This research provides a thorough flow characterization study to compare the functionality of two types of load-leveling valves that are commonly used for air suspension systems of commercial trucks. The first valve features a simple disk/slot design and is relatively compact for installation. The second type is larger and has a sophisticated, chambered design, which allows for considerably quicker fill and exhaust response times in the transient region. A new approach is introduced to estimate the transient mass flow rate of a load-leveling valve under different suspension pressures, without requiring a mass flow meter. An extensive series of dynamic tests are conducted to characterize and compare the two load-leveling valves. A generic heavy-truck pneumatic suspension, consisting of load-leveling valves, airspring, air tank, and air-hose fittings, is configured for testing. The test setup is used to evaluate the transient performance of each type of load-leveling valve in a typical truck suspension. The flow behavior of the system is validated by the force/pressure responses of the air spring due to various displacement excitations. The experimental results describe the detailed flow behavior of both valves. The flow characterization results can be incorporated as one of the most critical parameters for future model development of pneumatic systems. The tests indicate that the leveling valve with chambered design has a far faster transient flow response than the disk valve, although it is more complicated in its mechanical design and therefore costs more. To take advantage of the design simplicity of the disk valve, while also enabling it to have a faster transient response (compared with the chambered design), it is re-designed with larger flow openings and other elements to match the performance of the chambered valve for transient flow. A comparison of the experimental results and simulations validates that the re-designed rotary disk valve performs nearly the same as the chambered valve, but is simpler and costs less. The study's results are directly applicable to improving the transient dynamics of heavy truck air suspensions by providing a better understanding of how load-leveling valves can be used not only to provide ride-height control, but also to influence the roll and pitch dynamics of heavy trucks. / Master of Science / Heavy trucks are balanced using air suspension systems. These pneumatic controls provide stability when a truck undergoes a turn or other change in movement, including roll and pitch. As a truck experiences these changes, air is supplied or purged from the system to balance the truck. Load leveling valves control this flow of air that provides stability and are considered crucial elements in the overall design of a heavy truck. This study evaluates many different types of valves, namely a "chambered" valve and a "disk" valve. The chambered valve is large and has many parts, resulting in a heavy expense but high performance. The disk valve is a simpler design, making it much cheaper but at the expense of performance. The quality of performance that is evaluated here is the time it takes to fill or purge the air suspension, which is related to the mass flow. These characteristics were experimentally obtained and compared. The results showed the disk valve taking more time and having a lower flow rate, making its performance lower when compared to the chambered valve. The next aspect of this study is the modification of this disk valve design that is commercially available to make its performance comparable to the chambered valve. After a series of experiments, the modified design was verified to perform as well as the chambered valve. Overall, these results are important for the future design of heavy truck load leveling valves and clarify important characteristics to consider when designing them. The results from this study can lead to lower costs for heavy truck companies and a better ride for truck drivers.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to present and test an algorithm that gives acceptable solutions in the optimization of a dedicated production line consisting of several machines, with regards of inventory holding cost and available capacity. The aim is also to suggest possible improvements in the practical case that has been used to test the model, which have been made in cooperation with Sandvik Materials Technology and it’s product unit Rock Drill Steel, located in Sandviken, Sweden. Method: An algorithm has been elaborated from articles and science reports and has then been tested with data from the practical case. The result has then been evaluated through an analysis where the algorithm’s ability to acceptable solutions and show potential savings with regards to capital tied up in stock of finished products, safety stock and products in work in process. Results and conclusions: The study shows that the algorithm has the ability to create acceptable solutions when given a specific demand rate, cycle time and capacity. The study also shows potential savings when using a shorter production cycle, given that the unit works in a structured way in order to shorten the production cycle. Suggestions for future research: The algorithm tested in this study needs more evaluations regarding its limits and possible benefits through practical and theoretical case studies. Contributions: The algorithm the possibility to combine principles and models aimed at solving the ELSP (Economic Lot Schedule Problem) and the principles of Schedule Leveling, which is a common term in lean production to a model that optimize inventory holding costs. These theories have similar approaches to cyclic production, but have different aims. Key words: cyclic scheduling, ELSP, economic lot size problem, schedule leveling, heijunka, lean production / Titel: Optimering och balansering av cyklisk produktion - en studie på Sandvik Materials Technology PU Borrstål Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet Industriell Ekonomi Författare: Tommy Hedlund, Daniel Kvarnlöf Handledare: Mohammad Abid Datum: 2016 - Mars Syfte: Studiens syfte är att presentera och testa en algoritm som ger godkända resultat vid optimering av en dedikerad produktionslina bestående av flera produktionsresurser, med avseende på lagerhållningskostnad i omsättningslager samt tillgänglig kapacitet, samt att presentera möjliga förbättringsförslag utifrån de resultat som ges i det praktiska fall som simuleringsmodellen utvärderas genom. Det praktiska fallet i denna studie är Sandvik Materials Technology och dess produktenhet Borrstål. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom att en algoritm har tagits fram utifrån artiklar och forskningsrapporter på området, som sedan har prövats mot studiens praktiska fall. Resultatet har sedan utvärderats genom en analys av algoritmens förmåga att ge godkända lösningar, samt möjlig besparingspotential i det aktuella fallet utifrån kapitalbindning i omsättningslager, säkerhetslager och produkter i arbete. Resultat & slutsats: Studien visar att algoritmen har en god förmåga att skapa godkända resultat utifrån en specifik efterfrågan, cykeltid och kapacitet. Studien visar även på stora potentiella besparingar i kapitalbindning till följd av kortare cykeltid i såväl omsättningslager, säkerhetslager och produkter i arbete, givet att produktenheten arbetar strukturerat med att söka minska cykeltiden. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Algoritmen behöver ytterligare forskning kring dess begränsningar genom att utvärderas utifrån fler praktiska och teoretiska fall. Uppsatsens bidrag: Algoritmen visar på en möjlighet att kombinera ELSP (economic lot scheduling problem) och dess modeller med de principer som återfinns inom Schedule Leveling, som är ett vanligt begrepp inom lean production. Dessa teorier liknar varandra men har till viss del skilda syften, vilka kan kombineras till en modell som optimerar produktionen med avseende på lagerhållningskostnaderna.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe analizuojami Lietuvos geodezinio vertikaliojo pirmosios klasės tinklo linijos Jonava – Zarasai niveliavimo rezultatai. Darbe apžvelgtos vertikaliojo tinklo sudarymo nuostatos, šalies dalyvavimas tarptautiniuose projektuose, sudarytas vertikalusis pirmosios klasės tinklas, vertikaliojo tinklo sudarymo metodika bei prietaisai ir priemonės, naudojami šio tinklo matavimuose. Darbe pateikti eksperimentiniai nivelyrų sistemos kalibravimo rezultatai ir pavienių matuoklių kalibravimo rezultatai. Pateikiama niveliavimo duomenų apdorojimo metodika. Baigiamajame darbe pagal nivelyrų sistemos bei pavienių matuoklių kalibravimo rezultatus nagrinėjamos kalibravimo, refrakcijos ir temperatūros pataisos, analizuojamas nesąryšių ir temperatūros kitimas vertikaliojo tinklo linijoje Jonava – Zarasai, skaičiuojamas niveliavimo rezultatų tikslumas. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Darbą sudaro: įvadas, 4 skyriai , išvados, literatūros ir kitų šaltinių sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 70 p. teksto be priedų, 44 iliustr., 11 lent., 34 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / Master's thesis aim - analysis of the levelling results of the vertical network line Jonava – Zarasai. At work is described technical regulations of the vertical network, first order vertical network and also used measurement technique. At work is presented experimental results of digital levels system calibration and results of levelling stuffs calibration. By these results in this work is performed analysis of refraction, calibration and temperature corrections, and also analysis of the air temperature and heights differences mismatching. At work also was calculated leveling accuracy. In the end of the work is presented conclusions. Structure: introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 70p. text without appendixes, 44 pictures, 11tables, 34 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Em Morfologia Matemática diversos operadores são definidos pela diferença entre outros dois operadores, como por exemplo, o gradiente morfológico, definido como a diferença entre a dilatação e a erosão. Estes operadores são denominados operadores residuais, sendo alguns deles definidos por valores residuais extraídos de famílias indexadas de operadores, como por exemplo, o esqueleto por discos maximais e a última abertura. Neste sentido, visa-se neste trabalho investigar a extração de informações residuais em famílias indexadas de operadores. Mais precisamente, em famílias de operadores conexos conhecidos como levelings. Os levelings são operadores que não criam novas estruturas (contornos e extremos regionais) e seus valores são limitados pelos valores da imagem de referência. Assim, é apresentada nesta tese uma classe de operadores residuais denominada últimos levelings, a qual consiste de poderosos operadores residuais definidos a partir de resíduos gerados por operadores consecutivos de um espaço de escala baseado em levelings. Dessa forma, objetos contrastantes podem ser detectados se relevantes resíduos são gerados quando eles são filtrados por um desses levelings. Os valores residuais revelam importantes informações sobre contrastes presentes em uma imagem. Além dos valores residuais, outras informações associadas com eles podem ser obtidas no momento da extração residual, tais como os índices dos operadores que produziram os valores residuais. Com base nessas considerações, as principais contribuições originais desta pesquisa, incluem: (i) demonstrar que árvores construídas a partir de conjuntos de níveis representam espaços de escalas baseados em levelings; (ii) introduzir a classe dos últimos levelings, passando por definições, conceitos, algoritmos, propriedades e relações com outros operadores conhecidos na literatura; (iii) apresentar estratégias para construção de operadores últimos levelings. Por fim, são apresentadas aplicações dos últimos levelings em problemas de análise e processamento de imagens. / In Mathematical Morphology several operators are defined by the difference between two operators, such as morphological gradient, defined as the difference between the dilation and erosion. These operators are called residual operators, being that some are defined by the extracted residual values from of an indexed family of operators, for example, the skeleton by maximal discs and the ultimate opening. In this sense, we intend to investigate the extraction of residual information in families of operators. More precisely, in families of connected operators known as levelings. The levelings are operators that do not create new structures (contours and regional extremes) and their values are limited by the values of the reference image. Thus, we present in this thesis a class of residual operators named ultimate levelings, which consist of powerful residual operators defined from a scale space based on levelings. With a multi-scale approach, these operators analyze an image under a series of levelings. Thus, contrasted objects can be detected if a relevant residue is generated when they are filtered out by one of these levelings. The residual values reveal important informations about contrasts present in an image. In addition of residual values, other information associated with them can be obtained at the time of extraction residual, such as the indexes of operators who produced the residual values. Based on these considerations, the main original contributions of this research include: (i) demonstrate that the trees constructed from level sets represent an scale space based on levelings; (ii) introduce the class of levelings ultimate, passing by definitions, concepts, algorithms, properties and relationships with other known operators in the literature; (iii) show some strategies for building levelings ultimate operators. Finally, we present applications of levelings ultimate in problem of image processing and analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE GOMES BEZERRA DE ALCANTARA.pdf: 5389542 bytes, checksum: dc9ede65ba065fe001b67486f091d942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-13 / Despite the construction sector being one of the largest sectors in the economy, it has its own specific characteristics with abundant movement of financial resources and absorption of labor. Even though its importance, it has major flaws regarding the planning process for residential development. There are few techniques that assist in production schedule aimed at producing vertical and horizontal sequential works.The CPM method, by utilizing heuristic rules of programming, enables the manager to view constructive scenarios. This technique associated with the concept of resource leveling remedies common problems of construction delays and excessive use of resources for project execution. Also, line of balance, a technique used in this study, displays the flaws and gaps in production, reducing the idleness of labor and the leveling of the rate of production. The objective of this study is to compare planning techniques of vertical sequential works, in order to get better performance based on the reduction of time and resource optimization. This study developed analysis and demonstrations of the effectiveness of tactical and operational planning of four enterprises with particular characteristics and differentiated from each other in order to test and process the data obtained by the work scenarios of executive managers, showing the best alternative of execution for the type of enterprise studied. Therefore it is concluded that the proposed techniques are easy to use, have specific performance, feature complementary graphical visualizations and proven to be very effective in making decisions. Both associated techniques generate excellent results for works of a repetitive nature. / O setor da construção, apesar de ser um dos maiores setores da economia, tem características próprias em especial pela grande movimentação de recursos financeiros e absorção de mão de obra. Apesar de sua importância, apresenta grandes falhas quanto ao processo de planejamento de empreendimentos residenciais. Existem poucas técnicas que auxiliem na programação de produção direcionados a obras verticais e horizontais seriadas. O método CPM, por utilizar regras heurísticas de programação, possibilita ao gestor a visualização do cenário construtivo. Essa técnica, associada ao conceito de nivelamento de recursos permite sanar problemas comuns de atrasos de obras e uso excessivo de recursos para a execução de projetos. A linha de balanço, técnica também empregada, permite visualizar as falhas e folgas de produção, reduzindo a ociosidade de mão de obra e o nivelamento do ritmo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar técnicas de planejamento de obras horizontais seriadas, para a obtenção do melhor desempenho produtivo com base na redução de tempos e otimização de recursos. Neste estudo, foram desenvolvidas análises e demonstrações da eficácia do planejamento tático e operacional de quatro empreendimentos com características particulares e diferenciadas entre si, visando a comparação e o tratamento dos dados obtidos pelos cenários executivos dos gestores das obras, demonstrando assim a melhor alternativa de execução para a tipologia do empreendimento de estudo. Conclui-se que as técnicas propostas são de fácil aplicação, possuem desempenhos específicos, possuem visualizações gráficas complementares e mostraram-se muito eficazes no processo de tomada de decisões, gerando excelentes resultados para obras de natureza repetitivas.

A produção enxuta tem sido um dos principais paradigmas de gestão da produção implantados nas indústrias nos últimos tempos. Sua filosofia e ferramentas aplicam-se a muitos dos diversos tipos de sistemas produtivos. Um dos principais elementos é a busca pela estabilidade dos processos e operações, exigindo a aplicação do nivelamento da produção, como forma de programação nivelada e controle produtivo. Para que este nivelamento seja corretamente operacionalizado e efetivado, utiliza-se a gestão visual - característica dos sistemas enxutos. Com isso, a programação é evidenciada por meio do quadro de nivelamento - Heijunka box. Utilizando as referências encontradas na literatura e acrescentando-se o conhecimento gerado por meio de pesquisa-ação em um sistema produtivo particular, este trabalho apresenta um modelo de sistema de nivelamento da produção para um sistema híbrido de coordenação de ordens de produção. É também apresentada uma aplicação parcial deste sistema. / Lean production is one of the most famous production management paradigms being implemented in the industries recently. Its philosophy and tools shall apply to the most diverse types of production systems. One of its major components is the search for stability in the processes and operations, requiring the application of production leveling, as a programming base and production control. In order to have this leveling correctly used and effective, it is also used the visual management - characteristic of lean systems. This way, the scheduling is shown by the framework for smoothing Heijunka box. Using the references found in the literature and adding the knowledge built by the action-research in a particular productive system, this work shows a model of production leveling to a hybrid system for coordinating production orders. It is also shown a partial application of this system.

Pessoas com deficiência motora têm poucas opções na seleção de cadeiras de rodas que atendam suas necessidades de deslocamento, comodidade e segurança para a realização das tarefas da vida diária, principalmente com as tecnologias assistivas disponíveis no Brasil. Com o intuito de auxiliar os cadeirantes, facilitando seus deslocamentos em vias públicas, foi desenvolvido um sistema de simulação numérica e um protótipo para teste de controle de suspensão autonivelante para aplicar em cadeiras de rodas. Baseado nos resultados numéricos obtidos por meio da simulação, a planta de teste de controle foi montada visando ao estudo do desempenho da dinâmica vertical. O sistema de inclinação lateral e frontal é apresentado com o uso de atuadores para controlar os movimentos de arfagem e rolagem de uma cadeira de rodas motorizada. Os sistemas foram expostos a diversas perturbações e os resultados mostram que o controle pode melhorar o conforto e a segurança de cadeirantes em percursos em vias públicas, dependendo da velocidade de aplicação da perturbação. / People with disabilities have little choice go select a wheelchairs which meets most of the displacement, comfort and safety requirements to perform their daily life tasks, particularly amid assistive technologies available in Brazil. In order to aid disabled persons, facilitating wheelchairs displacements on public roads courses, it was designed and developed a numeric simulation model and a prototype for the test of a wheelchair self-leveling suspension control system. Based upon the numeric results obtained from the model simulation, the control test platform was created aiming to ascertain the vertical dynamics performance. The lateral and frontal tilting system is presented, using actuators to control the leveling and rolling movements of a motorized wheelchair. The system underwent a variety of perturbations and the results demonstrate the control may improve comfort and safety for the wheelchairs displacements on public roads courses, depending on the velocity of application of the perturbation.

Com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, os instrumentos utilizados para levantamentos na Mensuração sofreram profundas modificações. Muitos equipamentos e técnicas foram substituídos e outros até se tornaram obsoletos. O aparecimento de novas opções e técnicas de medições criam sempre dificuldades na vinculação entre levantamentos. Atualmente se utilizam as estações totais e o GPS (global positioning system) para levantamentos de pontos e áreas criando diferentes superfícies de referência e de projeção, tornando difícil a análise dos dados observados em conjunto das diferentes técnicas. Para tanto é necessário transformar as observações de um sistema de referência para outro, tornando-as compatíveis. Como não se tem uma descrição da maneira de proceder ao ajustamento dos dados das diferentes técnicas, este trabalho tem por objetivo o ajustamento destas observações (GPS e estação total) combinados e em separado e comparar os resultados das coordenadas e precisões com as precisões estabelecidas pela NBR 13.133 de 1994. / The development of new tecnologies brought deep modifications in the instruments used for surveying in the measuration. Many equipaments and techinics were substituted and others became obsolete. The new options and technics of measuring always bring dificulties in the link among surveying nowadays it is used Total Stations and GPS (global positioning system) to surveying of points and areas creating different surface of reference and projections; making the analyse of observed data difficult considering the set of different technics. For this, it is necessary to change the observations of a system to another, making them compatible. As we do not have a detailed descriptions of the way to proceed the adjustament of the data from different technics, the aim of this work is to adjust these aobservations (GPS and total station) combined and apart to comper the results of the coordinates and precisions stablished by NBR13.133 of 1994.

Com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, os instrumentos utilizados para levantamentos na Mensuração sofreram profundas modificações. Muitos equipamentos e técnicas foram substituídos e outros até se tornaram obsoletos. O aparecimento de novas opções e técnicas de medições criam sempre dificuldades na vinculação entre levantamentos. Atualmente se utilizam as estações totais e o GPS (global positioning system) para levantamentos de pontos e áreas criando diferentes superfícies de referência e de projeção, tornando difícil a análise dos dados observados em conjunto das diferentes técnicas. Para tanto é necessário transformar as observações de um sistema de referência para outro, tornando-as compatíveis. Como não se tem uma descrição da maneira de proceder ao ajustamento dos dados das diferentes técnicas, este trabalho tem por objetivo o ajustamento destas observações (GPS e estação total) combinados e em separado e comparar os resultados das coordenadas e precisões com as precisões estabelecidas pela NBR 13.133 de 1994. / The development of new tecnologies brought deep modifications in the instruments used for surveying in the measuration. Many equipaments and techinics were substituted and others became obsolete. The new options and technics of measuring always bring dificulties in the link among surveying nowadays it is used Total Stations and GPS (global positioning system) to surveying of points and areas creating different surface of reference and projections; making the analyse of observed data difficult considering the set of different technics. For this, it is necessary to change the observations of a system to another, making them compatible. As we do not have a detailed descriptions of the way to proceed the adjustament of the data from different technics, the aim of this work is to adjust these aobservations (GPS and total station) combined and apart to comper the results of the coordinates and precisions stablished by NBR13.133 of 1994.

The major objective of present study is to find out the sources which cause higher Work in Process (WIP) in the production line. In which a detailed analysis is performed in the area of inventory, reorder point, Takt time, and Kanban. All the analyses are based on the data obtained from the company’s ERP system and have been used to run some scenarios during the analysis.Lots of problems are responsible to cause higher WIP. But current report only focuses and concentrates in leveling the work load, implementing pull system, suggesting reorder point and Takt time.The current situation is described through Value-stream Map (VSM) and the impact cost matrix is used to show the impact of each problem in the production line in terms of costs. In the analysis chapter, root cause method has been used in order to show the cause and effect of higher WIP. Detailed analyses together with explanations are listed by orders. Therefore, three major suggestions are proposed and the future VSM is plotted to show the effect and change of the suggestions which helps to improve the current situation by eliminating the waste.