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Acid treatments have predominantly been conducted using HCl for its availability, high rock dissolving power and soluble reaction products. At high temperatures, rapid spending of the acid with carbonates prevents deeper penetration distance into the formations. Alternative fluids such as acetic and formic acid have lent themselves to retarded reaction rates, low corrosivity and reduced tendency to form acid/oil sludge in asphaltene-rich crudes but for high reaction rate problems. Chelating agents, with the added advantage of complexing with alkali-earth metals in carbonates to form water-soluble products that are thermally stable at high temperature, have been introduced as stimulation fluids. Glutamic acid diacetic acid (GLDA) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) are aminopolycarboxylic acids that were studied. To predict the spending of chelating agents relative to simple organic acids at temperatures between 150 and 250˚F, the chemical kinetics of dolomite dissolution in these acid solutions were investigated over different reaction conditions in a rotating disk apparatus. Samples of the reacted acids from the reactor were collected and then analyzed with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Analyses of the experimental data were carried out to determine kinetic parameters of the heterogeneous reactions needed for matrix stimulation of dolomitic reservoirs. Experimental results indicated that dolomite dissolution rates increased in all the acid solutions as the disk rotational speeds increased at 150, 200, and 250˚F. The dissolution of dolomite in 0.886 M GLDA was found to be surface-reaction limited at lower temperatures and mass-transfer limited at highest temperature. GLDA with the lowest reaction rates and relative diffusion coefficient demonstrated retardation before spending with deeper penetration capability for productivity and injectivity improvement.

This thesis descibes a theoretical study of nonlinear self-focusing as applied to the metrology of the nonlinear optical parameters of a medium. It also studies the phe- nomenon of optical power limiting which utilizes self-focusing e ects. As an analytical tool, a mode decomposition method which uses an orthogonal and complete set of Gaussian-Laguerre modes as a basis set is used to treat these problems. Nonlinear media both in the thin and thick limits are investigated. For thin media, a closed form expression is derived which describes the optical eld of an initally Gaussian beam that is perturbed by a thin nonlinear material which exhibits nonlinear absorption as well as nonlinear refraction. This result is valid for any regime of nonlinearity in the thin medium approximation. Thick media are treated using a numerical extension of the Gaussian-Laguerre Mode Decomposition technique. Spatial scanning techniques such as the Z-scan that rely on self-focusing e ects and that are used to measure the nonlinear optical parameters of a material are studied in detail. Optical limiting in both thick and thin media is also investigated.

This thesis descibes a theoretical study of nonlinear self-focusing as applied to the metrology of the nonlinear optical parameters of a medium. It also studies the phe- nomenon of optical power limiting which utilizes self-focusing e ects. As an analytical tool, a mode decomposition method which uses an orthogonal and complete set of Gaussian-Laguerre modes as a basis set is used to treat these problems. Nonlinear media both in the thin and thick limits are investigated. For thin media, a closed form expression is derived which describes the optical eld of an initally Gaussian beam that is perturbed by a thin nonlinear material which exhibits nonlinear absorption as well as nonlinear refraction. This result is valid for any regime of nonlinearity in the thin medium approximation. Thick media are treated using a numerical extension of the Gaussian-Laguerre Mode Decomposition technique. Spatial scanning techniques such as the Z-scan that rely on self-focusing e ects and that are used to measure the nonlinear optical parameters of a material are studied in detail. Optical limiting in both thick and thin media is also investigated.

In view of the difficulty of establishing the natural regeneration of Apuleia leiocarpa in areas of natural forest without anthropic impact, it was decided to investigate the conditions that favor and limit its development, with a view to the vulnerability of this species in different typologies forest in which it occurs. For this reason, we evaluated a forest area after two years of logging in the southwest of the Brazilian Amazon, located in the municipality of Porto Acre, state of Acre. The population of A. leiocarpa was characterized based on data from forest inventory pre-exploratory and, for better understanding of the behavior of the species in the area, the species were grouped in diametric class as the formula proposed by Sturges. The analysis of the spatial pattern of the species in the area was evaluated using the function K to Ripley, even at a distance of 500 meters, corresponding to half the lower side of the area. For evaluation and determination of factors influence and limiting factors in its development, we selected trees seed port with dbh greater than 80 cm and with crowns, remnants of forest management and distributed in two different situations: areas that have not been damaged the activities of forest management and areas with damage caused by logging. For the evaluation of natural regeneration, from the regrowth, were selected tree stumps, exploited in a random manner, distributed throughout the UPA with the objective of sampling different situations postexploratory. The remaining individuals from logging with dbh greater than 30 cm have diametric distribution uneven, with the largest number of individuals in the intermediate classes and are distributed spatially aggregated form. The mechanisms of regeneration of the species Apuleia leiocarpa found were the plants originating in the dispersal of seeds and regrowth of vegetative parts by means of differentiation. The regenerantes of seminal origin are dependent on opening of clearings and scarification of the soil to develop, they were distributed in classes of height with an exponential negative and maximum height of two meters. The development of the regrowth at two years of age was superior to that of origin, with heights of up to eight meters and circumference at 10 cm from the base up to 15 cm, demonstrating an efficient mechanism of regeneration of the species. / Diante da dificuldade de estabelecimento da regeneração natural de Apuleia leiocarpa em áreas de floresta natural sem antropização, decidiu-se investigar quais as condições que favorecem e limitam o seu desenvolvimento, tendo em vista a vulnerabilidade dessa espécie nas diversas tipologias florestais em que ocorre. Para isso, avaliou-se uma área de Floresta após dois anos da exploração madeireira no sudoeste da Amazônia Brasileira, localizada no Município de Porto Acre, estado do Acre. A população de A. leiocarpa foi caracterizada a partir dos dados do inventário florestal pré-exploratório e, para melhor entendimento do comportamento da espécie na área, as espécies foram agrupadas em classe diamétrica conforme a fórmula proposta por Sturges. A análise do padrão espacial da espécie na área foi avaliada através da Função K de Ripley, até a distância de 500 metros, correspondente à metade do menor lado da área. Para avaliação e determinação dos fatores influentes e limitantes no seu desenvolvimento, selecionou-se árvores porta sementes com dap acima de 80 cm e com copas frondosas, remanescentes do manejo florestal e distribuídas em duas situações distintas: áreas que não sofreram danos das atividades do manejo florestal e áreas com danos causados pela exploração madeireira. Para a avaliação da regeneração natural, oriunda da rebrota, foram selecionados tocos de árvores, explorados de forma aleatória, distribuídos no decorrer de toda a UPA com o objetivo de amostrar diferentes situações pós-exploratória. Os indivíduos remanescentes da exploração madeireira com dap acima de 30 cm apresentam distribuição diamétrica irregular, com o maior número de indivíduos nas classes intermediárias e estão distribuídos espacialmente de forma agregada. Os mecanismos de regeneração da espécie Apuleia leiocarpa encontrados foram banco de plantas originário da dispersão de sementes e rebrota de partes vegetativas por meio de diferenciação cambial. Os regenerantes de origem seminal são dependentes de abertura de clareiras e da escarificação do solo para desenvolverem-se, eles apresentaram distribuição em classes de altura com forma exponencial negativa e altura máxima de dois metros. O desenvolvimento da rebrota aos dois anos de idade foi superior ao de origem seminal, apresentando alturas de até oito metros e circunferência a 10 cm da base de até 15 cm, demonstrando-se um eficiente mecanismo de regeneração da espécie.

This consecutive nonrandomized comparative interventional study was designed to examine the association between pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with or without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in the treatment of idiopathic macular holes (IMH). The ILM is the innermost layer of the retina. The macula is located within the retina, and is responsible for central vision. Although IMH manifests in a relatively small region within the retina, patients notice significant drops in visual acuity up to the 20/400 - 20/800 level (legally blind in the affected eye). In the literature, the anatomic success rate of macular hole surgery has been reported between 48% - 94%. To best treat idiopathic macular holes, it is imperative that physicians have access to the most up-to-date information regarding the treatment outcomes. This study included 55 eyes of 52 patients who received surgery at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center for idiopathic macular holes between December 1999 and January 2015. Patients were non-randomly assigned to PPV with or without ILM peeling. Early patients did not receive ILM peeling, while more recent patients did. The primary endpoint measured was macular hole (MH) status as established by ocular coherence tomography (OCT) within 6 to 12 months of the vii procedure. 36 out of 39 (92.3%) eyes in the ILM peeling group had closed MH. In the comparison group without ILM peeling, 11 out of 16 (68.8%) eyes had closed MH. In comparison to the conventional PPV without ILM peeling, these findings suggest that PPV with ILM peeling is associated with a significantly higher anatomic success rate (OR, 5.45; [95% CI, 1.12 to 26.55]; P = 0.023). / 2018-06-16T00:00:00Z

Idiopathic Epiretinal membrane is a proliferation of contractile cells on the surface of the retina that typically occurs after posterior vitreous detachment. Though many questions have been raised on the causes of this condition, a greater debate has been on the treatment of this pathology. The literature suggest the potential benefit in peeling ILM, due to its inherent proliferative characteristics, along with the ERM, during the surgery, however sufficient data has yet to been found. Due to the lack of consensus in treatment of iERM, this study set forth to provide some insight on the surgical outcomes of patients that undergo combined peeling as well attempting to contribute to a potential surgical protocol in treating iERM. This was a retrospective case series study looking at 140 eyes from 126 iERM patients that underwent ERM surgical treatment at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center between 1998 and 2015. Pre- and post- operative visual acuities, lens status (phakic, aphakic, pseudophakic), type (kenalog with or without ICG) and duration (0.5min, 1 min, 1.5 min) of the stains used in the procedure, and any prior or successive surgeries were recorded and analyzed. Overall, ERM surgeries demonstrated a significant (p<0.0001) improvement in visual acuity. Furthermore, the combined peel patients demonstrated a significantly (p<0.0467) greater mean change in logMAR score when compared to ERM-only peel procedures. In addition, the combined peel group showed a smaller rate of recurrence. Lastly, simultaneous cataract surgery and the use of ILM stains did not have an impact on the outcome of ERM surgery. The study found that combined (ERM and ILM) peeling along with simultaneous cataract surgery, if a cataract was present, along with the utilization of ILM stains is cost-effective, safe, and effective approach in treating iERM and decreasing its recurrence.

The world’s population is increasing and along with it, the demand for food. A novel parametric model (Volterra Non-linear Regressive with eXogenous inputs (VNRX)) is introduced for quantifying influences of individual and multiple soil properties on crop yield and normalised difference vegetation Index. The performance was compared to a random forest method over two consecutive years, with the best results of 55.6% and 52%, respectively. The VNRX was then implemented using high sampling resolution soil data collected with an on-line visible and near infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy sensor predicting yield variation of 23.21%. A hyperspectral imager coupled with partial least squares regression was successfully applied in the detection of fusarium head blight and yellow rust infection in winter wheat and barley canopies, under laboratory and on-line measurement conditions. Maps of the two diseases were developed for four fields. Spectral indices of the standard deviation between 500 to 650 nm, and the squared difference between 650 and 700 nm, were found to be useful in differentiating between the two diseases, in the two crops, under variable water stress. The optimisation of the hyperspectral imager for field measurement was based on signal-to-noise ratio, and considered; camera angle and distance, integration time, and light source angle and distance from the crop canopy. The study summarises in the proposal of a new method of disease management through suggested selective harvest and fungicide applications, for winter wheat and barley which theoretically reduced fungicide rate by an average of 24% and offers a combined saving of the two methods of £83 per hectare.

Idén bakom studien är sprungen ur tanken att hitta en aktivitet för studie- och yrkesvägledare där man i den vida vägledningen ges möjlighet att både arbeta med kunskap och värdegrundande arbete; skolans dubbla uppdrag. Det deliberativa samtalet blev den aktiviteten som kom att testas i denna studie och också det som blev syftet med studien. Vad jag ville undersöka var om elever upplever effekter i form av ökade kunskaper och ökad medvetenhet kring begränsningsfaktorn kön, vilket kan leda till ökad valkompetens och perspektivvidgning. Studien genomfördes som ett fältexperiment med en experimentgrupp och en kontrollgrupp där deliberativa samtal var den nyckelvariabel som testades. Genom ett kunskapsprov samt genom semistrukturerad intervju i en fokusgrupp har empiri samlats in och analyserats. Således begagnar sig studien både av kvalitativ samt kvantitativ ansats. Resultaten visar att deliberativa samtal är en gångbar pedagogisk metod att använda sig av i den vida vägledningen, främst kopplat till medvetandegörandet hos elever gällande rådande strukturella förhållanden vid val till gymnasiet. Detta eftersom elevernas perspektiv vidgas. Metoden har viss positiv inverkan på elevers självkännedom, vilket påverkar valkompetensen i positiv bemärkelse. Gällande ökande kunskaper är metoden inte sämre än andra pedagogiska metoder och för vissa till och med bättre. / The idea behind the study has sprung from the thought of finding an activity for career counselors, where you in school based guidance is provided with the opportunity to work with knowledge and value-based work; school's dual assignment. The deliberative conversation became the activity that was being tested in this study and also what became the purpose of the study. What I wanted to investigate was whether students experience effects in terms of increased knowledge and increased awareness about the gender as limitation factor, which could lead to increased career management skills and perspective enlargement. The study was conducted as a field experiment with an experimental group and a control group where deliberative conversations were the key variables that were tested. Through a knowledge test and through semistructured interviews in a focus group, empirics have been collected and analyzed. Thus, the study uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results show that deliberative conversations are a viable educational method to use in school based guidance, primarily linked to make pupils aware of current structural conditions regarding their choice of further education. This is because the students' perspective is widened. The method has a certain positive impact on pupils' self-knowledge, which influences career management skills in a positive sense. Existing increasing knowledge, the method is not worse than other educational methods and for some even better.

Submitted by MARIANA KIYOMI MARUNO null (mkmaruno@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-27T11:58:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarunoMK_Tese.pdf: 1894584 bytes, checksum: 005c208a24cbace9a87dd40260b94115 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-30T14:37:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 maruno_mk_dr_bot.pdf: 1894584 bytes, checksum: 005c208a24cbace9a87dd40260b94115 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T14:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maruno_mk_dr_bot.pdf: 1894584 bytes, checksum: 005c208a24cbace9a87dd40260b94115 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-12 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar se a metodologia de isótopos estáveis convalida e acrescenta informações adicionais às obtidas com a metodologia convencional de dose e resposta de em estudos de exigências nutricionais em frangos de corte. O estudo presente no Capítulo II avaliou o período que compreendeu de 1 a 20 dias de idade e, foi realizado um ensaio experimental aplicando-se a metodologia de dose e resposta outro com a de diluição isotópica. Os ensaios foram em delineamento inteiramente casualisado e em ambos, foram utilizadas dietas experimentais seguindo as recomendações propostas por Rostagno et al. (2011) exceto em lisina digestível. As dietas foram balanceadas a base de plantas do ciclo fotossintético C3 e consistiram em: 100Lys (1,17% de lisina, seguindo a recomendação de Rostagno et al. (2011)); 85Lys (1,01% de lisina); 90Lys (1,06% de lisina); 95Lys (1,11% de lisina); 105Lys (1,23% de lisina); 110Lys (1,29% de lisina) e 115Lys (1,35% de lisina digestível). No ensaio com aplicação da técnica de dose-resposta avaliou-se desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e no ensaio que foi utilizado técnica dos isótopos estáveis, foi avaliado o turnover de 13C do fígado, tíbia, músculo do peito e da coxa. Para desempenho foi observado diferença significativa para consumo de ração (P<0,013), com maior consumo para os frangos do tratamento 100Lys e menor para 95Lys. As aves do tratamento 105Lys (P<0,007) foi o que apresentou maior rendimento de carcaça, porém quando avaliado em termos de peso absoluto, observou-se maior peso para carcaça (P<0,001), peito (P<0,001) e coxa (P<0,027) para o tratamento 115Lys e, maior peso de coxa (P<0,001) para o tratamento 105Lys. Para diluição isotópica pôde-se observar que o nível de lisina presente na dieta influencia diretamente as taxas de turnover, de crescimento e metabólica. As aves do tratamento 85Lys foram as que apresentaram maiores valores de meia vida e troca total, quando avaliadas as taxas de turnover e metabólica. Já quando os níveis de lisina administrados eram acima ou os conforme recomendados por Rostagno et al. (2011), verificou-se reduções das taxas de turnover e metabólica. Baseado nos resultados de rendimento de carcaça e de turnover, observou-se que o tratamento 100Lys foi o mais adequado para frango de corte na fase inicial. O Capílulo III avaliou de 22 a 42 dias de idade e, foi realizado um ensaio utilizando a metodologia de dose e resposta, e outro, com a metodologia de diluição isotópica. Os ensaios foram em delineamento inteiramente casualisado e em ambos foram utilizadas dietas experimentais seguindo as recomendações propostas por Rostagno et al. (2011), exceto em lisina digestível. As dietas foram à base de plantas do ciclo fotossintético C3 e consistiram em: 100Lys (1,04% de lisina, conforme recomendado por Rostagno et al., 2011)); 85Lys (0,89% de lisina); 90Lys (0,94% de lisina); 95Lys (0,99% de lisina); 105Lys (1,09% de lisina); 105Lys (1,14% de lisina) e 115Lys (1,21% de lisina digestível). O ensaio com o uso da técnica de dose e resposta objetivou avaliar o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e o ensaio com aplicação da técnica dos isótopos estáveis, o turnover de 13C do fígado, tíbia, músculo do peito e da coxa. Para análise de desempenho, rendimento e peso absoluto de carcaça e partes não foram observadas diferenças significativas para nenhuma variável analisada (P>0,05). Com os resultados gerados no ensaio de diluição isotópica, pôde-se observar que o nível de lisina presente na dieta influencia diretamente a taxa de turnover, de crescimento e metabólica, principalmente para os músculos da coxa e do peito. Para os tecidos musculares, o tratamento 85Lys foi o que apresentou menores valores de meia vida e troca total. Quando os níveis eram acima do recomendado Rostagno et al. (2011), o tratamento 115Lys, promoveu redução da taxa de turnover e metabólica. Para essa metodologia, o tecido muscular esquelético e o fígado mostraram ser mais adequado, diferentemente da tíbia. Baseado nos resultados das análises isotópicas, o tratamento 115Lys favoreceu a taxa de troca isotópica, diferentemente do tratamento 85Lys, sendo então considerado menos adequado para frango de corte na fase de crescimento. / This study aims to evaluate and validate the methodology of stable isotopes and adds additional information to those obtained with conventional methodology dose and response in studies of nutrient requirements of broilers from 1 to 20 days of age fed with different levels of lysine digestible. We conducted a trial test using the dose response methodology and another with the isotopic dilution. The tests were completely randomized design and in both the diets followed the recommendations proposed by Rostagno et al. (2011) except lysine. Diets were formulated based on the plants photosynthetic cycle C3 and consisted of: 100Lys (1.17% lysine, according to the recommendation of Rostagno et al. (2011)); 85Lys (1.01% lysine); 90Lys (1.06% lysine); 95Lys (1.11% lysine); 105Lys (1.23% lysine); 110Lys (1.29% lysine) and 115Lys (1.35% digestible lysine). In the assay with dose-response technique, performance and carcass yield were evaluated and the assay technique of stable isotopes was evaluated carbon-13 turnover in the liver, tibia, breast and thigh muscle. Performance analysis showed a significant difference only for feed intake (P<0,013), with higher consumption for 100Lys treatment and lower for 95Lys. The 105Lys treatment showed the highest carcass yield (P<0,007), but when measured in terms of absolute weight, there was a heavier weight for carcass (P<0,001), breast (P<0,001) and thigh (P<0,027) for 115Lys treatment and, the heavier weight for drumstick (P<0,001) for105Lys treatment. In isotope dilution assay, it was observed that the level of lysine in the diet directly influences turnover rates, growth and metabolic. The 85Lys treatment showed the lowest values of half-life and full exchange when evaluated the rates of turnover and metabolic. But when the lysine levels were administered were above or as recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011), there are reductions in the rates and metabolic turnover. Based on the results of carcass yield and turnover, it was observed that the treatment 100Lys was suitable for broilers in the initial stage. / FAPESP: 2014/07099-5