The work concerns environmental declarations type III alias system EPD. A reader should be given a complex sight of kinds of environmental notation, especially environmental declarations type III. The work interpret present systems EPD on the world and evaluace the present state of exploitation of system EPD in Czech Republic. At the close of my work are put mind to question of implementation of environmental declarations type III in Czech Republic.

Le travail de la thèse a consisté en l'élaboration d'une méthodologie pour permettre des comparaisons robustes des modèles ACV bâtiments. Cette thèse a permis :-Le développement d'une méthodologie d'évaluation des incertitudes dans l'ACV du bâtiment ;-La construction et l'enrichissement d'une base de données capitalisant les incertitudes à l'échelle matériau et produit et utilisable en support à l'évaluation des bâtiments ;-Le développement d'une méthodologie d'analyse de contribution et de sensibilité, qui a été mise en application au travers de la modélisation de 16 projets de maisons individuelles et 16 projets d'immeubles collectifs, ce qui a permis d'identifier les paramètres clés qui influencent les plus les résultats de l'évaluation ainsi que la robustesse de l'étude.-Le développement d'une méthodologie permettant des comparaisons robustes des projets basée sur la méthodologie d'analyse de contribution et de sensibilité.-L'identification des optimums environnementaux des dimensions des structures porteuses des immeubles collectifs. Cette étude a permis également d'identifier l'évolution des impacts environnementaux en fonction des paramètres de dimensionnement des structures. Pour les dimensions optimales, les comparaisons – basées sur la méthodologie de comparaison précédemment développée – des impacts environnementaux de deux structures en béton armé ont été effectuées.Les méthodologies mises en place sont utilisables :-Elles peuvent être utiles aux développeurs de logiciels d'ACV pour améliorer les fonctionnalités d'aide aux comparaisons des projets (au CSTB ce travail sera implémenté dans le logiciel ELODIE).Les résultats obtenus sont utilisables :-Par les architectes, ingénieurs du génie civil, thermiciens, statisticiens, ingénieurs de l'ACV, en leur permettant d'identifier les contributeurs les plus impactant et ceux dont l'influence sur les résultats est la plus incertaines / The work of this thesis focused on the improvement of the reliability of environmental assessments of buildings by a better control of the origin and amplitude of uncertainties. This thesis has permitted:-The development of a methodology for evaluating the uncertainties in the LCA of building;-The construction and enrichment of a database capitalizing uncertainties in material and product scale used in support of the assessment of building's uncertainties;-Development of a contribution and sensitivity analysis, which allowed the identification of key parameters influencing on the LCA results and in the robustness of study;-The development of a methodology for robust comparisons of projects based on contribution analysis and sensitivity analysis.-Identification of optimal environmental dimensions of reinforcing concrete structures. This study also identified the evolution of environmental impacts on function of building's dimensions. The methodologies used are suitable to developers of LCA software to enhance the functionality of using comparisons of projects (this work can be implemented in the ELODIE software).The results can be used by architects, civil engineers, thermal engineers, statisticians, environment and life cycle Engineers, enabling the identification of the most impacting contributors and those influencing most the outcome's uncertainties

Orientadores: Carmenlucia Santos Giordano Penteado, Simone Andréa Pozza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:16:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosado_LaisPeixoto_M.pdf: 5687649 bytes, checksum: 7494800183e4de975a06593f8025ef5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os resíduos da construção civil (RCC) são responsáveis por uma parcela substancial dos resíduos sólidos gerados nas cidades de médio de grande porte, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. Em geral, são vistos como resíduos de baixa periculosidade e seu impacto é associado ao grande volume gerado e ao frequente descarte em áreas inadequadas. No entanto, nestes resíduos também são encontrados resíduos perigosos, como tintas, óleos e solventes; além da possibilidade de conter materiais orgânicos e embalagens diversas que podem acumular água e favorecer a proliferação de insetos e outros vetores de doenças. Portanto, o gerenciamento destes resíduos deve considerar os impactos ambientais em todas as fases, bem como diferentes alternativas de gestão. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e analisar um inventário de ciclo de vida de sistemas de gestão de RCC, a fim de identificar as melhores alternativas para minimizar os impactos ambientais. A partir da ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), foram comparados três cenários diferentes para o gerenciamento dos RCC do município de Limeira, uma cidade de porte médio localizada na região sudeste do Brasil, a saber: disposição em aterro de RCC Classe A; área de triagem e reciclagem e, utilização dos RCC Classe A como material de pavimentação no complexo municipal de aterros. Na elaboração da análise de inventário do ciclo de vida foram utilizados dados primários, obtidos a partir de levantamento em campo e, dados secundários, provenientes da base de dados Ecoinvent versão 2.2. (2010) e de literatura específica, considerando a unidade funcional de 1 tonelada de RCC. O método de caracterização CML2 baseline 2001 permitiu avaliar os impactos ambientais do atual sistema de gerenciamento dos RCC em Limeira e de cenários alternativos, segundo oito categorias de impacto: depleção dos recursos abióticos, alteração climática, depleção do ozônio estratosférico, toxicidade humana, ecotoxicidade aquática, oxidação fotoquímica, acidificação e eutrofização. Os resultados indicaram que o transporte dos RCC representa um papel decisivo, e que a distância entre os locais de geração para as unidades de reciclagem devem ser consideradas durante o planejamento do gerenciamento, a fim de minimizar os impactos ambientais / Abstract: Construction and demolition wastes (CD&W) account for a substantial portion of the total solid waste produced in cities large and medium-sized, especially in developing countries. They are generally seen as very dangerous waste and its impact is associated with the large volume generated and frenquent disposal in inappropriate areas. However, these residues are also found hazardous waste such as paints oils and solvents; beyond the possibility of contain organic materials and various packaging that can accumulate water and favor the proliferation of insects and other disease vectors. Therefore, the CD&W management must consider the environmental impacts at all stages, as well as from the different management alternatives. The aim of this study is to develop and analyze a life cycle inventory of C&DW management systems, in order to identify the best alternatives to minimize environmental impacts. Three different scenarios to current waste management from a case study in the City of Limeira, a medium-size town in southwest Brazil have been compared: landfilling, recycling at an inert waste sorting and treatment facility and using waste as road paving material for the landfill area. These scenarios were evaluated by means of Life Cycle Assessment, Taking the management of 1 ton of C&DW as the functional unit, the life cycle inventory was performed using primary data obtained from field survey and secondary data from the database Ecoinvent version 2.2., and from the literature. The method CML2 baseline 2001 was used for environmental impacts evaluation of the current CD&W management system and the impacts of the proposed scenarios. The impact categories considered were abiotic depletion of resources, global warming potential, ozone depletion, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. The results indicated that the transport of C&DW represents a decisive role, and that the distance between the generation sites for recycling facilities should be considered when planning the management in order to minimize environmental impacts / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestra em Tecnologia

Orientadores: Ana Rita Morales, Otávio Cavalett / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T19:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CosatedeAndrade_MarinaFernandes_M.pdf: 2991365 bytes, checksum: df7e463a288c5c88feea3df3157d956a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este projeto teve como objetivo realizar uma Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida comparando três formas de destinação do poli(ácido láctico) (PLA) e estudar a reciclagem deste polímero, que pode ser mecânica ou química. A reciclagem mecânica foi realizada por duas extrusões do PLA. No segundo processamento, o polímero proveniente da primeira extrusão foi dividido em duas partes, sendo que uma porção recebeu adição de um extensor de cadeia comercial. As amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas por Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória (DSC), Cromatografia por Permeação em Gel (GPC), Índice de Fluidez, Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), ensaio de resistência ao impacto Izod e ensaio de tração. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o número de extrusões diminuiu a massa molar, o índice de fluidez e a estabilidade térmica e aumentou a cristalinidade do polímero. A presença do extensor de cadeia causou a recuperação dessas propriedades. Além disso, o módulo de elasticidade e o alongamento na ruptura sofreram alterações importantes com o aumento da cristalinidade do material. A reciclagem química foi realizada pela hidrólise do PLA, que gera ácido láctico, e posteriormente pela polimerização do ácido láctico, em que é obtido novamente PLA, através da policondensação direta. O ácido láctico foi caracterizado por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (HPLC) e o rendimento da reação obtido foi acima de 95%. O PLA polimerizado foi identificado por Espectroscopia do Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e sua massa molar foi medida por Cromatografia por Permeação em Gel (GPC). Os resultados da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida para os métodos e categorias estudados mostraram que a reciclagem mecânica apresentou o menor impacto ambiental, seguida pela reciclagem química e pela compostagem. Dentre as formas de reciclagem, o insumo mais importante foi o consumo de energia elétrica / Abstract: This project aimed to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment comparing three forms of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) disposal and to study the mechanical and chemical recycling of this polymer. Mechanical recycling was performed by two extrusions of PLA. In the second extrusion, part of the material was processed with a commercial chain extender. The samples were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Melt Flow Index, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Izod test and Tensile test. The results showed that the molecular weight, Melt Flow Index and thermal stability decreased and the crystallinity degree of the polymer increased with the extrusion number. The presence of a chain extender recovered these properties. Furthermore, Young modulus and elongation at break undergo important changes with the crystallinity increase. The chemical recycling was performed by hydrolysis reaction, which produced lactic acid. PLA was obtained through the direct condensation polymerization from lactic acid monomer. Lactic acid was characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the reaction yield was above 95%. The polymerized PLA was identified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). Considering the methods and impact categories studied, the Life Cycle Assessment showed that mechanical recycling had the lowest environmental impact, followed by chemical recycling and composting. Among the forms of recycling, the most important input was the electricity consumption / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Considerando a importância do setor elétrico para a economia de um país e os impactos ambientais causados por ele, o presente trabalho propõe a aplicação da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para o cálculo do fator de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) da matriz de energia elétrica brasileira. Por meio da aplicação de uma revisão sistemática da literatura com meta-análise, foi possível identificar estudos que estimavam as emissões de GEE do ciclo de vida das tecnologias de geração da matriz brasileira e avaliar seus resultados conjuntamente. Os estudos selecionados apresentaram estimativas de emissões de GEE em um largo intervalo para uma mesma tecnologia. O procedimento estatístico adotado permitiu avaliar como as características das usinas podem afetar os resultados da ACV e reduzir a variabilidade das estimativas de emissões de GEE. Comparativamente, a energia eólica e a nuclear são as tecnologias que apresentam os menores fatores de emissão. Já entre os combustíveis fósseis, é a termeletricidade a gás natural que apresenta o melhor desempenho. As estimativas das emissões de hidrelétricas mostraram-se bastante variáveis, desde valores negativos até valores superiores aqueles encontrados para a termeletricidade a carvão mineral. Considerando que grande parte das emissões das hidrelétricas está relacionada com a decomposição da biomassa submersa em seus reservatórios, tem-se a indicação de que não há um consenso na metodologia utilizada para medi-las e que elas são extremamente dependentes das características dos reservatórios. Com isso, observa-se a importância de não negligenciar essas emissões na avaliação ambiental desses sistemas. O fator de emissão estimado para a matriz brasileira é de 125gCO2eq/kWh. Entende-se que no Brasil ainda exista uma série de desafios para que se construa uma base de dados de ACV com as características das tecnologias brasileiras. Portanto, com os resultados obtidos, espera-se contribuir para a inclusão da ACV nas análises ambientais de sistemas de geração de eletricidade, mostrando como essa abordagem é relevante para o planejamento energético que busque mitigar as emissões de GEE / Considering the electricity sector importance to a country economy and the environmental impacts that it causes, this work evaluates the adoption of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to calculate the greenhouse gases (GHG) emission factor of the Brazilian electricity matrix. Using a literature systematic review together with a metaanalysis, this work identified studies that have estimated life cycle GHG emissions of electricity generation technologies of the Brazilian electricity matrix and combined the results of these studies. The selected studies provided estimates of GHG emissions in a wide range for the same technology. The statistical procedure adopted allowed to evaluate how characteristic factors of the generation technologies can affect the LCA results and to reduce the variability of GHG emissions estimates. In comparison, wind and nuclear power are the ones that have the lowest GHG emission factors. Among fossil fuels, natural gas-fired power plants have the best performance. Estimates of hydroelectric power plants emissions were quite variable, from negative values to values higher than those found for the coal-fired power plants. Whereas a large proportion of dams emissions is related to submerged biomass decomposition in the reservoirs, there is no consensus on the methodology used to measure such emissions which are dependent on reservoir characteristics. Still, one can notice the importance of not neglecting these issues in the environmental assessment of these systems. The emission factor estimated for the Brazilian electricity matrix is 125gCO2eq/kWh. It is understood that in Brazil still exists a number of challenges in order to build a LCA database with Brazilian technologies characteristics. Therefore, the results obtained in this work are expected to contribute to the inclusion of LCA in environmental analysis of electricity generation systems, showing how this approach is relevant to energy planning that seeks to mitigate GHG emissions

The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to evaluate different alternatives of renewal regarding an already existing building. The case study building is located in the Ulleråker area in Uppsala, Sweden and is an old mental hospital building from the 1950’s which Uppsala Municipality wishes to restore as part of a bigger investment in the neighborhood. The different alternatives that will be investigated are refurbishment, with different insulation thickness, and a complete demolition and reconstruction of a new building with either wood or concrete. Carbon dioxide emissions connected to buildings will be calculated and analyzed as two elements, one being embodied carbon dioxide, and one being energy usage. Other aspects of interest, the economy and cultural values of the area, will be discussed. To estimate the amount of CO2 emissions, several life cycle assessments will be executed through the software One Click LCA (2015). Calculations will be done by hand in order to estimate the energy usage. Information and data are partly obtained from Uppsala Municipality, partly from literature and available resources. The results show that each option has a different advantage, the refurbishment resulting in considerably lower embodied carbon (114 kg CO2e/m2) but higher energy usage (95 kWh/m2 per year) as compared to the new concrete construction with larger amount of embodied carbon (279 kg CO2e/m2) but lower energy usage (44 kWh/m2 per year). This leads to a conclusion showing that a deep refurbishment is the best option regarding both embodied carbon and energy usage.

In this study, a Consequential Life Cycle Assessment (CLCA) was conducted on the introduction of a potato protein for human consumption in Sweden. The assessed environmental impact cathegories in the CLCA were the categories global warming potential, eutrophication and land use. Potato protein is a side-stream that occurs during the production of potato starch and is currently used for animal feed (feed-grade). With the use of the new gene-editing technique CRISPR-Cas9, the stability of proteins in a starch potato can be improved to make the potato protein fit for human consumption (food-grade). The food-grade potato protein can be used as an ingredient in the food products: plant-based meat, quiche, sauces, wine and smoothies. When using the potato protein in one of these food products seven protein sources could potentially be substituted: soybean protein, yellow pea protein, beef protein, pork protein, chicken protein, egg protein and milk protein. The results of the CLCA show that when using the potato protein as an ingredient in a food product instead of other protein sources environmental impact can potentially be reduced. Most environmental impact can be reduced by substituting animal proteins by the potato protein. Therefore, from an environmental point of view, the most interesting food products to use the potato protein in as an ingredient are the food products where currently animal products are used in as the main source of protein.

In this thesis, two electric vehicles are compared, a fuel cellpowered vehicle and a battery powered vehicle with a conventionalvehicle with an internal combustion engine. The comparison wasdone as a life cycle assessment and consisted of two stages, avehicle stage and a fuel stage. The vehicle stage consisted ofeverything from mining minerals to recycling of the vehicles,every aspect that’s connected to the car. The fuel stage consistedof fuel production and use during the vehicle’s lifetime. The fuelconsist of electricity and hydrogen produced through electrolysis. The goal of the thesis was to understand what aspects of thelifecycle matters most in terms greenhouse gases for each of theelectric vehicles. Since there are no emissions in terms ofgreenhouse gases while driving the electric vehicles, only fuelproduction, electricity and hydrogen through electrolysis, countedtowards the fuel stage. For the vehicle with an internalcombustion engine the fuel stage consisted of gasoline productionand emissions from driving. The results showed that when comparing electric vehicles withinternal combustion vehicles, the most important aspect was theelectricity mix, with a Nordic electricity mix for most use casesthe electric vehicles where more climate friendly then theinternal combustion vehicles. The fuel cell powered vehicle usedmore electricity than the battery powered vehicle when usingelectrolysis to create hydrogen, and therefore was more sensitiveto increases in emissions from the electricity mix. When comparingthe vehicle stage, battery production causes the most emissionsfor the battery powered vehicle and the hydrogen tank caused themost emissions for the fuel cell powered vehicle.

Technologies that use cloud computing have increased considerably in the last decades. Computer services that we had in local devices have evolved to cloud services, resulting in applications such as online shopping stores, streaming platforms, or databases of large companies. In order to store and manage all the information that these types of services create, data centers were built and have been increasing in number and size in the last years. A big part of these databases is formed by server infrastructures, which are the devices that are responsible for storing and managing the data. Considerable research has been carried out to analyze the quantity of energy that servers consume and reduce it. What has been less considered is the environmental impact that servers have, not when they are operational but in the production phase (material gathering, transportation, assembly, etc.). A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been carried out to answer the research question that has been defined. The environmental impact of different stages is presented confirming the idea that other life cycle phases also have a big importance in the total environmental impact. Methods to reduce that impact are also explained.

This diploma thesis deals with assessment of environmental load by selected plastic molding technology. The first part is focused on the ecological legislation in the field of mechanical engineering, which also includes the production of plastics, and describes various methodologies for assessing the environmental load. Another chapter is an overview of polymers and their properties as well as the possibilities of plastics processing with description of individual types of production methods. The practical part of this work describes the composition of the produced piece and the injection molding process of plastic production. Its two methods (direct gating and hot sprue method) are analyzed and then the environmental load evaluation is performed using the LCA method – product life cycle assessment. The environmental load of both production methods is assessed.