Les travaux de thèse visent à optimiser la linéarité des HEMT GaN et intervenir dans la mise en oeuvre d’un banc load-pull multi-tons (MTLP). L’optimisation repose sur la simulation électrique d’un modèle du transistor et la quantification des effets des non-linéarités du modèle, les effets des parasites basses-fréquences soustraits au préalable. La mesure MTLP unifie potentiellement les caractérisations en linéarité traditionnelles. La réalisation de l’environnement de simulation permettant de simuler un modèle et la configuration MTLP accompagnent ces travaux. La modélisation considère un développement 8x0.25x75μm² et un point de repos (30V, 60mA). La caractéristique intrinsèque Id(Vgs, Vds) est identifiée de façon relativement rigoureuse et l’interprétation selon laquelle deux cadences d’émission (longue/rapide) et un seuil d’activation en Vds caractérisant les pièges longs est renforcée. Les modèles petit-signal et thermique sur Cgd sont directement extraits de paramètres [S] BF. L’émulation télécom est réalisé avec un signal à 8 raies pures irrégulièrement espacées satisfaisant aux conditions : PAPR=8.5 dB et loi gaussienne des composantes I,Q(t). Le choix des fréquences nous prémunit de l’interférence parmi IM3,5 (intermodulation d’ordre 3,5) et raies principales et l’acquisition (amplitude/phase) couvrent raies principales et d’IM3 de de relation fi + fj-fk et 2 fi-fj. Le critère de linéarité est celui du C/13 (taux d'intermodulation d'ordre3). Les signaux mono-/bi-porteuses sont parallèlement mis en oeuvre pour mesurer et comparer la linéarité de technologies GH25, GH50 et concurrente à 2 et 4 GHz. La nonlinéarité parasite est quantifiée sur la puissance disponible à l’entrée ( 1/2|a1|2 ) et l’analyse conjointe des caractéristiques temporelles d’enveloppe est proposée. / The PhD aims at optimizing the linearity of GaN HEMT in addition to the development and exploitation of a multi-tone load-pull bench (MTLP). The optimization is commonly based on electrical simulations implementing a model of the transistor and telecom signal and consists of identifying the influence of each non-linearity while annihilating low-frequency parasitics effects (models). The MTLP experiment has some capability to unify the classical linearity characterizations. The electrical simulation consistent with MTLP data is also suggested. The modelling focus on a 8x0.25x75μm² HEMT GaN sample and a (30V, 60mA) quiescent bias. The intrinsic Id(Vgs,Vds) characteristic is more accurately evaluated and more consistent look the interpretation that two types of emission time-scale (fast and long) plus a Vds trigger threshold (15V) characterizing the ‘long’ trap. The small-signal and the thermal model related to Cgd are straightforwardly extracted from low-frequency [S] parameters. A signal composed of unequally-spaced 8 tones has a PAPR=8.5 dB and Gaussian statistical rule of its I,Q(t) components (telecom properties). The frequency set implies no interferences among IM3,5 (3rd,5th order intermodulation ratio) and main tones. Power-wave acquisition cover the main tones and IM3 satisfying fi + fj-fk and 2 fi-fj. The C/I3 (3rd order carrier-to-intermodulation ratio) is the main linearity criterion. CW (Continuous Wave) and two-tone signals are also put into operation to survey and compare the linearity performances of GH25, GH50 and acompetitor. The parasitic non-linearity is quantified ( 1/2|a1|2 ) and the time-domain analysis give rise to interpretation about how trap effect may interact with linearity.

[pt] O desempenho de sistemas de comunicações modernos que utilizam técnicas de modulação multiportadora como, por exemplo, o OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), é altamente sensível às distorções não lineares geradas principalmente por amplificadores de alta potência (HPAs). De modo a caracterizar completamente estas distorções, os efeitos de memória destes dispositivos têm que ser considerados. Estes efeitos tornam-se mais importantes à medida que a largura de banda do sinal aumenta. Por outro lado, o aumento na duração do símbolo dos sistemas multiportadora torna-o mais sensível às variações de tempo dos canais móveis. Em particular o efeito doppler tende a prejudicar a ortogonalidade entre as sub-portadoras, gerando interferências entre sub-portadoras (Inter-Carrier Interference - ICI). Assim, torna-se importante o estudo dos efeitos de não-linearidades e canais variantes no tempo em sistemas OFDM, principalmente em sistemas de comunicações móveis. Os trabalhos atualmente disponíveis na literatura se limitam a avaliar os efeitos de não linearidades invariantes no tempo ou o efeito de canais lineares variantes no tempo. Assim, no presente trabalho são desenvolvidas expressões matemáticas que permitem avaliar o efeito conjunto de não-linearidades e canais variantes no tempo sobre sinais OFDM. A investigação deste efeito é realizada em dois níveis: efeito sobre o espectro do sinal OFDM e efeito sobre o desempenho do sistema. As expressões analíticas obtidas para ambos os níveis de investigação consideraram a modelagem do canal não-linear variante no tempo por uma Série de Volterra. Resultados numéricos que avaliam o espalhamento espectral e o impacto sobre a taxa de erro de bits em situações específicas são apresentados. / [en] The performance of modern communications systems that use multicarrier modulation techniques such as, for example, OFDM(Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), is highly sensitive to nonlinear distortions generated mainly by high power amplifiers (HPAs). In order to fully characterize these distortions, the memory effects of these devices must be considered. These effects become more important as the signal bandwidth increases. On the other hand, the increase in symbol duration makes multicarriers systems more sensitive to time variations as those in mobile channels. In particular, the Doppler effect tends to impair the orthogonality between sub-carriers, resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI). Therefore, the study of the effects of nonlinearities and time-varying channels on OFDM systems performance becomes important, mainly in mobile communications systems. The studies currently available in the literature are limited to evaluating the effects of time invariant non-linearities or the effects of linear time varying channels. In this work, mathematical expressions are developed to evaluate the joint effect of nonlinearities and time-varying channels on OFDM systems. The investigation of these effects is performed at two levels: the effect on the spectrum of OFDM signal and effect on the system s performance. In deriving the analytical expressions related to both levels of investigation the time-varying non-linear channel was modeled by a Volterra Series. Numerical results, obtained for specific situations, illustrate the resulting impact on the OFDM spectrum (spreading) and on the system s bit error rate performance.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22900号 / 人博第969号 / 新制||人||229(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||969(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷口 一美, 教授 藤田 耕司, 准教授 守田 貴弘, 教授 山梨 正明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

The thesis deals with the construction of a linear power amplifier. Theoretical analysis of the final work explains the function of the amplifier blocks, which is necessary to understand the functions of the whole construction. Thesis continues in simulation analysis of separate blocks or whole construction and at the end of the implementation of the complete power amplifier.

L'imagerie électromagnétique est le problème de la détermination de la distribution de matériaux à partir de champs diffractés mesurés venant du domaine les contenant et sous investigation. Résoudre ce problème inverse est une tâche difficile car il est mal posé en raison de la présence d'opérateurs intégraux (de lissage) utilisés dans la représentation des champs diffractés en terme de propriétés des matériaux, et ces champs sont obtenus à un ensemble fini et non nécessairement optimal de points via des mesures bruitées. En outre, le problème inverse est non linéaire simplement en raison du fait que les champs diffractés sont des fonctions non linéaires des propriétés des matériaux. Le travail décrit traite du caractère mal posé de ce problème d'imagerie électromagnétique en utilisant des techniques de régularisation basées sur la parcimonie, qui supposent que le(s) diffracteurs(s) ne capture(nt) de fait qu'une petite fraction du domaine d'investigation. L'objectif principal est d'étudier de manière approfondie la régularisation de parcimonie pour les problèmes inverses non linéaires. Par conséquent, nous nous concentrons sur la méthode de Tikhonov non linéaire normalisée qui résout directement le problème de minimisation non linéaire en utilisant les itérations de Landweber, où une fonction de seuillage est appliquée à chaque étape pour promouvoir la contrainte de parcimonie. Ce schéma est accéléré à l'aide d'une méthode de descente de plus grande pente projetée et remplace l'opération de seuillage pour faire respecter cette contrainte. Cette approche a également été implémentée dans un domaine d'ondelettes qui permet une représentation précise de la fonction inconnue avec un nombre réduit de coefficients. En outre, nous étudions une méthode corrélée à la parcimonie qui offre de multiples solutions parcimonieuses qui partagent un support commun non nul afin de résoudre le problème non linéaire concerné. / So-called quantitative electromagnetic imaging focused onto here is the problem of determining material properties from scattered fields measured away from the domain under investigation. Solving this inverse problem is a challenging task because it is ill-posed due to the presence of (smoothing) integral operators used in the representation of scattered fields in terms of material properties, and scattered fields are obtained at a finite set of points through noisy measurements. Moreover, the inverse problem is nonlinear simply due the fact that scattered fields are nonlinear functions of the material properties. The work described in this thesis deals with the ill-posedness of the electromagnetic imaging problem using sparsity-based regularization techniques, which assume that the scatterer(s) capture only a small fraction of the investigation domain and/or can be described in sparse fashion on a certain basis. The primary aim of the thesis is to intensively investigate sparsity regularization for nonlinear inverse problems. Therefore, we focus on sparsity-regularized nonlinear Tikhonov method which directly solves the nonlinear minimization problem using Landweber iterations, where a thresholding function is applied at every iteration step to promote the sparsity constraint. This scheme is accelerated using a projected steepest descent method and replaces the thresholding operation to enforce the sparsity constraint. This approach has also been implemented in wavelet domain which allows an accurate representation of the unknown function with a reduced number of coefficients. Additionally, we investigate a method correlated with the joint sparsity which gives multiple sparse solutions that share a common nonzero support in order to solve concerned nonlinear problem.

The main goal of this thesis was to develop tools and methods for creating new music for the Japanese bamboo flute shakuhachi. Shakuhachi is an end-blown bamboo flute, which has existed in Japan since the seventh century. The oldest shakuhachi solo repertoire, honkyoku, can be considered as “tone-color melodies”, where the expression is primarily happening through microtonal alterations of pitch and timbre, while the melody is secondary. An early fascination with timbre led the author to the shakuhachi and its sound aesthetics, and towards exploring new methods for making music. The main method described is composing through improvisation, using nonlinearity to focus on the present with the sound and timbre of shakuhachi. To learn about unconscious factors during music making, a micro-phenomenological interview method is used, aiming to reach a deeper understanding of the decision-making and the pre-reflective experience during improvisation. The history, learning methods, aesthetics, and concepts of Japanese traditional shakuhachi music are explored to give inspiration and context for the work, in the search for a personal musical expression within the tradition. Analysis of timbral gestures is conducted to further research the timbral aspect of Japanese traditional music, as well as to analyze the musical connection between Japanese traditional shakuhachi music and the music composed in the project.

Railway Catenary systems play a crucial role in the safe and reliable transportation of goods and people throughout the world. Monitoring the catenary infrastructure is crucial for safety purposes and therefore requires inspections. However, the current inspection methods are not sufficient for detecting all possible failure modes. The use of lidar has been proposed to augment the current inspection methods. This research proposes two methods for the classification of various overhead catenary components, resulting from lidar data, both solely relying on the coordinates of the captured datapoints. The methods resulted from a literature analysis and the parameters were obtained trough experimentation with a small dataset. The methods were validated using a larger dataset of 22.5 km between Boden and Gällivare and achieved promising outcomes. The first method resulted in an F1 score of 93,37% was obtained with 87,39% accuracy, whereas the second method, using a simple morphological region filtered obtain an F1 score of 95,48% and an accuracy of 91,27%. The novel contributions of the processing of lidar data in railway infrastructure is the use of a simple morphological region filter and the use of surface variation, a geometric feature for the extraction of masts and bridges. Further research is advised into the computational efficiency and further classification of components in the overhead catenary system.

Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) is the preferred third generation (3G) communication standard for mobile communications and will provide worldwide coverage, a convenient software technology and very high data rate. The high data rate, especially, requires the use of bandwidth-efficient modulation schemes such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). But modulation schemes such as QPSK need, in turn, a very linear power from the output of the transmitter power amplifier in order to meet the spectral requirements. A linear power amplifier, traditionally, has very low energy efficiency. Poor energy efficiency directly affects operational costs and causes thermal heating issues in base station transmitters. Thus the power amplifier designer is forced to trade-off between linearity and efficiency. As a result of this trade-off a Class-AB power amplifier is most often used in QPSK based systems. Class-AB power amplifiers provide acceptable linearity at efficiency values around 45-50% typically. This compromise is not a satisfactory solution but is inevitable while using traditional power amplifier design techniques. This thesis details the use of a Class-F amplifier with carefully chosen bias points and harmonic traps to overcome this problem. Class-F amplifiers are usually considered as very high efficiency (80% or more power-added efficiency) amplifiers where the high efficiency is obtained through the use of harmonic traps (L-C filters or quarter-wavelength transmission lines), which provide suitable terminations (either open or short) for the harmonics generated. By doing this, a square wave drain voltage and a peaked half-sinusoidal drain current out-of-phase by 180 are produced. Since only a drain voltage or a drain current exists at any given time, the power dissipation is ideally zero resulting in 100% theoretical efficiency. These very high efficiency values are usually associated with poor linearity. However the linearity can be improved to meet the design standards but compromising on efficiency. Even after this is done, efficiencies are usually 10 to 15% greater than a traditional Class AB power amplifier with similar linearity performance. Thus efficiency can be improved without affecting linearity by the use of Class-F power amplifiers. In order to verify this theory, a Class-AB and a Class-F power amplifier are designed using Motorola's high voltage laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor. The choice of bias points and the design of the harmonic traps are very critical for the Class-F performance and hence were designed after careful consideration. The designs were simulated on Agilent's Advanced Design System (ADS) and the simulated results were compared for three different power levels namely, the peak power, 3 dB below peak power and 6 dB below peak power. At all of these power levels it was noted that the Class-F and Class-AB power amplifiers have very similar linearity performance whereas the Class-F power amplifiers show about 10% improvement in efficiency in comparison to the Class-AB power amplifiers. / Master of Science

Radicalization is as a formidable challenge for several nations. While radicalization continues to flare across the world, empirical evidence and consensus regarding its determinants remain scarce. This cumulative dissertation aims to contribute to understanding the determinants of radicalization based on three research papers. The first paper undertakes a systematic review of the existing scientific literature on radicalization. The second paper empirically tests the predictive power of the most plausible factors identified in the systematic review. The third paper empirically investigates the existence of non-linearities in the relationship between radicalization and socioeconomic factors.:1. Introduction 2. Understanding the Determinants of Radicalization: A Systematic Review 3. An Empirical Assessment of the Determinants of Radicalization: Evidence from North-Western Pakistan 4. Socioeconomic Factors and Radicalization in Pakistan: A Non-Linear Exploration 5. References

Yes / RF power amplifiers in mobile WiMAX transceivers operate in an inherently nonlinear manner. It is possible to amplify the signal in the linear region, and avoid distortion, using output power back-off; however, this approach may suffer significant reduction in efficiency and power output. This paper investigates the use of Doherty techniques instead of back-off, to simultaneously achieve good efficiency and acceptable linearity. A 3.5 GHz Doherty RFPA has been designed and optimized using a large signal model simulation of the active device, and performance analysis under different drive levels. However, the Doherty EVM is generally poor for mobile WiMAX. Linearity may be improved by further digital pre-distortion, and a simple pre-distortion method using forward and reverse AM-AM and AM-PM modeling. Measurements on the realized amplifier show that this approach satisfies the EVM requirements for WiMAX base stations. It exhibits a PAE over 60%, and increases the maximum linear output power to 43 dBm, whilst improving the EVM.