animals that presented high fever (rectal temperature >40oC), scrotal lesion, and high lethality, indicating transstadial transmission of R. rickettsii in the ticks, confirmed by PCR on ticks and serology of the animals. Regarding transovarial transmission, it occurred at low levels in females that had been exposed to R. rickettsii during the larval stage (GL) and during the nymphal stage (GN), since only 3 out of 12 guinea pigs (six from GL, and six from GN) infested with F2 larvae presented clinical alterations, with a single lethality. However, eight animals became seropositive by IFA (immunofluorescence assay), from which six had low titers anti-R. rickettsii, between 128 and 512, possibly due to weaker immunological challenges. Guinea pigs exposed to larvae derived from GA females (exposed to R. rickettsii during the adult stage) did not ´present any clinical alteration nor became serologically positive, indication that transovarial transmission is rare in this group. Despite of a single progeny that became PCR-positive, out of others that were all negative, no guinea pig infested with F2 larvae or nymphs from GA females showed evidence that they were in contact with R. rickettsii, similarly to the control group. In relation to a possible effect of R. rickettsii in the tick survival and developmental, there were a higher mortality of infected larvae from the GL group in both first and second laboratory generations, and lower reproductive performance of engorged females from the infected groups. The results show that R. rickettsii has deleterious effects to A. cajennense. There are both trasstadial and transovarial transmissions of R. rickettsii in A. cajennense, however transovarial transmission is at low rates, highlighting the importance that amplifier hosts and other tick species should have in the epidemiology Brazilian spotted fever.

<p>Elevated temperatures accompanying climate warming are expected to have adverse effects on sensitive lichen species. This premise was examined by measuring the sensitivity of different lichen species to elevated temperatures in the laboratory and in the field. Laboratory studies involved the exposure of nine hydrated lichen species (Xanthoparmelia austro-africana, X. hyporhytida, Xanthoparmelia sp., Xanthomaculina hottentotta, Teloschistes capensis, Ramalina sp., Flavopuntelia caperata, Lasallia papulosa, Parmotrema austrosinensis) collected from sites of different aridity and mean annual temperature for 2 hourly intervals to temperatures ranging from 24&ordm / C to 48&ordm / C in a forced daft oven and measuring their respiration rates and maximum quantum yield of PSII. Field studies involved simultaneous hourly measurements of ground surface air temperatures and Lichen effective quantum yield of PSII of hydrated lichen species populations under ambient and artificially modified environmental conditions.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-110). Also available on the Internet.

Endocytose joue un rôle dans l'activation du récepteur Notch. Des mutations dans le gène drosophilien lethal giant discs (lgd), provoque une prolifération cellulaire en perturbant l'endocytose de Notch. Les orthologues murins mlgd1 et 2 peuvent sauver ce phénotype, démontrant une fonction conservée. Cependant, des publications récentes suggèrent que les orthologs humains de lgd (hgd1/2) sont nucléaires. Dans cette étude, il est démontré que chez la Drosophile, le mutant dlgd(08) provoque l'accumulation de Notch dans des vésicules et une surprolifération de neuroblastes . Ceci suggère que Notch est activé a l'intérieur des endosomes dans les neuroblastes. L'immunohistochimie de cellules Hela indique que hlgd1 et 2 ne sont pas nucléaires, mais associés à des strctures endosomales. Enfin, la baisse d'expression par shRNA des gènes murins mlgd1 et mlgd2 provoque une différenciation accélérée des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la lignée lymphopoïèse T et bloque la transition DN3 / CD4+CD8+, suggérant une suractivation de Notch. / Endocytosis plays a role in the activation of the Notch receptor. Mutations in the Drosophila gene lethal giant discs (lgd), causes cellular overgrowth by perturbing Notch endocytosis. This Drosophila phenotype is rescued by the murine orthologs mlgd1 and 2, indicating conserved function. However, recent publications suggest that the human orthologs (hlgd1/2) are nuclear. This study demonstrates that the dlgd(08) mutant in Drosophila causes accumulation of Notch in vesicles and the overproliferation of neuroblasts. This suggests Notch is activated from within endosomes in neuroblasts. Immunohistochemistry of Hela cells indicates that hlgd1 is associated with early endosome while, hlgd2 with later endosome and lysosome, and not with the nucleus. Finally, down regulation of murine mlgd1 and mlgd2 by shRNA caused an accelerated differentiation of hematopoietic stem cell into the T lymphopoiesis lineage and blocked the DN3 to CD4+CD8+ transition, suggesting that Notch is overactivated in these cells.

<p>Elevated temperatures accompanying climate warming are expected to have adverse effects on sensitive lichen species. This premise was examined by measuring the sensitivity of different lichen species to elevated temperatures in the laboratory and in the field. Laboratory studies involved the exposure of nine hydrated lichen species (Xanthoparmelia austro-africana, X. hyporhytida, Xanthoparmelia sp., Xanthomaculina hottentotta, Teloschistes capensis, Ramalina sp., Flavopuntelia caperata, Lasallia papulosa, Parmotrema austrosinensis) collected from sites of different aridity and mean annual temperature for 2 hourly intervals to temperatures ranging from 24&ordm / C to 48&ordm / C in a forced daft oven and measuring their respiration rates and maximum quantum yield of PSII. Field studies involved simultaneous hourly measurements of ground surface air temperatures and Lichen effective quantum yield of PSII of hydrated lichen species populations under ambient and artificially modified environmental conditions.</p>

Η θανατηφόρος δράση του βακτηρίου του άνθρακα (Bacillus anthracis), στο οποίο οφείλεται η καλούμενη ως νόσος του άνθρακα, εντοπίζεται στη συνεργό δράση τριών εκλυόμενων τοξινών του και ειδικότερα στην πρωτεολυτική δράση του θανατηφόρου παράγοντα (anthrax Lethal Factor, LF). Ο LF είναι μία μεταλλοπρωτεάση ψευδαργύρου και ισχυρή τοξίνη, η οποία απελευθερώνεται στον οργανισμό στα πρώτα στάδια προσβολής του ατόμου από το βακτήριο. Το ενεργό/καταλυτικό κέντρο του αναγνωρίζει και υδρολύει με εξαιρετική εξειδίκευση πεπτιδικά υποστρώματα ΜΚΚ κινασών, αναστέλλοντας τις διαδικασίες μεταγωγής σήματος στα κύτταρα του μολυσμένου ξενιστή επιφέροντας το θάνατό του. Από την άλλη, η εξειδικευμένη πρωτεολυτική ικανότητα του LF έναντι αυτών των κινασών, οι οποίες πρόσφατα συσχετίστηκαν με ανάπτυξη καρκινικών όγκων, ενδέχεται να αποτελέσει μια καινοτόμο θεραπευτική οδό για την αντιμετώπιση καρκινικών όγκων εν τη γενέση τους. Ωστόσο, ο μηχανισμός της αλληλεπίδρασης σε μοριακό επίπεδο και της πρωτεολυτικής διάσπασης των υποστρωμάτων του LF παραμένει μέχρι και σήμερα αδιευκρίνιστος και συνεπώς χρήζει ιδιαίτερης μελέτης. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση εστιάστηκε το ενδιαφέρον της διατριβής έχοντας ως πρωτογενείς στόχους την in silico μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης, σε μοριακό επίπεδο, του καταλυτικού κέντρου του LF με τα υποστρώματα των ΜΚΚ κινασών που υδρολύει, και την μελέτη μέσω Φασματοσκοπίας NMR της δομής και δυναμικής του ενεργού κέντρου του LF σε ελεύθερη μορφή, το οποίο ευρίσκεται στο C-τελικό άκρο του. Με την εφαρμογή τεχνικών προσομοίωσης πρόσδεσης και μοριακής δυναμικής πραγματοποιήθηκε in silico μελέτη των συμπλόκων LF-υποστρώματα, και προσδιορίστηκε ένα ευρύ φάσμα αλληλεπιδράσεων, όχι μόνο γύρω από το μεταλλικό/καταλυτικό κέντρο αλλά και σε απόσταση 20 Å στην περιοχή δέσμευσης του Zn2+, υποδεικνύοντας έτσι τους δομικούς παράγοντες που πιθανόν καθορίζουν το είδος της αλληλεπίδρασής ενζύμου με τις κινάσες που υδρολύει, παρέχοντας έτσι σημαντικές πληροφορίες για τον σχεδιασμό και την αναζήτηση βιοδραστικών μορίων με φαρμακευτικό ενδιαφέρον έναντι στον LF. Τα δεδομένα αυτά μπορούν επίσης να αξιοποιηθούν σε μελέτες δομής-δράσης με σημειακές και/ή πολλαπλές μεταλλάξεις. Με την χρήση φασματοσκοπίας NMR, πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη της δομής και δυναμικής του ενεργού κέντρου του LF σε ελεύθερη μορφή (apoLF672-776). Η επίλυση των τρισδιάστατων NMR δομών του apoLF672-776 έδωσαν μια εξαιρετικά σαφή εικόνα για τη δομή του ενεργού κέντρου του LF, το οποίο βρίσκεται σε συμφωνία με τις υπάρχουσες κρυσταλλικές δομές. Τα συγκεκριμένα ΝΜR δεδομένα μπορούν να αξιοποιηθούν σε μελέτες με NMR υπό το καθεστώς αλληλεπίδρασης του LF με τα πεπτιδικά υποστρώματά του και χαρακτηρισμό της δυναμικής της αλληλεπίδρασης, όπως επίσης και τον υπολογισμό της συγγένειας δέσμευσής τους. / The anthrax toxin of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis consists of three distinct proteins, one of which is the anthrax lethal factor (LF). LF is a gluzincin Zn-dependent, highly specific metalloprotease with a molecular mass of ~90 kDa that cleaves most isoforms of the family of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MEKs/MKKs) close to their amino termini, resulting in the inhibition of one or more signaling pathways. Previous studies on the crystal structures of uncomplexed LF and LF complexed with the substrate MEK2 or a MKK-based synthetic peptide provided structure-activity correlations and the basis for the rational design of efficient inhibitors. However, in the crystallographic structures, the substrate peptide was not properly oriented in the active site due to the absence of the catalytic zinc atom. The primary target of the thesis was to examine in silico the LF-MEK/MKK interaction along the catalytic channel up to a distance of 20 Å from the zinc atom, using docking and molecular dynamics protocols. This residue-specific view of the enzyme-substrate interaction provides valuable information about: (i) the substrate selectivity of LF and its inactivation of MEKs/MKKs, (an issue highly important not only to anthrax infection, but also to the pathogenesis of cancer), and (ii) the discovery of new, previously unexploited, hot-spots of the LF catalytic channel that are important in the enzyme/substrate binding and interaction. Given the importance of the interaction between LF and substrate for the development of anti-anthrax agents as well as the potential treatment of nascent tumours, the analysis of the structure and dynamic properties of the LF catalytic site are essential to elucidate its enzymatic properties. The thesis interest was oriented then to the solution structure of the catalytic domain of apo LF and present data on its dynamics. The solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure and mobility studies of the catalytic domain of apoLF672-776 reveals that the conformation of the C-terminal construct of the LF catalytic domain and the orientation of the six helical motifs are remarkably similar to the native structure, indicating the LF polypeptides catalytic site as reliable models of the enzyme active centre.

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe, which is linked to athero-thrombosis. The risk factors for atherothrombosis, thus cardiovascular disease is impaired anti-thrombotic and antiinflammatory functions of the endothelium. Thrombosis is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease/complications characterised by increased platelet activation and increased secretion of platelet micro-particles that induce angiogenesis. This study determined the role of platelet micro-particles derived microRNA in the regulation of angiogenesis and migration, with a focus on the regulation of thrombospondin-1 release by platelet micro-particles delivered Let- 7a. The role of thrombospondin-1 receptors (integrin beta-1 and integrin associated protein) and downstream caspase-3 activation were explored by Let-7a inhibition prior to PMP treatment. MicroRNA dependent modulation of proangiogenic proteins including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and placental growth factor, and recruitment of activating transcription factor-4 protein to their promoter regions were explored. Main findings are: 1. Platelet micro-particles induce angiogenesis, migration, and release of novel cytokine subsets specific to platelet micro-particle’s RNA content. 2. The targeting of thrombospondin-1 mRNA by platelet micro-particles’ transferred Let-7a chiefly modulate the angiogenic effect on endothelial cells. 3. The inhibition of thrombospondin-1 translation enable platelet micro-particles to increase angiogenesis and migration in the presence of functional integrin beta-1 and integrin associated protein, and reduced cleaving of caspase-3. 4. Platelet micro-particle modulate the transcription of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and placental growth factor in a Let-7a dependent manner. 5. Let-7a induce angiogenesis ii independent of other platelet micro-particle’s microRNAs. Platelet micro-particle derived Let-7a is a master regulator of endothelial cell function in this model, which presents an opportunity for the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in the management of cardiovascular disease. Future studies should aim to confirm these findings in-vivo.