Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-06T12:27:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO BRANDÃO TORRES NETO - TESE (PPGEQ) 2015.pdf: 1786888 bytes, checksum: d93a46d60c6d2323451d80eaecb9a9f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T12:27:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO BRANDÃO TORRES NETO - TESE (PPGEQ) 2015.pdf: 1786888 bytes, checksum: d93a46d60c6d2323451d80eaecb9a9f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Capes / A busca por alternativas à produção de etanol para atender a atual demanda faz surgir como matérias-primas alternativas ao caldo de cana-de-açúcar (etanol de 1ª geração), os materiais lignocelulósicos (etanol de 2ª geração), que apresentam em sua composição celulose, hemicelulose e lignina que podem ser convertidos, por meio de processos químicos e bioquímicos (hidrólises ácida e enzimática) em açúcares fermentáveis e, posteriormente, nesse biocombustível. Como material lignocelulósico surge-se a palma forrageira, uma cultura amplamente difundida, de fácil manejo e cultivada em todos os períodos do ano. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os processos de hidrólises ácida/enzimática da palma forrageira para a sacarificação da celulose visando a produção de etanol, caracterizando-a físico-quimicamente/morfologicamente, além de realizar os processos químicos e bioquímicos da conversão da celulose, como também da hemicelulose em açúcares diretamente fermentáveis, verificando, por meio da metodologia de planejamento experimental, a influência das variáveis temperatura, concentração de ácido sulfúrico e relação massa seca de palma/ácido (hidrólise ácida) sobre concentração de glicose, como também a carga enzimática, bem como a relação massa seca de palma/extrato (hidrólise enzimática) sobre o rendimento de conversão da celulose em glicose, finalizando com a fermentação do licor hidrolisado obtido nas melhores condições do planejamento, determinando assim, os parâmetros do processo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a palma apresenta uma boa composição de celulose (37,34%) comparada a outros materiais estudados e baixos teores de hemicelulose (10,88%) e lignina (3,36%), dispensando-se assim, a realização de um pré-tratamento à hidrólise deste material. Os baixos teores de hemicelulose e lignina também puderam ser verificados por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) que demonstraram um grau de desordem acentuado para a palma forrageira. Os modelos estatísticos obtidos para as hidrólises ácida/enzimática foram estatisticamente significativos ao nível de 95% de confiança, mostrando que, para hidrólise ácida, aumentando-se a concentração de ácido, diminuindo-se a relação massa seca de palma/ácido obtém-se concentrações de glicose no licor acima de 7500 mg/L, enquanto para a hidrólise enzimática, aumentando-se a carga enzimática e diminuindo-se a relação massa seca de palma/extrato obtém-se rendimentos de conversão maiores que 60%. Os parâmetros fermentativos do hidrolisado calculados mostraram que a palma forrageira apresenta-se como fonte potencial à produção de etanol, com conversão dos açúcares fermentáveis em torno de 98%. / The pursuit for alternatives to ethanol production in order to meet the current demand raises as raw materials, besides the sugarcane broth (first generation ethanol), the lignocellulosic materials (second generation ethanol), which have in their composition cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, that through chemicals and biochemical processes (acid and enzymatic hydrolysis) can be converted into fermentable sugar and, after, into biofuel. As an example the lignocellulosic material, there is the cactus pear, with a widespread cropping of easy handling and cultivated in all periods of the year. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to study the cactus pear process of acid/enzymatic hydrolysis for cellulose saccharification aiming ethanol production, characterizing it physic chemically and morphologically, besides perform chemical and biochemical processes of cellulose conversion, as well for the hemicelulose into directly fermentable sugars, verifying by the experimental design, the influence of the variables: temperature and sulfuric acid concentrations and the relation dry mass of cactus pear/acid concentration (acid hydrolysis) over the glucose concentration. It was also studied the enzyme load and the relation dry mass of cactus pear/extract (enzymatic hydrolysis) over the conversion of cellulose into glucose efficiency, ending with the fermentation of the hydrolyzed liquor, gathered in the best experimental design conditions, setting then the process parameters. The results indicated that the cactus pear presents a considerable cellulose content (37.34%) compared to other studied sources and low contents of hemicellulose (10.88%) and lignin (3.36%), dismissing the execution of a pre-treatment in this material. The low contents of hemicellulose and lignin also were verified by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which shows a high disorder level for the cactus pear. The statistic models obtained for the acid and enzymatic hydrolysis were statically significant with 95% reliability. The results showed that, for the acid hydrolysis, raising the acid concentration and lowering the relation dry mass of cactus pear/acid it is obtained glucose concentrations in the liquor above 7500 mg/L, while for the enzymatic hydrolysis, raising de enzymatic load and lowering the relation dry mass of cactus pear/extract it is obtained conversion. efficiency above 60%. The hydrolyzate fermentation parameters calculated showed that cactus pear presents itself as a potential source for ethanol production, with conversion of fermentable sugars around 98%.

Este projeto tem como objetivo o estudo do recobrimento superficial de filmes poliméricos à base de látex e breu, com microbicida de prata em painéis multicamadas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, reforçados com partículas de bambu (PMBB), visando seu o uso como material isolante térmico em instalação agroindustrial sujeita a ambientes úmidos e com grande carga bacteriana. O projeto foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas. Na etapa 1 (Estudo dos painéis multicamadas), foi realizado o estudo de dois diferentes procedimentos de moldagem, sendo moldagem 1 (PMBB-M1) com prensagem nas camadas e a moldagem 2 (PMBB-M2) sem prensagens nas camadas. Na avaliação física e mecânica o painel PMBB-M2 apresentou melhor desempenho físico e mecânico, por conta da melhor interação entre as camadas, quando comparado ao painel PMBB-M1. A etapa 2 (Estudo do tratamento superficial dos painéis) consistiu na produção e caracterização dos filmes de breu, látex-LT e látex-LS, e na avaliação do recobrimento do painel PMBB e da sua durabilidade expostos às intempéries ambientais (sol, chuva, vento e orvalho). Os filmes apresentaram bom desempenho físico, dificultando a penetração de água no material, contudo, a exposição à radiação e as intempéries climáticas promoveram a degradação dos filmes, apesar disso o látex-LT e o breu apresentaram, até os três meses de envelhecimento natural, melhor desempenho mecânico. A etapa 3 (Estudo da impregnação de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) nos filmes) consistiu na preparação e avaliação dos filmes com AgNPs. Por meio da análise microbiológica constatou-se que os filmes de látex-LT e breu apresentaram caráter bacteriostático. Por fim, na etapa 4 (Aplicação dos painéis PMBB em Instalação Suinícola), foi analisado o potencial do painel PMBB-M2 como material isolante térmico, na forma de abrigo para leitão (escamoteador) em uma granja de suínos. Nessa etapa, foi avaliado o microclima gerado no interior dos escamoteadores aquecidos com lâmpada incandescente, por meio da coleta de dados ambientais e análise dos índices de conforte térmico. O painel apresentou bom desempenho, atendendo a faixa de temperatura e umidade de conforto térmico para os leitões na primeira semana de vida. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os filmes de breu e látex-LT no painel PMBB-M2, promoveram uma impermeabilização do material e por apresentarem caráter bacteriostático, evitaram a proliferação de bactérias quando em contato com os filmes, sendo assim, a aplicação deste material como isolante térmico em instalação para suíno apresenta um grande potencial, pois, o recobrimento no material propicia sua aplicação em um ambiente úmido e com grande carga bacteriana. / This project aims the study of surface coatings with polymeric films based on latex and rosin, by using a microbicide agent of\' silver in multilayer panels of sugarcane bagasse reinforced with bamboo particles (PMBB) to be used as an insulate material in agroindustrial facilities subject to humid environments with high bacterial load. This project was conducted into four steps. In the step 1 (Study of the multilayer panels), the evaluation of two different molding procedures was conducted, with molding 1 (PMBB-M1) with pre-pressing in the layers and molding 2 (PMBB-M2) without pre-pressing in the layers. Physical and mechanical properties of the PMBB-M2 panel presented better physical and mechanical performance due to the best interaction between the layers compared to the PMBB-M1 panel. In the step 2 (Study of the superficial treatment of panels), it was studied the production and characterization of the films of rosin, latex-LT and latex-LS, as well as the evaluation of the PMBB panel covering, and evaluation of the durability of these panels exposed to weather conditions (sun, rain, wind and dew). The films presented good physical performance, making it difficult to penetrate water in the material, on the other hand, by exposing the materials to radiation and weather conduction it was noticed the degradation of the films, despite the fact that latex-LT and rosin presented better mechanical performance until three months of age. In the step 3 (Study of impregnation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the films) it was conducted the preparation and evaluation of the films with AgNPs. By means of the microbiology analyses it was stated that the latex-LT and rosin presented bacteriostatic character. In the step 4 (Application of PMBB panels in Poultry facilities) it was evaluated the potential of the PMBB panel as an insulation material in a pig-farm as a piglet shelter. In this step, the microclimate generated inside of the pig shelter heated by incandescent lamps was evaluated through the collection of environmental data and evaluation of the thermal comfort indices. The panel presented good performance, taking into account the temperature and humidity range of thermal comfort for the piglets in the first week of life. Therefore, it can be concluded that the films of rosin and latex-LT in the PMBB panel, promoted a waterproofing of the materials and due to the bacteriostatic character, it was noticed that proliferation of the bacteria when in contact with the films was avoided, thus, the application of this material as thermal insulation in pig installation presents a great potential, due to the coating in the material and propitiates its application in a humid environment and with bacterial load.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal o aproveitamento dos resíduos agroindustriais provenientes da extração do pigmento de cúrcuma e do óleo de babaçu para elaboração de filmes biodegradáveis. Foram utilizados três diferentes métodos (moagem em meio ácido AS, em meio alcalino KS e em água WS) para isolamento do amido de babaçu e de cúrcuma. Os resíduos e amidos foram caracterizados em composição química, cor, distribuição do tamanho de partícula, difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, poder de inchamento e solubilidade, espectroscopia de infravermelho, propriedades térmicas, teor de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante. Os métodos AS e KS forneceram materiais com maior grau de pureza, porém menor teor de amilose. Filmes foram elaborados a partir dos amidos de cúrcuma e de babaçu, e também do mesocarpo de babaçu e tiveram suas propriedades mecânicas, funcionais e ativa determinadas. Filmes elaborados com os amidos de babaçu são mais resistentes e rígidos, menos elongáveis, solúveis e permeáveis ao vapor de água que com mesocarpo de babaçu. Filmes de amido de babaçu WS foram mais resistentes e rígidos, menos flexíveis, mais cristalinos, menos solúveis em água e hidrofílicos, com menor capacidade de absorção de água. Filmes de amido de babaçu AS apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante. O efeito de diferentes plastificantes (glicerol, sorbitol, ureia e glicose) nas propriedades dos filmes de amidos de babaçu também foi estudado. Notou-se que as propriedades finais dos filmes dependeu da interação entre os componentes na matriz: plastificante, amido e água. Para o babaçu também se realizou um estudo sobre os efeitos da concentração de sorbitol (Cs) e da temperatura de aquecimento (Ta) nas propriedades dos filmes através de um planejamento experimental 22 utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta e análise de multiresposta para avaliação dos resultados. As regiões sugeridas para se obter filmes com melhores propriedades foram: 26 a 30 g de sorbitol/100 g de amido acompanhado de temperatura de aquecimento de 78 a 80 °C. Para a cúrcuma, apesar do processo de isolamento do amido obter altos teores deste carboidrato (~80%), o material se apresenta bem compactado devido ao processamento industrial com presença de aquecimento. Assim, filmes elaborados com amidos de cúrcuma exigiram 4 h de aquecimento para o seu processamento. Filmes de amido de cúrcuma WS apresentaram maior flexibilidade, menor xxv resistência e rigidez, maior solubilidade e molhabilidade e os filmes de amido de cúrcuma AS, maior atividade antioxidante. Foram elaboradas também blendas com os diferentes amidos de cúrcuma com fécula de mandioca em diferentes proporções (30:70, 50:50 e 70:30). As blendas possibilitaram a elaboração de materiais com menor tempo de preparo (1 h). A adição de fécula de mandioca nas blendas diminuiu a resistência mecânica e rigidez, mas aumentou a elongação, solubilidade e permeabilidade ao vapor de água enquanto que a adição de amido de cúrcuma proporcionou aumento da atividade antioxidante nestes materiais. Também fora realizado tratamentos (mecânicos/químicos) do resíduo de cúrcuma com o objetivo de tornar este material com melhor capacidade filmogênica. Estes tratamentos permitiram melhor incorporação do material lignocelulósico à matriz do filme e liberação do amido, além de ter promovido oxidação do amido causando a formação de novos grupamentos (carboxílicos e carbonílicos), o que permitiu obter filmes com melhores propriedades que os elaborados com amido de cúrcuma / The main objective of this work was the use of agroindustrial residues from the extraction of turmeric pigment and babassu oil for the preparation of biodegradable films. Three different methods (steeping in acid media - AS, in alkaline media - KS and in water - WS) were used to isolate babassu and turmeric starch. The residues and starches were characterized in centesimal composition, color, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, swelling power and solubility, infra-red spectroscopy, thermal properties, phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity. The AS and KS methods provided materials with higher purity but less amylose content. Films were made from the turmeric and babassu starches, and also from the babassu mesocarp and had it mechanical, functional and active properties determined. Films made from babassu starches are more resistant and rigid, less flexible, soluble and permeable to water vapor than with babassu mesocarp. WS babassu starch films were more resistant and rigid, less flexible, more crystalline, less water soluble and hydrophilic, with less water absorption capacity. AS babassu starch films showed the highest antioxidant activity. The effect of different plasticizers (glycerol, sorbitol, urea and glucose) on the properties of babassu starch films was also studied. It was noted that the final properties of the films depended on the interaction between the components in the matrix: plasticizer, starch and water. A study on the effects of sorbitol concentration (Cs) and heating temperature (Ta) on the properties of the films was also carried out for the babassu through an experimental design 22 using the response surface methodology and multi-response analysis for evaluation of the results. The regions suggested to obtain films with better properties were: 26 to 30 g of sorbitol / 100 g of starch accompanied by a heating temperature of 78 to 80 °C. For turmeric, although the starch isolation process obtained high levels of this carbohydrate (~ 80%), the material presents well compacted due to industrial processing with presence of heating. Thus, films made with turmeric starches required 4 h of heating for processing. Turmeric WS starch films showed greater flexibility, lower strength and stiffness, higher solubility and wettability and the films of turmeric starch AS, higher antioxidant activity. Blends with the different turmeric starches with cassava starch in different proportions (30:70, 50:50 and 70:30) were also prepared. The blends made possible the preparation of materials with less preparation time (1 h). The addition of cassava starch to the blends decreased xxvii mechanical rigid and mechanical resistance, but increased elongation, solubility and water vapor permeability while the addition of turmeric starch provided increased antioxidant activity in these materials. It was done also treatments (mechanical / chemical) in the turmeric residue to have this material with better filmogenic capacity. These treatments allowed better incorporation of the lignocellulosic material to the matrix of the film and release of the starch, besides promoting oxidation of the starch causing the formation of new groups (carboxylic and carbonylic), which allowed to obtain films with better properties than those elaborated with starch of turmeric

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-05T19:50:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Debora_Dudek2017.pdf: 1099947 bytes, checksum: eb7356b2bdfdfe7d3d4da8e48d12d05c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T19:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Debora_Dudek2017.pdf: 1099947 bytes, checksum: eb7356b2bdfdfe7d3d4da8e48d12d05c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Second generation bioethanol employs lignocellulosic materials in its preparation. One of the steps for these materials degradation utilizes cellulases produced by microorganisms. Among these, Trichoderma reesei fungus is one of the main cellulases producers used in industry. This fungus genetic modification can lead to enzimes production optimization, reducing cost and improving biofuels manufacture. Thus, the present work objective was delete the sequence encoding zinc fingers motifs of cellulase ACE1repressor transcription factor from T. reesei RUT-C30 fungus, seeking enzymatic production optimization. In primers construction for amplification ACE1 regions 5’ and 3' and the hph selection marker, which confers hygromycin B resistance, Joint Genome Institute - JGI site and the BioEdit ® program were used. The deletion cassette with pRS426 vector construction was mediated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC9721 yeast. After the cassette construction, T. reesei RUT-C30 transformation was made by protoplast and this transformation confirmation was effected by part of the hph using hphNestF and hphNestR amplification primers. After transformation with mutants obtained, endoglucanase, exoglucanase and total cellulase activity was quantified with carboxymethylcellulose substrates (CMC), microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel®) and Whatman paper filter (PF), respectively. The enzymatic production and biomass hydrolysis efficiency were performed comparing RUT-C30 strain for mutants. After deletion cassette construction, a 3501 bp fragment amplification confirmed the cassette formation. Posteriorly, RUT-C30 strain transformation, a 989 bp amplification was observed, confirming the 3 mutants target sequence deletion. With cellulase activity assay, 3 transformed strain showed higher enzymatic production when compared to RUT-C30 strain. In this comparison, a significant statistical difference was observed of RUT-C30Δace1-1 strain with Avicel® and PF (p <0.001) CMC (p <0.01), RUT-C30Δace1-2 strain with CMC (p<0,01) e PF (p<0,05), and RUT-C30Δace1-3 strain with Avicel (p<0,001), CMC and PF (p<0,01). The mutants also showed greater efficiency in biomass hydrolysis, with release sugar increase between 21 and 42%. Based on this study, mutants are promising for most efficient and viable ethanol production. Nevertheless, additional tests must be carried out to better understand these fungi applicability in the industrial level. / O bioetanol de segunda geração emprega materiais lignocelulósicos na sua elaboração. Uma das etapas para a degradação destes materiais utiliza celulases produzidas por microrganismos. Dentre estes, o fungo Trichoderma reesei é um dos principais produtores de celulases utilizadas na indústria. A modificação genética deste fungo pode levar à otimização da produção de suas enzimas, diminuindo o custo e melhorando a fabricação de biocombustíveis. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi deletar a região dos motivos dedos de zinco no gene que codifica o fator de transcrição repressor de celulase ACE1 do fungo T. reesei RUT-C30, buscando a otimização na produção enzimática. Na construção dos primers para amplificação das regiões 5’ e 3’ de ace1 e do marcador de seleção hph, que confere resistência à higromicina B, utilizou-se o site Joint Genome Institute – JGI e o programa BioEdit®. A construção do cassete de deleção com o vetor pRS426 foi mediado pela levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC9721. Posteriormente, a construção do cassete, a transformação de T. reesei RUT-C30 foi realizada através de protoplasto e a confirmação desta transformação foi efetuada por amplificação de parte do hph utilizando os primers hphNestF e hphNestR. Após a transformação, com os mutantes obtidos, a atividade de endoglucanase, exoglucanase e celulase total foi quantificada com os substratos carboximetilcelulose (CMC), celulose microcristalina (Avicel®) e papel de filtro Whatman (PF), respectivamente. A produção enzimática e a eficiência na hidrólise da biomassa foram realizadas comparando-se a linhagem RUT-C30 aos mutantes. Após a construção do cassete de deleção, a amplificação de um fragmento de 3501 pb confirmou a formação do cassete. E, posteriormente à transformação da linhagem RUT-C30, o amplificado de 989 pb foi observado, confirmando a deleção da sequência alvo em 3 mutantes. Com o ensaio de atividade de celulases, as 3 linhagens transformadas mostraram maior produção enzimática quando comparadas à linhagem RUT-C30. Nessa comparação, foi observada diferença estatística significativa da linhagem RUT-C30Δace1-1 com Avicel® e PF (p<0,001), da linhagem RUTC30Δace1- 2 com CMC (p<0,01) e PF (p<0,05) e da linhagem RUT-C30Δace1-3 com Avicel (p<0,001), CMC e PF (p<0,01). Os mutantes também apresentaram maior eficiência na hidrólise da biomassa, com aumento na liberação de açúcar entre 21 e 42%. Com base nos dados deste estudo, os mutantes apresentam-se promissores para a produção mais eficiente e viável de etanol. Apesar disso, testes adicionais devem ser realizados para melhor entendimento da aplicabilidade destes fungos a nível industrial.

Diploma thesis deals with use of Zymomonas mobilis for the production of bioethanol from waste paper. There were used three kinds of substrate (cardboard, drawing and office paper) to optimize of bioethanol production. Individual papers were subjected to the same pre treatment, namely a milling, a combination of microwave irradiation and NaOH, a combination of microwave irradiation and H2SO4 and combination microwave irradiation, H2SO4 and NaOH. The substrates were decomposed by enzymatic hydrolysis after pre treatment to evaluate the best pre-treatment. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was carried out for each substrate (with two of the best pre-treatment). The samples were taken during the hydrolysis and the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and were determined by HPLC. Growth curves of Zymomonas mobilis were constructed, as the most appropriate for SSF was chosen temperature of 40 ° C in which the exponential phase took place at the time of 6 15 hours. During hydrolysis was monitored glucose concentration in the solution. The maximum concentration of glucose was in the cardboard (microwaves + H2SO4 + NaOH) 16.46 gdm-3, a drawing (microwaves + H2SO4 + NaOH) 31.78 gdm-3, and office paper (microwaves + H2SO4) 25.04 gdm-3. The concentration of ethanol for SSF was highest in the same cases as in the hydrolysis. The cardboard was the maximum concentration of bio ethanol 9.5 gdm-3, for the drawing 16.1 gdm-3 and for the office paper 12.13 gdm-3.

This diploma thesis deals with the optimization of the production of ethanol from waste paper using yeast. There were used 4 kinds of paper as a substrate - office paper, non-recycled workbook, recycled workbook and newspaper. All papers were pretreated with the following procedures: grinding, microwaves + NaOH, microwave + H2SO4 and microwave + H2SO4 + NaOH. The glucose concentration was determined in enzymatic hydrolysis by HPLC. Saccharomyces cerevisiae were chosen for ethanol production. The production of ethanol was carried out with all the pretreated papers in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. During hydrolysis, the pretreated papers have reached the highest results in the combination with microwave + H2SO4 + NaOH. Non-recycled workbook was the only exception, where the highest concentration of glucose has been obtained by the pretreatment of microwaves + H2SO4. Following results have been acquired: office paper 24,69 gdm-3, non-recycled workbook 22,47 gdm-3, recycled workbook 16,94 gdm-3 and newspapers 15,36 gdm-3. SSF was carried out again with all the papers and their pretreatments. The highest concentration of ethanol has been achieved in microwave pretreatment + H2SO4 + NaOH. The highest overall concentration has been gained from the office paper, amounted to 16,98 gdm-3. The maximum concentration of ethanol for non-recycled workbook has been 15,25 gdm-3, for recycled workbook 12,2 gdm-3 and for newspapers 12,59 gdm-3.

The diploma thesis is focused on production possibilities of bioethanol from waste paper by yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. Waste cardboard was used as a potential substrate for bioethanol production. Several methods for cardboard preparation were introduced and compared as well as methods of fermentation. Simultaneous sacharification and fermentation and separate hydrolysis and fermentation of preprepared cardboard paper were performed in different pH buffer (4,8-7). Simultaneous sacharification and fermentation was held at a temperature of 45°C. Hydrolysis in separate hydrolysis and fermentation was performed at 50°C and fermentation at 25°C. Procedures outputs were obtained by sampling in specific time intervals and samples were analyzed by HPLC for presence and concentration glucose and ethanol. The results of the analysis have shown that the highest concentration of glucose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis was achieved by using microwaves, 2% H2SO4 and 2% NaOH pretreated paperboard at pH 4,8. The highest yield of ethanol was obtained by separate hydrolysis and fermentation of pulp pretreated by microwaves, 2% H2SO4 and 2% NaOH in pH 5,4 buffer. The method SHF proved to be more effective for the production of ethanol than SSF.

O uso de fibras lignocelulósicas em compósitos de cimento, aliados a cura em atmosferas com excesso de CO2 para promover processos de carbonatação acelerada são potenciais tecnologias para desenvolvimento de materiais sustentáveis que fixam CO2. O presente estudo avaliou o potencial da fibra de curauá para aplicação em compósitos, bem como comparou fibrocimento com reforço de curauá (FCR) com fibrocimento com reforço de polipropileno (FPP), e estudou os efeitos da cura térmica, da cura em atmosfera com excesso de CO2, e a durabilidade ao longo de 100 ciclos de envelhecimento acelerado nesses compósitos. Para avaliar o potencial da fibra, foi realizada a análise anatômica foliar com intuito de analisar o arranjo, as funções e a morfologia das fibras na folha. Também foram determinadas: influência de comprimentos 20 e 40 mm nas variáveis mecânicas; e propriedades de massa específica; teores químicos e análise térmicas da fibra. Para os fibrocimentos, foram quantificadas propriedades de densidade aparente, porosidade aparente e absorção de água e variáveis mecânica módulo de ruptura, módulo de elasticidade, limite de proporcionalidade e energia específica. Também foram feitas as caracterizações mineralógicas por meio do DRX e microestrutural por MEV. A análise foliar evidenciou três classes de estruturas fibrilares denominadas genericamente como \"fibras\", sendo fibras de reforço primário (FP), fibras de reforço secundário (FS) e fibras associadas aos feixes vasculares (FV). A fibra de 40 mm atingiu melhor comportamento mecânico em relação a 20 mm e os comprimentos influenciam os valores de módulo de Young e módulo de Weibull. A análise química das fibras indicou altos teores de alfacelulose (68%) e extrativos (3,8%) e baixos teores de hemicelulose (10%) e lignina (13%). A análise termogravimétrica demonstrou que as estruturas de hemiceluloses e celuloses iniciam a degradação acima de 200ºC. Os resultados dos fibrocimentos indicaram que a cura em atmosfera com excesso de CO2, proporcionou melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas e físicas em FCR e FPP em relação a cura térmica. O processo de envelhecimento acelerado de 100 ciclos melhorou as propriedades da matriz em FCR e FPP, em ambas as curas. Em FCR a carbonatação acelerada melhorou a durabilidade dos compósitos. A fibra de curauá tem potencial para ser utilizada como reforço de materiais cimentícios, embora apresente limitações por ser instável dimensionalmente, sendo necessários tratamentos adicionais para superar esse problema. A carbonatação acelerada promovida pela cura em atmosfera com excesso de CO2 melhorou a durabilidade e propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos fibrocimentos. / The use of lignocellulosic fibers in cement composites with curing to promote accelerated carbonation is a promising technology for the development of sustainable materials to fix CO2. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of curauá fiber for use in composites and to compare fiber cement composite reinforcing with curauá (FCR) and cement reinforcing with polypropylene (FPP). In addition, to study the effects of thermal curing, curing in an atmosphere of excess CO2 and the durability over 100 cycles of accelerated aging in these composites. The potential of the curauá fibers was evaluated by leaf anatomical analysis to characterize their arrangement, function and morphology of the fibers\' leaves. The influence of their length (20 and 40mm) were also determined by the mechanical tests, specific mass properties, chemical contents and thermal analysis of the fibers. In the analysis of the fiber cement the density properties, porosity, water absorption, modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity, the limit of proportionality (LOP) and specific energy were measured. The mineralogical and microstructural characterizations were also carried out by DRX and MEV respectively. Foliar analysis showed three classes of fibrillar structures called generically as \"fibers\", with primary reinforcing fibers (PF), secondary reinforcement fibers (FS) and fibers associated with vascular bundles (FV). The 40 mm fiber showed a better mechanical behavior compared to 20 mm fiber, and the length has influenced Young\'s modulus values and Weibull modulus. The chemical analysis of the fibers has demonstrated high levels of alfacellulose (68%) and extractives (3.8%), and low hemicellulose (10%) and lignin (13%) content. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the structures of celluloses and hemicelluloses started the degradation above 200°C. The fiber cement curing in an atmosphere with excess of CO2 provided improvements in mechanical and physical properties and for FCR and FPP when compared to thermal curing. The accelerated aging test was performed with 100 soak & dry cycles and showed improved performance of the matrix and for both fibers thru pores refinement. The curauá fiber has potential to be used as reinforcement of cementitious materials, although it has some limitations because it is dimensionally unstable, requiring additional treatments to overcome this problem. Accelerated carbonation promoted by curing in an atmosphere of excess CO2 enhanced the physical durability and the mechanical properties of the fiber cements.

A conversão da biomassa para produção de etanol celulósico só é viável se a fração hemicelulósica e celulósica for utilizada no processo industrial. Para obtenção de leveduras capazes de produzir etanol a partir de pentoses, a captação desses açúcares é muito estudada, sendo que diversos autores concluíram que a interiorização do substrato é uma etapa limitante para a produção de etanol. Neste trabalho foram isoladas leveduras da biodiversidade brasileira capazes de fermentar xilose. Foram construídos cassetes de expressão dos genes HXT5 e HXT7 de S. cerevisisae e analisados os consumos de glicose e xilose e a produção de etanol, em condições de aeração e de restrição de oxigênio. Análises qualitativas e quantitativas mostraram que os clones recombinantes foram capazes de consumir mais rapidamente xilose e glicose. Entretanto, isto não resultou no aumento de produção de biomassa ou de etanol a partir de xilose, sugerindo que a baixa expressão dos genes endógenos da rota de utilização deste açúcar foi determinante para seu acúmulo intracelular. / The biomass conversion for industrial cellulosic ethanol production is feasible only if all hemicellulosic and cellulosic fractions are exploited in the process. In the aim to have yeasts capable of producing ethanol from pentoses, the transport of these sugars is very much studied, and many authors have concluded that the utilization of xylose is a limiting step for ethanol production. In this work were isolated yeast from Brazilian biodiversity capable of fermenting xylose. It was built expression cassettes of the genes HXT5 and HXT7 from S. cerevisiae and analyzed the consumptions of glucose and xylose and the ethanol production in aerated and oxygen limited conditions. Qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that the recombinant yeasts were capable of consuming more rapidly the two sugars. However, it didn´t result in greater production of biomassa or of ethanol from xylose, suggesting that the low expression of the natural genes in the xylose utilization pathway was determinant for the intracellular accumulation of this pentose.

It is clear that renewable resources have received great interest from the international community during the last decades and play a crucial role in the current CO2-mitigation policy. In this regard, energy from biomass and waste is seen as one of the most dominant future renewable energy sources. Thus, organic waste i.e. animal wastes, wastewaters, energy crops, agricultural and agro-industrial residues are of specific importance since these sources do not compete with food crops in agricultural land usage. The various technologies that are available for power generation from biomass and waste can be subdivided into thermochemical, biochemical and physicochemical conversion processes. Anaerobic digestion (AD), classified within the biochemical conversion processes, is a robust process and is widely applied. Various types of biomass and waste, can be anaerobically co-digested to generate a homogeneous mixture increasing both process and equipment performance. This study focused on the valorization of agro-industrial wastes (such as olive mill wastewater (OMW), cheese whey (CW) and liquid cow manure (LCM)) and sweet sorghum stalks. Olive mills, cheese factories and cow farms are agro-industries that represent a considerable share of the worldwide economy with particular interest focused in the Mediterranean region. These industries generate millions of tons of wastewaters and large amounts of by-products, which are in many cases totally unexploited and thus dangerous for the environment. On the other hand, sweet sorghum as a lignocellulosic material represents an interesting substrate for biofuels production due to its structure and composition. Anaerobic co-digestion experiments using different mixtures of agro-industrial wastes were performed in a two-stage system consisting of two continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) under mesophilic conditions (37°C). Subsequently, more mixtures were studied, where sweet sorghum was added, in order to simulate the operation of a centralized AD plant fed with regional agro-wastes which lacks OMW or/and CW due to seasonal unavailability. Two operational parameters were examined in a two-stage system, including pH and HRT. Batch experiments were performed in order to investigate the impact of controlled pH on the production of bio-hydrogen and volatile fatty acids, whereas continuous experiments (CSTRs) were conducted for the evaluation of HRT effect on hydrogen and methane production. Moreover, further exploitation of digestate from an anaerobic methanogenic reactor was studied using a combined ultrafiltration/nanofiltration system and further COD reduction was obtained. On the other hand, vermicomposting was conducted in order to evaluate the sludge transformation to compost and as a result, good results in terms of increased N-P-K concentration values were obtained. Furthermore, simulation of mesophilic anaerobic (co)-digestion of different substrates was applied, using the ADM1 modified model, where the results indicated that the modified ADM1 was able to predict reasonably well the steady-state experimental data. / Είναι φανερό ότι οι ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας έχουν προσελκύσει το ενδιαφέρον της διεθνούς κοινότητας τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες καθώς διαδραματίζουν καθοριστικό ρόλο στην μείωση του CO2. Η ενέργεια από βιομάζα και απόβλητα θεωρείται ως μία από τις πλέον κυρίαρχες ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας του μέλλοντος. Έτσι, τα οργανικά απόβλητα όπως κτηνοτροφικά, ενεργειακές καλλιέργειες, γεωργικά και βιομηχανικά υπολείμματα κ.ά έχουν ιδιαίτερη σημασία, δεδομένου ότι οι πηγές αυτές δεν ανταγωνίζονται με τις καλλιέργειες τροφίμων της γεωργικής γης και ωστόσο μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, θερμότητας και βιοκαυσίμων. Το αυξημένο ενδιαφέρον για τις διεργασίες που αφορούν στη μετατροπή της βιομάζας σε ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας, όπως είναι η αναερόβια χώνευση, τόνωσε την έρευνα σε αυτόν τον τομέα με αποτέλεσμα την υλοποίηση ενός σημαντικού αριθμού ερευνητικών έργων για να αξιολογηθούν οι ιδανικές συνθήκες χώνευσης διαφόρων υποστρωμάτων, όπως είναι τα αγροτο-βιομηχανικά απόβλητα και οι ενεργειακές καλλιέργειες. Στη παρούσα διατριβή πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα αναερόβιας συγχώνευσης χρησιμοποιώντας αγροτο-βιομηχανικά απόβλητα ή/και γλυκό σόργο. Τα αγροτο-βιομηχανικά απόβλητα, όπως είναι τα απόβλητα ελαιοτριβείου, τυροκομείου αλλά και βουστασίου, χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλό οργανικό φορτίο και συνεπώς θεωρούνται ακατάλληλα για απευθείας διάθεση σε περιβαλλοντικούς αποδέκτες. Συγχώνευση αυτών οδήγησε σε υψηλές αποδόσεις μεθανίου κάτι το οποίο οφείλεται σε συνεργιστικές επιδράσεις όπως η συμβολή επιπλέον αλκαλικότητας, ιχνοστοιχείων, θρεπτικών κτλ. Περαιτέρω μίγματα μελετήθηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας το γλυκό σόργο με σκοπό την προσομοίωση λειτουργίας μιας κεντρικής μονάδας αναερόβιας χώνευσης, η οποία τροφοδοτείται με τοπικά απόβλητα τα οποία θα αντικατασταθούν σε περίοδο μη εποχικής διαθεσιμότητας από το γλυκό σόργο. Τα μίγματα αυτά μελετήθηκαν σε διβάθμιο σύστημα διερευνώντας την επίδραση των δύο σημαντικότερων λειτουργικών παραμέτρων (του pH και του υδραυλικού χρόνου παραμονής, HRT) στην απόδοση του συστήματος. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα διαλείποντος έργου προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η επίδραση του pH στην παραγωγή υδρογόνου και μεταβολικών προϊόντων, ενώ πειράματα συνεχούς λειτουργίας διεξήχθηκαν για τη μελέτη της επίδρασης του HRT στην παραγωγή υδρογόνου και μεθανίου σε διβάθμιο σύστημα. Περαιτέρω αξιοποίηση του χωνευμένου υπολείμματος μελετήθηκε με χρήση συνδυασμένου συστήματος υπερδιήθησης/νανοδιήθησης επιτυγχάνοντας επιπρόσθετη μείωση του οργανικού φορτίου στο διήθημα. Η μετατροπή της αναερόβια χωνευμένης ιλύος σε λίπασμα αξιολογήθηκε μέσω κομποστοποίησης με γεωσκώληκες (vermi-composting) επιτυγχάνοντας ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα στην αύξηση των συγκεντρώσεων N-P-K. Επιπλέον, αναπτύχθηκε τροποποιημένο μοντέλο της αναερόβιας χώνευσης (ADM1) με στόχο την προσομοίωση της αναερόβιας συγχώνευσης διαφορετικών υποστρωμάτων. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν έδειξαν ότι το μοντέλο ήταν σε θέση να προβλέψει σε ικανοποιητικό βαθμό την πορεία των πειραματικών δεδομένων.