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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Beatriz C K Kiss_MPA2018_VF.pdf: 5774553 bytes, checksum: f7a736345e8bcf3d363db5e574484eb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-03 / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da inserção do Pensamento de Ciclo de Vida (PCV) na gestão empresarial e se este conceito tem permeado as diversas áreas das empresas. Para ilustrar a pesquisa foram analisados três casos de empresas brasileiras que já utilizam a técnica de Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para mensurar os impactos ambientais de seus produtos e que desenvolvem atividades relacionadas ao tema. A partir de uma análise qualitativa dos elementos internos das empresas e dos fatores influenciadores externos, buscou-se identificar o estágio de maturidade de cada empresa frente à incorporação do PCV em sua gestão – dentro de seu contexto setorial nacional. Para isso, foram mapeados os desafios desse processo e as etapas envolvidas no uso do PCV e dos resultados de estudos de ACV na construção das estratégias de sustentabilidade das empresas. Também foram identificados os benefícios presentes e futuros para as empresas e para suas cadeias de valor. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a ACV é uma ferramenta abrangente e valiosa para os gestores e tomadores de decisão corporativos, mas ainda pouco utilizada no contexto empresarial brasileiro. Os principais motivos para tal fato são: (i) a falta de conhecimento das diversas aplicações da ACV pelas empresas; (ii) a baixa integração entre as diversas áreas da empresa; (iii) a necessidade de desenvolvimento de competências específicas nas empresas; (iv) os desafios relacionados à comunicação dos resultados de estudos de ACV; e (v) a baixa compreensão e maturidade do tema de ciclo de vida na sociedade brasileira. Outro resultado relevante diz respeito aos benefícios alcançados pelas empresas estudadas: como estas já encontram-se em estágio mais avançado na inclusão do PCV em sua gestão, estas obtêm benefícios e vantagens frente a seus concorrentes. Essas se dão a partir da oferta de produtos (bens e serviços) menos impactantes ao meio ambiente, como resultado da reestruturação de seus produtos, processos e da forma como se relacionam com sua cadeia de valor e com seus clientes. / This study presents an analysis of the inclusion of the Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) in the business management process and whether this concept has been incorporated in the different corporate divisions. In order to illustrate this research, an analysis was conducted with three study cases from Brazilian companies that are already using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique to measure the environmental impacts of their products and that are developing other related activities. A qualitative evaluation of both the internal aspects and the external influential elements was carried out, aiming at classifying the maturity level of the companies in the integration of the LCT into their management strategies within their sectorial context. The challenges and milestones of this process were mapped, taking into account the use of the LCT and the LCA studies’ results in the construction of the companies’ sustainability strategies. Furthermore, the current and future benefits for the businesses and their value chains were identified. The results of the research indicate that LCA is a comprehensive and valuable tool for corporate managers and decision makers, but still underutilised in the Brazilian business context. The main reasons for this scenario are: (i) the lack of knowledge regarding the various applicabilities of a LCA for businesses; (ii) the low integration among companies’ divisions; (iii) the need for developing specific skills and competencies in the companies; (iv) the challenges of communicating LCA results; and (v) the low maturity level and understanding of the life cycle issue in the Brazilian society. Another relevant outcome refers to the benefits achieved by the cases studied: as these companies have already reached a more advanced level in the inclusion of the LCT in their management practices, they have benefits and advantages over their competitors. These arise from the offer of products (good and services) with reduced environmental impacts. The impacts reduction can be conquered by the redesign of the company’s products, restructuring of processes as well as the rethinking of the way they do businesses and relate with their value chain and clients.

Este trabalho abrangeu uma avaliação comparativa do desempenho ambiental de dois materiais: o painel de madeira e o painel multilaminar, usados na fabricação de caixas de carga de semi-reboques para o transporte de grãos. A avaliação de desempenho ambiental contemplou as etapas de manufatura, uso e descarte dos painéis. O estudo envolveu a caracterização dos dois processos produtivos, a realização de um balanço de massa, o levantamento do consumo de água e energia de cada processo e uma avaliação ambiental final através da ferramenta de análise de ciclo de vida (ACV). O balanço de massa permitiu avaliar o processo produtivo, e a ACV permitiu avaliar os impactos relativos aos insumos e materiais empregados, o uso e desempenho do produto e opções de descarte após o fim de sua vida útil. O painel multilaminar apresentou melhor desempenho ambiental geral em relação ao painel de madeira, considerando os aspectos avaliados nas diferentes etapas. O material multilaminar oferece aos painéis maior durabilidade, implicando um menor número de reposições para cumprir a mesma unidade funcional. Este aspecto ficou evidenciado na ACV como sendo um fator importante, já que houve menor geração de impacto. Para que a metodologia possa ter plena aplicação na seleção de materiais com atributos ambientais mais adequados, fazem-se necessárias a uniformização dos procedimentos de elaboração dos inventários de ACV e a obtenção de dados nacionais. Este trabalho mostrou a exiqüibilidade de se avaliar o desempenho ambiental de caixas de carga. / This work presents a comparative evaluation of the environmental performance of two materials: a wood panel and a three layers synthetic panel, both used in the production of the load box of semi-trailer for grains transportation. The evaluation of the environmental performance contemplated the stages of manufacture, use and discarting of the panels. The study involved the characterization of the productive processes of both panels, the accomplishment of a mass balance, the survey of the water and energy consumption of each process and a final environmental performance evaluation using the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool. The mass balance allowed to evaluate the productive process itself, and the LCA, allowed to evaluate the relative impacts related to the insums and materials used, performance of the product and options for discarting after the end of its useful life. The three layers synthetic panel presented better general environmental performance in relation to the wood panel, considering the aspects evaluated in the different stages. The synthetic panel material offers bigger durability for the load box, implying a less number of replacements to fulfill the same functional unit. This aspect was evidenced by LCA as being an important factor, since it had minor impact generation. In order for the methodology to be applicable for the selection of materials with adequate environmental attributes, it is necessary an uniformization of the procedures for the LCA inventory and the creation of national database. This work showed the feasibility of environmental performance of the load box.

O setor de açúcar e álcool etílico no Brasil tem experimentado um grande crescimento. Contribuem para isto as demandas crescentes do álcool etílico, um biocombustível, e do açúcar. A área industrial produtora de açúcar, um alimento, ainda convive com uma prática industrial ultrapassada, que vem a ser o uso do aço carbono, um material barato, mas com pequena resistência à corrosão. Os aços inoxidáveis são os materiais mais indicados para a substituição do aço carbono, entretanto, eles são considerados caros. Os evaporadores das usinas de açúcar são equipamentos importantes para a sua operação. Quando são usados tubos de aço carbono para a troca térmica, eles começam a ser substituídos a partir do segundo ano de operação devido à corrosão. Enquanto isso, os tubos em aços inoxidáveis podem durar décadas. O presente trabalho objetivou a avaliação do desempenho ambiental e financeiro de tubos para evaporadores construídos com aço carbono e, comparativamente, com os aços inoxidáveis 304, 444 e 439. Para alcançar estes objetivos foram utilizadas as metodologias de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e de Custeio do Ciclo de Vida (CCV), respectivamente. Neste estudo de ACV foi adotada como função dos sistemas em estudo a massa de água evaporada. Na definição destes sistemas de produtos foram adotados os subsistemas de fabricação das bobinas de lâminas dos aços e fabricação, instalação e limpeza dos tubos. O consumo de gás natural, eletricidade e o transporte foram usados como subsistemas secundários. O período de avaliação destes sistemas foi de trinta anos. A partir dos resultados desta ACV, concluiu-se que os tubos em aço carbono apresentaram maior impacto ambiental que os tubos em aço inoxidável 304, 444 e 439, pois emitiram mais que 4,2 vezes a quantidade de dióxido de carbono; 2,8 vezes a de óxidos de nitrogênio; 3,1 vezes a de materiais particulados, 13 vezes a de materiais suspensos e 4,5 vezes a de resíduos totais. Os tubos em aço carbono consumiram também mais que 11 vezes o total de recursos naturais utilizados (carvão; lignita; calcita; dolomita; óleo; gás natural e minérios de ferro, cromo, níquel, molibdênio e manganês); 1,8 vezes a de água e 5 vezes a de energia. Com relação à emissão de óxidos de enxofre, os tubos em aço carbono emitiram quantidades semelhantes às emitidas pelos tubos em aços 444 e 439 e a metade que os tubos em aço 304. Na elaboração do CCV foram utilizados os componentes de custo compra, transporte, instalação, substituição e limpeza dos tubos e a venda das sucatas. Na avaliação financeira, todos os custos que aconteceram no período de trinta anos foram trazidos ao valor presente. A partir dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que os aços inoxidáveis 439 e 444 apresentaram-se como opções de investimento mais interessantes que os tubos fabricados em aço carbono, já que apresentaram custos trazidos ao valor presente menores, na proporção de 0,76 para os tubos em aço 439; 0,79 para os tubos em aço 444 com 1,20 mm de espessura e 0,93 para tubos em aço 444 com 1,50 mm de espessura. Os tubos em aço 304 com 1,20 mm de espessura apresentaram desempenho financeiro semelhante aos tubos em aço carbono; enquanto que os tubos em aço 304 com 1,50 mm apresentaram custos ao valor presente 1,19 vezes maior. Os resultados obtidos indicam também que as metodologias ACV e CCV devem ser usadas em conjunto, pois mostram que produtos mais seguros ambientalmente podem vir a ser opções de investimentos também mais interessantes. / The sugar and ethanol sectors in Brazil have tried a great growth. The increasing demands for ethanol, a biocombustible, and for the sugar contributes for this situation. The producing industrial area of sugar, a foodstuff, still adopts the use of carbon steel pipes, a cheap product, of low corrosion resistance. The stainless steels are the materials more indicated for the substitution of carbon steel, however they are considered expensive. In sugar cane plants, the evaporators, are important equipments to operation. Carbon steel pipes are the main product used for the thermal exchange, and these pipes start to be replaced after the second year of operation. Meanwhile, stainless steel pipes can last for decades. This work evaluates the enviromental and financial performance of evaporators pipes constructed with carbon steel and with 304, 444 and 439 stainless steel. To reach these objectives the methodologies of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) were applied, respectively. The water mass evaporated was adopted as function of the systems in LCA study. In the definition of these product systems were adopted the manufacturing of steel and the manufacturing, installation and cleanness of the pipes. Natural gas, electricity and transport had been considered. The evaluation time was thirty years. From the LCA results, there were concluded that the steel carbon pipes presented more enviromental impact performance than 304, 444 and 439 stainless steel pipes, because they emitted more than 4.2 times of carbon dioxide; 2.8 times nitrogen oxides; 3.1 times of particulated materials; 13 times of suspended materials and 4.5 times of total residues. The carbon steel pipes also consumed more than 11 times the sum of all natural resources used (coal, lignite, iron ground, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese; calcite, dolomite; oil and natural gas); 1.8 times more of water and 5 times more of energy. Regards to sulphur oxides emission, the carbon steel pipes emitted the same amount of sulphur oxides as 444 and 439 stainless steel pipes and they emitted half than of 304 stainless steel pipe. In the life cycle costing (LCC) elaboration were applied the cost components: purchase, transportation, installation, substitution, cleanness and the scraps sale. In the financial evaluation, all the costs that have incurred in the period of thirty years have been brought to the present value. As results concluded that 439 and 444 stainless steels presented the best investment options, due to this they have presented less costs brought to the present value, in the ratio of 0.76 for the 439 steel pipe; 0.79 for 444 the steel pipe with 1.20 mm of thickness and 0.93 for 444 steel pipe with 1.50 mm of thickness. The 304 stainless steel pipes with 1.20 mm of thickness presented similar financial performance compared to carbon steel pipes; whereas the 304 steel pipes 1.50 mm of thickness presented costs to 1.19 times higher of the present value. The results also indicate that LCA and LCC methodologies must be used together; therefore, they show that safer enviromental products can become the more interesting investment options.

O concreto armado, sistema estrutural mais utilizado no mundo, consome grandes quantidades de matérias-primas, em sua maioria compostas por materiais não renováveis, além de enormes quantidades de água e depende de grande quantidade de energia para o seu beneficiamento, além de emissões de gases e produção de resíduos perigosos. As decisões de projeto, enter elas a localização das obras, a definição do produto a ser construído, o partido arquitetônico e a especificação de materiais e componentes, afetam diretamente o consumo de recursos naturais e de energia, tal consumo é afetado também pela otimização ou não da execução e pelo efeito global no seu entorno, sem falar nos impactos estéticos e urbanísticos mais amplos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o uso da metodologia da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) no auxílio da tomada de decisões em projetos estruturais de concreto armado, visando a melhoria do desempenho ambiental parte-se da hipótese de que é possível obter a melhoria por meio da análise, durante a fase de projeto, da utilização de diferentes classes de resistência do concreto, por meio de alterações (reduções) nas dimensões dos elementos estruturais bem como do consumo dos materiais componentes da estrutura. Discute-se primeiramente o conceito de desempenho ambiental, seguido do impacto ambiental da construção civil e seus materiais. Posteriormente foi apresentada a metodologia da ACV e sua aplicação na construção civil com uma revisão bibliográfica. O desenvolvimento experimental efetuado foi o projeto estrutural de edifício com 6 classes de resistência característica à compressão do concreto do grupo I de resistência, à partir da classe C25 até a C50. Os resultados apresentaram que s classes C40, C45 e C50 obtiveram os C25 até a C50. OS resultados apresentaram que as classes C40, C45 e C50 obtiveram os melhores resultados em quase todos os quesitos avaliados. Especificamente a C40 se apresentou como a melhor opção para a unidade funcional avaliada com o melhor desempenho. O desenvolvimento experimental demonstrou a viabilidade do uso da ACV neste tipo de avaliação porém verifica-se a carência de maiores informações para execução de inventários e metodologia dirigida à realidade brasileira. Por fim , foram fornecidas orientações a todos os agentes intervenientes no projeto estrutural e execução da obra com a finalidade de ser alcançado o melhor desempenho ambiental das estruturas de concreto armado. / The reinforced concrete, most widely used structural system in the world, which consumes large amounts of raw materials, mostly composed of non-renewable materials, and huge amounts of water, depends on lot of energy for its processing, and gas emissions and hazardous waste generation. design decisions, such as location of works, the product definition to be built, the architectural party and specification of materials and components directly affect the consumption of natural resources and energy, as well as the optimization or not the execution and overall effect on its surroundings, not to mention the broader aesthetic and urbanistic impact. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to aid decision-making in structural design of reinforced concrete in order to improve the environmental performance starting from the hypothesis that can- yield improvement by analyzing, during the design stage, the use of different grades of concrete strength through changes (decreases) the dimensions of structural elements as well as the consumption of the component materials of the structure. At work was first discussed the concept of environmental performance, followed by the environmental impact of construction and its materials. The methodology of LCA and its application in construction with a literature review was presented later. The experimental development was made the building structural design with 6 classes of resistance characteristic of the group I concrete compressive strength, the class from the C25 to C50. The results showed that the C40 classes, C45 and C50 have the best results almost all the variables evaluated and specifically the C40 presented as the best option for the functional unit evaluated with the best performance. Experimental development demonstrated the feasibility of using ACV in this type of evaluation but still in need of more information for the execution of inventories and methodology will run Brazilian reality. Finally they were provided guidance to all actors involved in the structural design and execution of the work in order to be achieved the best environmental performance of reinforced concrete structures.

Cette thèse présente différents développements à la méthode analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) afin d'améliorer le niveau de considération des spécificités spatiotemporelles lors de la modélisation de systèmes. Ces développements abordent la question de la caractérisation des flux décrivant les systèmes. La discussion débute par une analyse des développements récents de la méthode ACV en ce qui concerne la considération des spécificités spatiotemporelles dans les différentes phases de cette méthode. Cette analyse identifie des lacunes quant à la pertinence des modes de caractérisation spatiale et temporelle existants. Un nouveau mode de caractérisation spatiotemporelle est alors pro-posé. La représentativité du système modélisé, le potentiel de précision de la caractérisation et le temps de travail nécessaire à la modélisation de différents systèmes sont trois critères importants qui ont été considérés pour la création de ce nouveau mode de caractérisation spatiotemporelle. Le nouveau mode proposé permet en particulier d'améliorer la généricité des processus définissant des systèmes dans différentes bases de données. Celui-ci permet ainsi de diminuer l'augmentation inévitable du travail lié à la caractérisation temporelle des systèmes. Le nouveau mode de caractérisation temporelle requiert toutefois une modification importante de la méthode de calcul des inventaires cycle de vie en raison de l'utilisation de distributions temporelles. La faisabilité de l'utilisation de ce nouveau mode et de la nouvelle méthode de calcul d'inventaire est ensuite démontrée par leurs mises en œuvre pour différents cas d'études de production d'énergie à partir de sources renouvelables. Les deux cas d'études retenus permettent de souligner l'intérêt d'une telle caractérisation spatiotemporelle accédant ainsi à une modélisation plus représentative des systèmes en fonction du niveau de précision retenu. Avec cette nouvelle approche nommée ESPA+, l'accès à ce niveau de représentativité s'accompagne cependant d'une diminution du potentiel de complétude de l'analyse. En effet, la méthode de calcul permet difficilement de dynamiser la totalité des systèmes modélisés. / This thesis presents various developments to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to improve the consideration of spatiotemporal specificities when modeling systems. These developments handle the question of how to characterize the various systems' flows. The discussion begins with an analysis of recent developments for the LCA method regarding the consideration of spatiotemporal characteristics in different phases of this method. This analysis identifies several weaknesses on how space and time are characterized today. A new spatiotemporal characterization mode is therefore proposed to minimize the adverse effects of existing characterization modes. Representativeness of the modeled system, potential accuracy of the characterization and the amount of time necessary for system modeling are three important criteria considered for the elaboration of this new spatiotemporal characterization mode. The new mode specifically improves the “genericity” of processes which are used to model systems in different databases. This “genericity” allows a reduction in the unavoidable workload increase related to the time characterization. The new method, however, requires a major change in the method of calculating life cycle inventories due to the use of temporal distributions. The feasibility of using this new method and the method of calculating inventory is then illustrated by their implementation through different case studies related to energy generation from renewable sources. The two case studies selected highlight the relevance of considering spatiotemporal characterization to model systems in a more representative way depending on the level of preci-sion used. With this new approach, named ESPA+, this higher level of representation, however, brings a potential decrease of completeness for the analysis of the system. Indeed, it is difficult to model the spatiotemporal characteristics of a complete system.

La transition énergétique est un enjeu majeur actuel et des années à venir. Parmi les défis qu’elle va soulever figure la limitation des impacts environnementaux de la production d’électricité. Pour cela, des outils d’aide à la décision, simples d’utilisation et suffisamment précis, considérant les aspects environnementaux et permettant d’optimiser les choix énergétiques futurs, doivent être mis en place. L’analyse environnementale d’une filière de conversion d’énergie est un sujet complexe. Elle comporte en effet deux niveaux. Le niveau « filière », caractérise le profil global d’impacts environnementaux des systèmes, et le niveau « système » caractérise leurs impacts, permettant ainsi une analyse intra-filière. Pour répondre à ce besoin de caractérisation en deux niveaux, nous proposons une méthodologie générique permettant de développer des modèles d’estimation des profils environnementaux de chacune des filières et d’estimer simplement ceux des systèmes qui la composent sans avoir à réaliser une étude détaillée. Cette méthodologie repose sur la définition d’un modèle d’Analyse de Cycle de Vie paramétré prenant en compte, par Analyse Globale de Sensibilité, un large échantillon de systèmes représentatif des configurations observées en pratique au sein des filières. Dans un second temps, des modèles simplifiés estimant les performances environnementales des systèmes sont définis, en fonction de quelques paramètres clefs identifiés comme expliquant la plus grande part de variance des impacts environnementaux de la filière. Cette méthodologie de réduction de modèle a été appliquée à la filière éolienne terrestre en Europe et à la filière photovoltaïque résidentielle en France. / The energy transition debate is a key issue for today and the coming years. One of the challenges is to limit the environmental impacts of electricity production. Decision support tools, sufficiently accurate, simple to use, accounting for environmental aspects and favoring future energetic choices, must be implemented. However, the environmental assessment of the energy pathways is complex, and it means considering a two levels characterization. The “energy pathway” is the 1st level and corresponds to its environmental distribution, to compare overall pathways. The “system pathway” is the 2nd level and compares environmental impacts of systems within each pathway. We have devised a generic methodology covering both necessary characterization levels by estimating the energy pathways environmental profiles while allowing a simple comparison of its systems environmental impacts. This methodology is based on the definition of a parameterized Life Cycle Assessment model and considers, through a Global Sensitivity Analysis, the environmental impacts of a large sample of systems representative of an energy pathway. As a second step, this methodology defines simplified models based on few key parameters identified as inducing the largest variability in the energy pathway environmental impacts. These models assess in a simple way the systems environmental impacts, avoiding any complex LCAs. This reduction methodology has been applied to the onshore wind power energy pathway in Europe and the photovoltaic energy pathway in France.

L'aquaculture et la pêche impactent l'environnement, les ressources et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. L’un des enjeux en écologie est de placer ces activités anthropiques dans un cadre de développement durable. Afin de quantifier et de limiter ces impacts, différentes méthodes d’évaluation environnementale ont vu le jour. L’Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) est une méthode pertinente pour évaluer le bilan environnemental d'un produit en prenant en compte l’ensemble de ses étapes de vie, "du berceau à la tombe", depuis l’extraction des matières premières et leurs transformations pour l'élaboration du produit, jusqu’à la fin de vie. Cette thèse porte sur l’adaptation de l’ACV au domaine de l'aquaculture et de la pêche en Tunisie. Son objectif est d'explorer les perspectives offertes par cette méthodologie afin de mieux caractériser le fonctionnement des systèmes de production de poissons et leur lien avec l’environnement. Cette étude a montré que les pratiques aquacoles et la production d'aliment de poisson sont les contributeurs majeurs aux impacts environnementaux, ceci est expliqué par l'utilisation de farine et d'huile de poisson dans la fabrication de l'aliment. Les résultats ont également montré que les impacts du chalutage de fond sont proportionnels à la quantité de carburant nécessaire pour la production. Ce travail a permis d'étudier et comparer les impacts environnementaux de l'activité aquacole et de la pêche au chalutage de fond en Tunisie. Les résultats de cette thèse ont un intérêt pour les gestionnaires en proposant des voies d'amélioration et des recommandations stratégiques de gestion pour améliorer les deux secteurs afin de les placer dans un contexte de développement durable. / The main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture.

L’augmentation de la consommation de ressources suscite des préoccupations quant à leur disponibilité. Ces dernières années, les organisations nationales et internationales ont défini l’approvisionnement durable des ressources et la mise en place d’une économie circulaire comme des objectifs centraux de leurs stratégies à court et long termes.Dans ce contexte, différentes approches méthodologiques relevant de l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) sont utilisées pour caractériser l'impact de l'épuisement des ressources. Les approches actuelles fournissent néanmoins des visions partielles, car dépendantes de données disponibles limitées, et ne reflètent pas les défis de la société en lien avec cette question des ressources.La méthode et les facteurs nouvellement développés fournissent une vision plus exhaustive de la disponibilité des ressources et peuvent être utilisés dans des analyses du cycle de vie ou dans des approches d'économie circulaire. Ce travail fut produit en partenariat avec le cd2e et le pôle de compétitivité Team². Il a également été réalisé en collaboration avec le bureau d’études et d’expertise en ACV, Cycleco. / Increase in resource demand raises concerns over their availability. In the recent years, national and international institutions have targeted sustainable resource supply and new economy models (e.g. circular economy, etc.) as a goal of their short- and long-term strategies. In this context, different methodological approaches under Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework are used to address the impact of resource depletion. However, they provide partial visions, based on limited available data, and do not reflect society challenges related to the resources. The newly developed factors and the LCIA method provide a more exhaustive vision through the availability of resources and may be used in Life Cycle Assessment or circular economy approaches. This work is done in partnership with the cd2e and Team2 cluster. It is also carried out in collaboration with CYCLeco Life Cycle Assessment Experts.

Dans ce travail, une étude est réalisée sur le développement d'une méthodologie permettant la génération et l'évaluation de nouvelles trajectoires de valorisation pour des déchets. Ainsi, pour répondre à cette problématique, trois sous problèmes ont été identifiés. Le premier concerne un cadre de modélisation permettant la représentation structurée et homogène de chaque trajectoire, ainsi que les indicateurs choisis pour l'évaluation de ces dernières, permettant une sélection ultérieure. Le deuxième se concentre sur le développement d'une méthodologie puis la réalisation d'un outil permettant la génération de nouvelles trajectoires en s'appuyant sur d'autres connues. Enfin, le dernier sous problème concerne le développement d'un second outil développé pour modéliser et estimer les trajectoires générées. La partie de création d'un cadre de modélisation cherche à concevoir des structures globales qui permettent la catégorisation des opérations unitaires sous plusieurs niveaux. Trois niveaux de décomposition ont été identifiés. La Configuration générique de plus haut niveau, qui décrit la trajectoire sous de grandes étapes de modélisation. Le second niveau, Traitement générique propose des ensembles de structures génériques de traitement qui apparaissent régulièrement dans les trajectoires de valorisation. Enfin, le plus bas niveau se focalise sur la modélisation des opérations unitaires. Un second cadre a été créé, plus conceptuel et comportant deux éléments : les blocs et les systèmes. Ces cadres sont ensuite accompagnés par un ensemble d'indicateurs choisis à cet effet. Dans une volonté d'approche de développement durable, un indicateur est sélectionné pour chacune de des composantes : économique, environnemental et social. Dans notre étude, l'impact social se limite à l'estimation du nombre d'emplois créés. Afin de calculer cet indicateur, une nouvelle approche se basant sur les résultats économiques d'une entreprise a été proposée et validée.L'outil de génération de nouvelles trajectoires s'appuie sur l'utilisation de la connaissance en utilisant un système de raisonnement à partir de cas (RàPC). Pour être adapté à notre problématique, la mise en œuvre de ce dernier a impliqué la levée de plusieurs points délicats. Tout d'abord, la structuration des données et plus largement la génération de cas sources sont réalisées par un système basé sur des réseaux sémantiques et l'utilisation de mécanismes d'inférences. Le développement d'une nouvelle méthode de mesure de similarité est réalisé en introduisant la notion de définition commune qui permet de lier les états, qui sont des descriptions de situations, à des états représentant des définitions générales d'un ensemble d'états. Ces définitions communes permettent la création d'ensembles d'états sous différents niveaux d'abstraction et de conceptualisation. Enfin, un processus de décompositions des trajectoires est réalisé afin de résoudre un problème grâce à la résolution de ses sous-problèmes associés. Cette décomposition facilite l'adaptation des trajectoires et l'estimation des résultats des transformations. Basé sur cette méthode, un outil a été développé en programmation logique, sous Prolog. La modélisation et l'évaluation des voies de valorisation se fait grâce à la création d'outil spécifique. Cet outil utilise la méta-programmation permettant la réalisation dynamique de modèle de structure. Le comportement de ces structures est régi par la définition de contraintes sur les différents flux circulants dans l'ensemble de la trajectoire. Lors de la modélisation de la trajectoire, ces contraintes sont converties par un parser permettant la réalisation d'un modèle de programmation par contraintes cohérent. Ce dernier peut ensuite être résolu grâce à des solveurs via une interface développée et intégrée au système. De même, plusieurs greffons ont été réalisés pour analyser et évaluer les trajectoires à l'aide des critères retenus. / In this work, a study is realised about the creation of a new methodology allowing the generation and the assessment of new waste recovery processes. Three elements are proposed for that. The first one is the creation of a modelling framework permitting a structured and homogeneous representation of each recovery process and the criteria used to asses them. The second one is a system and a tool generating new recovery processes from others known. Finally, the last element is another tool to model, to estimate and to asses the generated processes. The creation of a modelling framework tries to create some categories of elements allowing the structuring of unit operations under different levels of description. Three levels have been identified. In the higher level, the Generic operation which describes global structure of operations. The second one is Generic treatment which is an intermediate level between the two others. It proposes here too categories of operations but more detailed than the higher level. The last one is the Unit operation. A second framework has been created. It is more conceptual and it has two components : blocs and systems. These frameworks are used with a set of selected indicators. In a desire of integrating our work in a sustainable development approach, an indicator has been chosen for each of its components: economical, environmental and social. In our study, the social impact is limited to the number of created jobs. To estimate this indicator, we proposed a new method based on economical values of a company. The tool for the generation of new waste recovery processes used the methodology of case-based reasoning CBR which is based on the knowledge management. Some difficult points are treated here to adapt the CBR to our problem. The structuring of knowledge and generally the source case generation is realised by a system based on connections between data and the use of inference mechanisms. The development of a new method for the similarity measure is designed with the introduction of common definition concept which allows linking states, simply put description of objects, to other states under different levels of conceptualizations and abstractions. This point permits creating many levels of description. Finally, recovery process is decomposed from a main problem to some sub-problems. This decomposition is a part of the adaptation mechanism of the selected source case. The realisation of this system is under logic programming with Prolog. This last one permits the use of rules allowing inferences and the backtracking system allowing the exploration to the different possible solution. The modelling and assessment of recovery processes are done by a tool programmed in Python. It uses the meta-programming to dynamically create model of operations or systems. Constraint rules define the behaviour of these models allowing controlling the flux circulating in each one. In the evaluation step, a parser is used to convert theses rules into a homogeneous system of constraint programming. This system can be solved by the use of solvers with an interface developed for that and added to the tool. Therefore, it is possible for the user to add solvers but also to add plug-ins. This plug-ins can make the assessment of the activity allowing to have different kinds of evaluation for the same criteria. Three plug-ins are developed, one for each selected criterion. These two methods are tested to permit the evaluation of the proposed model and to check the behaviour of them and their limits . For these tests, a case-base on waste has been created Finally, for the modelling and assessment tool, a study case about the recovery process of used tyres in new raw material is done.

En France, le développement rapide de la méthanisation, procédé de production d'énergie renouvelable par dégradation de résidus organiques, soulève la question de la pertinence environnementale de la filière. Cette dernière mérite d'autant plus d'être évaluée que le développement de la filière est inscrit dans les plans climatiques et énergétiques nationaux. La méthanisation centralisée s'insère d'ailleurs de manière profitable dans diverses démarches d'écologie industrielle et territoriale (EIT), au sein desquelles la multifonctionnalité du procédé constitue un atout substantiel en faveur du bouclage des flux de matière et d'énergie. Cette multifonctionnalité représente néanmoins la principale source de difficultés méthodologiques rencontrées lors de l'évaluation des performances environnementales de systèmes de méthanisation. Sa résolution, à savoir la définition de la fonction principale d'un système, passe par la contextualisation de la méthode. Pour l'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV), cette contextualisation se révèle pertinente dès la première étape de la méthodologie. Ce travail de thèse propose un cadre conceptuel visant à définir des scénarios de méthanisation contraints par leur territoire d'implantation. Pour cela, une approche systémique territoriale, impliquant les systèmes d'information géographique (SIG) et la modélisation orientée objet, a été développée. Elle résulte en un modèle spatial de l'insertion territoriale d'une filière de méthanisation centralisée, qui intègre l'ensemble de ses éléments constitutifs, réseaux ou variables. A l'issue de l'approche systémique a lieu une phase d'optimisation fonctionnelle et spatiale qui met en jeu trois séries successives d'indicateurs, permettant de définir : (i) la fonction principale que remplirait un système de méthanisation au sein du territoire étudié, (ii) les configurations possibles d'un système de méthanisation qui puissent satisfaire à cette fonction principale et (iii) les zones préférentielles d'implantation des scénarios élaborés. Cette méthodologie, conçue de manière à être transposable à tout territoire français, s'intègre aux étapes de l'ACV de définition des objectifs et d'inventaire du cycle de vie. Afin de valider l'applicabilité de la méthode développée, deux territoires contrastés ont été soumis à l'approche systémique territoriale. Ces cas d'étude ont mis en évidence les liens entre spécificités territoriales et conception de la filière. L'influence de la fonction principale retenue pour un système de méthanisation sur la réalisation et les résultats de l'ACV a par ailleurs été étudiée pour l'un de ces territoires. Les différences les plus notoires tiennent aux substitutions et montrent l'importance de développer la méthanisation en priorité lorsque le contexte local permet aux fonctions multiples de la filière de remplacer des filières existantes dont les impacts sur l'environnement sont particulièrement préjudiciables. / In France, the rapid development of anaerobic digestion (a process used to generate renewable energy by breaking down organic residues) has led to the environmental relevance of this solution being questioned. It is particularly worthwhile evaluating inasmuch as development of the sector forms part of national climate and energy plans. Centralised anaerobic digestion also fits in profitably with various industrial ecology approaches, with the multifunctionality of the process constituting a substantial asset in that it favours circular flows of materials and energy. However, this multifunctionality also represents the main source of the methodological difficulties encountered in the evaluation of the environmental performance of anaerobic digestion systems. Resolving this, i.e. defining the main function of a system, requires the environmental evaluation method to be contextualised. For life cycle assessment (LCA), this contextualisation emerges as being appropriate to the first stage of the methodology. This thesis puts forward a conceptual framework, aimed at defining anaerobic digestion scenarios that are consistent with the particularities of the territory in which they are located. To do this, a territorial systemic approach, involving geographic information systems (GIS) and object-oriented modelling, was developed. The approach has resulted in a spatial model for territorial location of a centralised anaerobic digestion solution, incorporating all its component parts, networks and variables. The systemic approach was followed by a phase of functional and spatial optimisation involving three successive sets of indicators, enabling the following to be defined: (i) the main function to be played by an anaerobic digestion system within the territory studied, (ii) the possible configurations of an anaerobic digestion system capable of fulfilling this main function and (iii) the preferential zones for locating the scenarios envisaged. This methodology, designed to be transposable to any territory within France, forms part of the first two LCA stages, i.e. definition of objectives and life cycle inventory. In order to validate the applicability of the method developed, the territorial systemic approach was applied to two different territories. These case studies highlight the links between specific territorial characteristics and the design of the local solution. The influence of the main function selected for an anaerobic digestion system on the performance and results of the LCA was also studied for one of these territories. The most noteworthy differences relate to substitution, highlighting the importance of developing anaerobic digestion as a priority when the local context makes it possible for the multiple functions of the solution to replace existing sectors with particularly harmful effects on the environment.