In the last decades of the eighteenth century, urban lives were touched by a series of innovations in the technology and aesthetics of illumination. Unfamiliar combinations of new fuel sources and auxiliary equipment (for example, curtains, blinds, glass, mirrors and lampshades) meant that cities looked and felt different during both the day and the night. The spheres of elite, popular, public and private culture explored, exploited and were fascinated by the cultural value of light. Through four case studies in the aesthetics of urban illumination, my thesis demonstrates how the acquisition of skills for the manipulation of transparent and reflective surfaces were crucial when negotiating a balance between self-expression and standards of taste, morality, gender and class. Rather than relying upon canonical examples of the period’s fascination with light, such as the high Romantic idealization of nature’s sunrises and sunsets, my thesis investigates more everyday encounters with light in the built environment: the fashionably genteel pastime of transparent painting; the gendering of light to design both domestic interiors and female identity; the appropriation of patrician top-lighting for public buildings of education and exhibition; and the popularity of illuminated spectacles in commercial pleasure gardens. I argue that these new possibilities of lighting temporarily enabled new possibilities of subjectivity. My historical phenomenology suggests that the formation of perception between 1780 and 1840 was actively directed towards changes in the world through a finely-attuned consciousness of light.

Problématique : Les prématurés évoluent dans l’unité néonatale qui présente une intensité lumineuse parfois forte et variable, ce qui a pour effet de provoquer une instabilité physiologique, ainsi qu’une augmentation du niveau d’activité motrice chez ces derniers. Par ailleurs, le contrôle de l’éclairage à l’unité néonatale favorise la stabilité physiologique et réduit le niveau d’activité motrice des prématurés. Deux méthodes de contrôle de l’éclairage ont été étudiées, soit l’éclairage tamisé constant et l’éclairage cyclique. Or, la méthode de contrôle de l’éclairage la plus appropriée au système nerveux immature des prématurés est inconnue et il y a ambivalence en ce qui concerne les résultats des études ayant évalué ces deux modes de contrôle de l’éclairage. But : Le but de cette étude était de mesurer les effets de l’éclairage cyclique versus l’éclairage tamisé constant sur la stabilité physiologique et le niveau d’activité motrice de prématurés nés entre 28 et 32 semaines d’âge gestationnel. Méthode : Un essai clinique randomisé a été réalisé. Les 38 prématurés recrutés dans une unité néonatale de niveaux II et III d’un hôpital universitaire, ont été randomisés dans l’un des deux groupes d’intervention, soit le groupe exposé à l’éclairage tamisé constant ou celui exposé à l’éclairage cyclique. Ces deux types d’éclairage ont été appliqués pendant 24 heures. La stabilité physiologique a été mesurée par le score Stability of the Cardio Respiratory System in Premature Infants (SCRIP) et le niveau d’activité motrice a été mesuré avec un accéléromètre (Actiwatch®). L’intensité lumineuse à laquelle les prématurés ont été exposés a été mesurée de façon continue à l’intérieur de l’incubateur à l’aide d’un photomètre. Résultats : L’analyse des données révèle qu’il n’y aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes d’intervention en ce qui a trait à la stabilité physiologique (valeur-p du score SCRIP de 0,54 à 0,96) et au niveau d’activité motrice (valeur-p de 0,09 à 0,88). Les participants des deux groupes ont manifesté une stabilité physiologique et un niveau d’activité motrice comparables. Conclusion : Des interventions de contrôle de l’éclairage doivent être adoptées à l’unité néonatale, que ce soit des interventions qui permettent la mise en œuvre de l’éclairage cyclique ou de l’éclairage tamisé constant, dans le but de favoriser l’adaptation du prématuré à l’environnement de l’unité néonatale. Des recherches additionnelles sont requises afin d’identifier la méthode de contrôle de l’éclairage (éclairage cyclique ou éclairage tamisé constant) qui doit être implantée à l’unité néonatale. / Problem statement: After birth, preterm infants evolve in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) characterized by a high and variable lighting which differs significantly from the dimmed intra-uterine environment. Exposure to high or variable NICU lighting can create physiological instability in preterm infants as well as increasing their motor activity level. An appropriate control of the NICU lighting can prevent the adverse effects of exposing infants to inadequate levels of lighting. To date, it appears that two methods of lighting control have been discussed and studied: near dark lighting and cycled lighting. At the same time, it is acknowledged that there is ambiguity about the results of studies which have evaluated these two NICU lighting methods. Therefore, the optimal NICU lighting remains unknown and further research is needed to identify the lighting mode witch promote preterm infant’s adaptation to the NICU environment. Purpose: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of cycled lighting versus near dark lighting on the physiological stability and motor activity level of preterm infants born between 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) allowed the assessment of preterm infants' physiological stability and motor activity level. 38 preterm infants born between 28 to 32 weeks of gestational age were recruited from a level II and III NICU university affiliated hospital. Each infant were randomly allocated to one of the following groups for 24 hours: cycled lighting or near dark lighting. Physiological stability was assessed by the SCRIP score, while the motor activity level was evaluated by an accelerometer (Actiwatch®). The light intensity level was continuously measured with a light meter to ensure that the lighting mode assigned was respected. Results: The analysis conducted indicates no significant difference between the two intervention groups in regard to physiological stability (score SCRIP = p-value 0.54 to 0.96) and the motor activity level (p- value 0.09 to 0.88). This lack of significant difference between the two groups indicates that the participants in the two groups demonstrated a comparable physiological stability state and a comparable level of motor activity when exposed to near dark lighting or cycled lighting. Conclusion: Guidelines to decrease bright light, either near dark or cycled light should be adopted in NICUs to control preterm infant’s’ exposure to light. Further research is required to identify the method of lighting control (cycled lighting or near dark lighting) which should be implanted in the neonatal unit.

The purpose of the study was to investigate Virtual Reality as a visualization tool for communicating light and lighting design in projects. In the study, we sought to answer whether there are differences in light and spatial experience between a VR model and a physical environment. The VR model was created on the basis of visual evaluations of a physical environment and was therefore not based on light technical parameters (illuminance, luminance etc.). The data was collected by conducting an experiment where 35 subjects were put in two groups, an experiment group (n=30) and a control group (n=5). The subjects gave numerical input through a leader-led questionnaire about their experience of light and spatial dimensions in the VR model and the physical environment. The results showed that there was no significant statistical difference between how the experiment group experienced the light in the VR model compared to the physical environment. The experiment group also considered that the spatial dimensions in the two environments were equal except for a minor deviation concerning how high/low they experienced the room. In the results, a difference can be seen in how test subject with and without knowledge of light evaluated the environments which suggests that there may be a deficiency in how design is communicated between people with knowledge of light and people without knowledge of light. Following these findings, the presenting method of visualizing light in VR seems very promising and should be seen as a basis for further practical use of the tool.

Resultatet av en energikartläggning på tryckeriet VK - Media visade det sig att en stor del av energin gick till den gamla belysningen. Den gamla belysningen med högtrycksnatriumarmaturer och högtrycksnatriumljuskällor byttes då ut mot en ny energieffektiv belysning med två olika LED-armaturer i packsalen på tryckeriet. Det ska nu utföras en utvärdering av belysningsbytet. Utvärderingen av belysningsbytet kommer att baseras på sänkningen i energianvändning, skillnader i belysningsstyrkor och förändring av arbetsmiljön.   Det främsta syftet med belysningsbytet är att sänka energianvändningen och att förbättra arbetsmiljön. Simuleringar på belysningen med högtrycksnatriumljuskällor och LED-armaturer har gjorts i DIALux evo. I DIALux gjordes beräkningar på belysningsstyrkor och energianvändning. Momentana effektmätningar med en multimeter har genomförts på belysningen före och efter bytet. För att sedan beräkna den årliga energianvändningen utifrån de uppmätta effekterna. Belysningsstyrkorna mättes med en luxmeter på plats i packsalen för att sedan beräkna medelbelysningsstyrkan och jämnheten för belysningen för att se om de står sig mot riktvärdena och jämföra dem med värdena från DIALux. Livscykelkostnaden beräknades för belysningen med högtrycksnatriumljuskällor och för belysningen med LED-armaturer. För den nya belysningen beräknades även paybacktiden.   Resultatet av beräkningar på energianvändningen visar att den årliga energianvändningen kommer att sänkas med 70 procent i och med bytet till LED-armaturer. Vid ett belysningsbyte är målet att den årliga energianvändningen ska sänkas med 50 procent. Medelbelysningsstyrkan för den nya LED-belysningen på cirka 680 lx möter kravet för medelbelysningsstyrkan på 300 lx som gäller för packsalen enligt standarden SS-EN 12464-1:2011. Livscykelkostnaden för den gamla belysningen och den nya LED-belysningen beräknades till ungefär 990 000 kronor respektive 330 000 kronor. Den diskonterade paybacktiden för LED-belysningen beräknades till 1,7 år. Gällande arbetsmiljön så har LED-belysningen monterats på en för låg armaturhöjd och kommer att höjas upp för att uppnå en behagligare arbetsmiljö.   Att investera i en ny energieffektiv belysning innebär en stor sänkning av den årliga energianvändningen samtidigt som investeringen har en relativt kort återbetalningstid. Det finns många fördelar med att byta ut den gamla belysningen som en förbättrad arbetsmiljö och sänkta kostnader. Förhoppningsvis kommer fler industrier att byta ut sin gamla belysning till energieffektiv belysning då de står för en stor del av den totala elanvändningen som går till belysning i Sverige. / The result of an energy survey at the printing company VK – Media showed that the energy use of the old lighting was a large part of the total energy use. The old lighting with high-pressure sodium luminaires and high-pressure sodium light sources was then replaced with a new energy-efficient lighting with two different LED luminaires in the packaging room at the printing company. An evaluation of the replacement of the luminaires should now be carried out. The evaluation of the lighting change is based on the reduction of energy use, differences of illuminance and changes in the working environment.   The primary aim of the lighting replacement is to reduce the energy use and to improve the working environment. Simulations on the lighting with high-pressure sodium light sources and LED luminaires have been made in DIALux evo. In DIALux, calculations were made on illuminance and energy use. Momentary power measurements with a multimeter have been carried out on the lighting before and after the replacement. The measured power was then used to calculate the annual energy use for the luminaires. The illuminance were measured with a luxmeter in the packing room and the measured values was then used to calculate the average illuminance and the uniformity of the lighting, to see if they stand against the guideline values and compare them with the values from DIALux. The life cycle cost was calculated for the lighting with high pressure sodium light sources and for the lighting with LED luminaires. The payback time was also calculated for the new lighting with LED luminaires.   The result of the calculations on the energy use showed that the annual energy use will be reduced by 70 per cent with the LED luminaires and the aim with a lighting replacement is to reduce the annual energy use by 50 percent. The average illuminance of the new LED lighting is about 680 lx meets the requirement for the average illuminance of 300 lx that applies to the packing room according to the standard SS-EN 12464-1: 2011. The life cycle cost of the old lighting and the new LED lighting was estimated at approximately 990,000 SEK and 330,000 SEK, respectively. The discounted payback time for the LED lighting was estimated at 1.7 years. Regarding the working environment, the LED lighting has been mounted at a luminaire height that is too low and will be raised to achieve a more comfortable working environment.   Investing in a new energy-efficient lighting means a large reduction in annual energy use, while the investment has a relatively short repayment period. There are many advantages to replacing the old lighting such as an improved work environment and reduced costs for the company. Hopefully, more industries will replace their old lighting for energy-efficient lighting as they account for a large part of the total electricity use when it comes to lighting in Sweden.

Pode-se afirmar que o resultado da degradação ambiental causada pelo homem, gerado pelo uso irracional dos recursos naturais, põe em risco sua própria espécie. Um dos fatores que contribuem para este programa é a crescente demanda mundial por energia elétrica. No Brasil, segundo dados do Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica (PROCEL), o consumo de energia se destina, aproximadamente, em 20% à iluminação, cujos sistemas, em sua maioria, fazem uso de tecnologias obsoletas e ineficientes. O Ministério de Minas e Energia estima que o país tenha um imenso potencial de eficiência energética a ser explorado. Apresentam-se neste estudo contribuições para uma metodologia que visa adequar o sistema de iluminação de uma edificação pública destinada ao ensino às exigências da Regulamentação de Etiquetagem Voluntária de Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos, oriunda da Lei de Eficiência Energética Nº. 10.295/01. Para tanto, foram tomadas como amostra algumas salas de aula da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Curitiba. Foi elaborado um levantamento sobre a situação do sistema de iluminação artificial existente e averiguado o potencial de uso da iluminação natural nos ambientes. A demanda de energia elétrica para iluminação artificial de cada sala de aula foi estimada para a situação atual e após uma adaptação do sistema de iluminação artificial aos requisitos da Regulamentação. Como resultados, foram encontrados um sistema de iluminação artificial deficiente; um grande potencial de uso da iluminação natural e uma promissora economia na demanda de energia se adaptado o sistema de iluminação atual à Regulamentação. Tendo em vista a utilização de tecnologias apropriadas para a conservação e eficiência energética, sugestões para um projeto luminotécnico foram propostas com o intuito de - caso implantado - diminuir os gastos com o uso da energia destinada à iluminação, proporcionar o conforto para os usuários do Campus e contribuir, ainda que de forma modesta, para a preservação de recursos naturais e do meio ambiente. / The several impacts from environmental degradations due to human activities and to the inadequate use of natural resources endanger our species. One of the factors contributing to this outcome is the growing worldwide demand for electric energy. In Brazil, according to the National Program of Conservation of Energy (Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica) - PROCEL, energy comsumption comprises, approximately, of 20% in artificial lighting, whose systems, in most cases, make use of obsolete and inefficient technologies. The Ministry of Mines and Energy (Ministério de Minas e Energia) estimates that the country has a huge potential for energy efficiency to be explored. In this paper, a methodology is presented to adjust the lighting system of a building aimed at public education to the requeriments of the Regulation of Voluntary Labeling of Higher Energy Efficiency for Commercial, Service and Public Buildings (Regulamentação de Etiquetagem Voluntária de Nível de Eficiência de Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos), according to the Law of Energy Efficiency (Lei de Eficiência Energética) Nº 10.295/01. For that purpose, classrooms of the Federal Technological University of Parana (Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná), Curitiba Campus were analyzed. An assessment was done about the situation of the existing artificial lighting system and the potential use of daylighting in rooms was evaluated. The demand of electric energy for artificial lighting in each classroom was estimated according to the current situation and after improvement of the artificial lighting system to the requirements of regulations. As a result, a deficient artificial lighting system was found, a great potential for using daylighting and a promising economy in demand for energy were found, provided that lighting system was adapted to the current regulations. Considering the use of appropriate technologies for conservation and energy efficiency, suggestions for a simplified lighting design were proposed in order to - if implemented - reduce spending with the use of energy for lighting, provide comfort for the campus users and contribute, even in a modest way, for the preservation of natural resources and the environment.

Tunable white-armaturer utgör idag en stor del av marknaden och förväntas öka ytterligare under de kommande åren. Då många leverantörer idag producerar och marknadsför sina egna lösningar för att skapa ett dynamiskt ljus kan det vara svårt att veta vilken standard dessa lösningar håller och hur väl den tekniska specifikationen stämmer överens med verkligheten. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka om informationen mot beställare är tillräcklig samt om den redovisade data av Tunable White-armaturer är korrekt. Studien bygger på två delar. En experimentell undersökning genomfördes där fem tunable white-armaturers CRI (färgåtergivning) mättes mellan olika CCT-nivåer (färgtemperatur) och sedan jämfördes det med vad leverantörer har specificerat på deras hemsidor. En enkätundersökning genomfördes sedan som riktades mot 144 ljusdesigners i Sverige, varav 52 valde att besvara enkäten. Frågorna berörde redovisning av Tunable white-armaturer samt vikten av en god ljuskvalitet med inriktning på CRI. Resultaten från författarnas experimentella undersökning visar att alla tunable white-armaturer som testades skiftar i CRI under olika färgtemperaturintervaller. Den största skillnaden som mättes var på fabrikat 3 där det skiftade 9 CRI mellan 2700K-6000K. En jämförelse kunde sedan göras och visade att två av fem leverantörers specifikationer inte stämmer överens med vad som redovisats i respektive produktdatablad. Av att tyda svaren från enkätundersökningen kunde slutsatsen dras att det finns mycket skilda åsikter angående de tekniska specifikationerna gällande tunable white-armaturer. En del ansåg att det redovisas tillräckligt väl idag medan andra ansåg att det inte redovisas tillräckligt väl. Majoriteten ansåg att det är mycket viktigt med en god CRI när man föreskriver tunable white-armaturer i sina projekt. Man kunde också se att många ljusdesigners önskade att man redovisade färgåtergivning i TM-30-15 istället för CRI-metoden eller att man bör redovisa i givna färgtemperaturer. Det som kan fastställas av denna studie är att det finns en tendens till att vissa armaturleverantörer har sämre CRI än vad företaget i fråga redovisat. Denna studie enbart mätt TW-armaturer från fem företag verksamma i Sverige samt endast vid 100% ljusflöde. Författarna anser dock att denna studie kan leda till en diskussion om bättre redovisning av tunable white-armaturer behövs, samt ge läsaren en ökad förståelse för komplexiteten inom området. / Tunable white luminaires today form a large part of the market and are expected to increase further in the upcoming years. As many manufacturers today produce and market their own solutions to create a dynamic light, it can be hard to know what quality these solutions have and how well the technical specification is. The purpose of this study were to investigate whether the information to the user is sufficient and whether the presented data of tunable white luminaires is correct. This study is based on two parts. An experimental study where five tunable white luminaires CRI (color rendering) were measured between different CCT levels (color temperature) and then compared these to what providers have specified on their websites. The second part was a survey was conducted to 144 lighting designers based in Sweden, 52 of whom chose to answer the questionnaire. The questions concerned the presented information of tunable white luminaires as well as the importance of a good light quality focusing on CRI. The results from the authors experimental survey showed that all tunable white luminaires that where tested are changing in CRI under different color temperature intervals. The biggest difference that was measured was on manufacturer 3 where 9 CRI shifted between 2700K-6000K. A comparison could be made and showed that two of five of the suppliers specifications did not match with the authors measurements. By analyzing the answers from the survey, some conclusions could be drawn. There were very different opinions regarding the technical specifications of tunable white luminaires. Some felt that it is enough as it is today, while others felt that more information was needed. The majority considered it very important to have a good CRI when selecting tunable white luminaires in their projects. One could also see that many lighting designers wanted to present color reproduction in TM-30-15 instead of the CRI method or to present CRI at given color temperatures. What can be determined by this study is that there is a tendency for some luminaire suppliers to have worse CRI than presented. This study only measured tunable white fixtures from five companies operating in Sweden and only at 100% luminosity. However, the authors consider that this study could lead to a discussion about better specifications for tunable white luminaires, as well as giving the reader an increased understanding of the complexity of the subject.

Denna studie avser att undersöka hur ökad upplevd realism kan uppnås i Augmented Reality (AR) applikationer, genom ökad användarinteraktion med utvalda, virtuella ljusparametrar. Den teoretiska referensramen omfattas av övergripande teorier kopplade till AR men även mer djupgående forskning kring virtuell ljussättning och ljusparametrar. I en domän där automatiserade lösningar för virtuell ljussättning dominerar, ämnar denna studie påvisa bristerna med automatisk hantering av virtuellt ljus och istället motivera en lösning av semi-automatisk karaktär. Studien avser även att söka svaret på vilken utav utvalda ljusparametrar som haft störst inverkan i åtagandet att öka upplevd realism. Med Action Design Research (ADR) som huvudsaklig forskningsmetod, utvecklas ett grundläggande tillägg till en befintlig AR applikation i nära samarbete med företaget Neava. Applikationstillägget möjliggör manuell justering av det virtuella ljusets riktning, intensitet och färgtemperatur. Applikationstillägget testas sedan av befintliga användare under observation, därefter besvarar användaren en enkät grundad i testet, där jämförelse mellan befintlig applikation och applikationstillägg är temat. Insamlade observations- och enkätdata sätts i centrum för analys med avsikt att förklara relevanta fenomen och mönster, kopplade till upplevd realism. Studien finner att det utvecklade applikationstillägget i 90% av fallen genererar en ökad upplevd realism. Vidare finner studien att den virtuella ljusparameter som bidragit mest till ökad realism är ljusriktning, efterföljt av ljusintensitet och den minst bidragande visar sig vara färgtemperatur. De slutsatser som dras i studien formuleras och presenteras avslutningsvis i form av en oberoende lista designprinciper. / The purpose of this study is to examine how an improved level of experienced realism could be achieved in Augmented Reality (AR) applications, by allowing increased user interaction with a chosen set of virtual lighting parameters. The theoretical foundation of this thesis is both concerned with surveys and literature reviews of AR in general but also virtual lighting and lighting parameters to a significant extent. In contrast to the majority of previous research, where estimating and managing virtual lighting is done automatically, this study suggests that a semi-automatic approach might be better suited in delivering improved levels of experienced realism. Through the course of this thesis it is also intended to evaluate which of the chosen lighting parameters that has had the greatest impact in achieving improved experienced realism. Action Design Research (ADR) is applied as the core research methodology and in collaboration with the company Neava, an addon for an existing AR application is developed. This addon enables manual adjustments of virtual light direction, intensity and color temperature. The addon is tested by users of the existing application under observation, afterwards the testers answer a brief survey concerning the test, where a comparison between existing application and addon is made. Data gathered from both the observations and the surveys are then subjects of an analysis, where different phenomena and findings regarding improved experienced realism is the focus. The study finds that roughly 90% of the testers did indeed experience an improved level of realism, using the semi-automatic addon. Furthermore the study finds that the virtual lighting parameter most effective in achieving this is light direction, followed by light intensity and least effective in the effort is color temperature. The conclusions made of this study are finally presented in the form of a list of design principles.

The awareness regarding important aspects of how to plan and design healthcare environments is something that is constantly progressing. Even though these environments can be seen as complex, the knowledge and understanding of its many different users is often taken into consideration in today’s planning. Several studies have shown positive effects on the visual performance among the hospital staff but also positive effects regarding visual comfort that facilitates recovery and well-being among patients. However, when planning lighting in healthcare environments today, the focus often lies on providing good lighting qualities regarding the visual performance of the hospital staff and the patients are, by that, not taken in consideration to the same level of extent. Therefore this study was focused on analyzing if certain demands could be set on lighting in a nursing room, to improve the experience of visual comfort, from a patient perspective, while using two different lighting scenarios. The thesis has been conducted using an already approved and widely used method Evidence based design (EBD) through a literature study, a pre-study, and an experiment. This to evaluate and develop an innovative design to facilitate visual comfort from a patient's perspective. The visual parameters that the experiment has been focusing on are glare, luminance, contrasts, shadows, lighting principles, and the perception of objects. These parameters have been evaluated from a sitting, standing and lying position in two different lighting scenarios, developed from the hypothesis, without access to daylight. A healthcare environment has a number of different users, that all use the facilities in different ways. Therefore it was important that the innovative design, constructed for the experiment, did not compromise the visual comfort or need of light for the other users. A questionnaire was created, based on the visual parameters, to help answer the research questions. The experiment had a total of 30 participants, where each participant answered the questionnaire six times, one for each position and a total of three times in each lighting scenario.   The results were compiled and the mean values were analyzed to evaluate differences and similarities between the two lighting scenarios and between the positions. The results of the experiment show that there are certain demands that can be set on the artificial lighting in a nursing room, and it also shows that it is of great importance to plan for a various lighting environment since it can enhance the experience of visual comfort. Despite this, it is important for a lighting designer to carefully analyze and evaluate the patient's need for light in the specific ward that is being designed. To achieve a sustainable lighting solution it is important to remember that all the sustainability factors, such as the social, economic and environmental factors, are equally important to create a sustainable development. / Medvetenheten gällande viktiga aspekter av hur man planerar och utformar vårdmiljöer är något som ständigt ökar. Trots att dessa miljöer kan ses som komplexa, tas ofta kunskap och förståelse i beaktning för miljöernas många olika användare vid dagens planering. Flera studier har visat positiva effekter på visuell prestanda hos sjukhuspersonalen, men även positiva effekter gällande visuell komfort som påskyndar återhämtning och ökar välbefinnande bland patienter. När belysningsplanering idag utförs i vårdmiljöer ligger fokuset ofta på att tillgodose ljuskvaliteter med avseende för sjukhuspersonalens visuella prestanda och patienterna beaktas därmed inte i samma omfattning. Därför har denna studie fokuserats på att analysera om vissa krav kan ställas på artificiell belysning i ett vårdrum, för att förbättra upplevelsen av visuell komfort utifrån en patients perspektiv, vid utvärdering  av två olika belysningsscenarion. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en redan beprövad och allmänt använd metod Evidensbaserad design (EBD), genom en litteraturstudie, en förstudie och ett experiment. Detta för att utvärdera och utveckla en innovativ design med fokus på att underlätta visuell komfort från patientens perspektiv. De visuella parametrar som experimentet har fokuserat på är bländning, luminans, kontraster, skuggor, olika belysningsprinciper samt uppfattningen av objekt. Dessa parametrar har utvärderats från en sittande, stående och liggande position, vid två olika belysningsscenarion med enbart artificiell belysning, utvecklad utifrån hypotesen. I en vårdmiljö vistas ett antal olika användare som alla använder anläggningarna på olika sätt. Det ansågs därför viktigt att den innovativa designen, som konstruerats för experimentet, inte påverkade den visuella komfort eller behovet av ljus för övriga användare. Ett frågeformulär skapades, baserat på de visuella parametrarna, för att besvara frågeställningen. Experimentet hade totalt 30 deltagare, där varje deltagare besvarade frågeformuläret sex gånger, ett formulär per position och totalt tre gånger vid varje ljusscenario. Resultaten sammanställdes och medelvärden analyserades för att utvärdera skillnader och likheter mellan de två belysningsscenarierna samt mellan positionerna. Resultaten av experimentet visar att det finns särskilda krav att ställa på den artificiella belysningen i ett vårdrum. Resultatet visar även att det är av stor betydelse att planera in en varierad ljusmiljö då det kan förbättra upplevelsen av den visuella komforten. Utöver detta är det även viktigt för en ljusdesigner att noggrant analysera och utvärdera patientens behov av ljuset i den specifika avdelningen som utformas. För att uppnå en hållbar belysningslösning är det viktigt att ha i åtanke att alla hållbarhetsfaktorer, såsom de sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska, är lika viktiga att ta hänsyn till för att skapa en hållbar utveckling.

A eficiência energética das edificações é um assunto importante a ser discutido diante do cenário energético mundial. No Brasil, a utilização racional da energia está cada vez mais em evidência na construção civil, principalmente em prédios públicos. Há pouco menos de três décadas, o PROCEL – Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica está buscando meios para combater o desperdício de energia, na área de iluminação. As ações são de homologar a eficiência das lâmpadas elétricas e sistemas de iluminação de edificações. Os sistemas de iluminação em edificações além da iluminação artificial, devem possuir características arquitetônicas que permitam utilizar a luz natural em ambientes internos. O estudo foi realizado em quatorze bibliotecas da UTFPR – Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná. Os ambientes estudados foram as áreas de acervo e de leitura. Nestes ambientes foram realizadas leituras de iluminância proporcionados pela iluminação artificial. Maquetes eletrônicas das edificações foram criadas para simular a entrada da radiação solar no interior das bibliotecas. Os dados da iluminação artificial foram avaliados através do RQT-C – Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética para Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos, e também pela norma brasileira de iluminação de interiores NBR ISO/CIE 8995-1. Os dados da radiação solar foram avaliados quanto a desconforto provocado pelo ofuscamento inabilitador a que os usuários estariam expostos. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que os sistemas de iluminação possuem pequenos desvios a serem corrigidos e soluções de retrofit foram propostas. As análises comprovaram que nos sistemas iluminação das bibliotecas estudadas, a conciliação entre a luminância média mínima, a eficiência energética e o conforto luminoso são critérios relevantes que previsão ser analisados com muita atenção durante o projeto da biblioteca, caso contrário um dos fatores citados não será atendidos. / The energy efficiency of buildings is an important issue to be discussed given the world energy scene. In Brazil, the rational use of energy is becoming increasingly evident in construction, especially in public buildings. A little less than three decades, PROCEL - National Program for Energy Conservation is looking for ways to combat the waste of energy in lighting area. The actions are to ratify the efficiency of light bulbs and building lighting systems. Lighting systems in buildings besides the artificial lighting, must have architectural features that allow use of natural light indoors. The study was conducted in fourteen libraries from UTFPR - Federal Technological University of Paraná. The environments studied were the collection and reading areas. In these environments, illuminance readings were held, provided by artificial lighting. Electronic models of buildings were created to simulate the entry of solar radiation inside the libraries. Data from the artificial lighting were evaluated by rqt-C - Technical Requirements for Energy Efficiency Level Quality for Commercial Buildings, and Public Services, and also by the Brazilian standard of interior lighting ISO / CIE 8995-1. The data of solar radiation were evaluated for the discomfort caused by glare inabilitator that users would be exposed. The results showed that the lighting systems have small deviations to be corrected and retrofit solutions have been proposed. The analyzes showed that the lighting systems of the studied libraries, the reconciliation between the average minimum luminance, energy efficiency and lighting comfort are relevant criteria forecast to be analyzed carefully during the library project, otherwise one of the factors mentioned will not be met.

A eficiência energética das edificações é um assunto importante a ser discutido diante do cenário energético mundial. No Brasil, a utilização racional da energia está cada vez mais em evidência na construção civil, principalmente em prédios públicos. Há pouco menos de três décadas, o PROCEL – Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica está buscando meios para combater o desperdício de energia, na área de iluminação. As ações são de homologar a eficiência das lâmpadas elétricas e sistemas de iluminação de edificações. Os sistemas de iluminação em edificações além da iluminação artificial, devem possuir características arquitetônicas que permitam utilizar a luz natural em ambientes internos. O estudo foi realizado em quatorze bibliotecas da UTFPR – Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná. Os ambientes estudados foram as áreas de acervo e de leitura. Nestes ambientes foram realizadas leituras de iluminância proporcionados pela iluminação artificial. Maquetes eletrônicas das edificações foram criadas para simular a entrada da radiação solar no interior das bibliotecas. Os dados da iluminação artificial foram avaliados através do RQT-C – Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética para Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos, e também pela norma brasileira de iluminação de interiores NBR ISO/CIE 8995-1. Os dados da radiação solar foram avaliados quanto a desconforto provocado pelo ofuscamento inabilitador a que os usuários estariam expostos. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que os sistemas de iluminação possuem pequenos desvios a serem corrigidos e soluções de retrofit foram propostas. As análises comprovaram que nos sistemas iluminação das bibliotecas estudadas, a conciliação entre a luminância média mínima, a eficiência energética e o conforto luminoso são critérios relevantes que previsão ser analisados com muita atenção durante o projeto da biblioteca, caso contrário um dos fatores citados não será atendidos. / The energy efficiency of buildings is an important issue to be discussed given the world energy scene. In Brazil, the rational use of energy is becoming increasingly evident in construction, especially in public buildings. A little less than three decades, PROCEL - National Program for Energy Conservation is looking for ways to combat the waste of energy in lighting area. The actions are to ratify the efficiency of light bulbs and building lighting systems. Lighting systems in buildings besides the artificial lighting, must have architectural features that allow use of natural light indoors. The study was conducted in fourteen libraries from UTFPR - Federal Technological University of Paraná. The environments studied were the collection and reading areas. In these environments, illuminance readings were held, provided by artificial lighting. Electronic models of buildings were created to simulate the entry of solar radiation inside the libraries. Data from the artificial lighting were evaluated by rqt-C - Technical Requirements for Energy Efficiency Level Quality for Commercial Buildings, and Public Services, and also by the Brazilian standard of interior lighting ISO / CIE 8995-1. The data of solar radiation were evaluated for the discomfort caused by glare inabilitator that users would be exposed. The results showed that the lighting systems have small deviations to be corrected and retrofit solutions have been proposed. The analyzes showed that the lighting systems of the studied libraries, the reconciliation between the average minimum luminance, energy efficiency and lighting comfort are relevant criteria forecast to be analyzed carefully during the library project, otherwise one of the factors mentioned will not be met.