Thus far, politeness in Old and Middle French and in older languages in general has not been closely examined. This dissertation therefore presents a detailed linguistic analysis of politeness in Medieval French. Relying heavily on data from a wide range of texts from Latin to Middle French, this dissertation discusses several aspects of linguistic politeness that traditionally have been misinterpreted or not considered. First and foremost, the evidence indicates that polite and deferential speech existed from early Latin onward, although its representation could vary from one period to another. The analysis of the linguistic systems of Latin and Medieval French introduces non-pronominal linguistic devices used to express politeness, the role of the pronominal address system in polite speech, and the evolution of the pronominal address system after the emergence of the deferential pronoun vous. Moreover, a diachronic analysis of the data reveals the spread of conventionalized polite and formal language, which was an instrument representing upper class society, to middle class society and the generalization of the polite linguistic devices in Middle French. This observation shows that, paradoxically, in the Classical period, conventional polite language could no longer be associated merely with upper class society. Subsequently, in contrast to the majority of previous studies, it is argued that the alleged inconsistency in the use of the pronominal address system of Old French was not significant and that it in fact followed a regular pattern. As a result, the Old French pronominal address system did not represent an irregular or isolated system, but a system in evolution. Finally, from a sociolinguistic perspective, this study partially supports the theory of a universal view of politeness postulated by Brown and Levinson (1987), because some of polite linguistic devices put forth in their theory (e.g. honorifics, impersonal structures, hedges, etc.) are found in older languages. Yet, this dissertation emphasizes that strategies used to express politeness changed over time, indicating that politeness is culturally defined. / text

TEIXEIRA, Letícia Adriana Pires. A polidez na conversa de pessoas esquizofrênicas figuratividade, estratégias e faces. 2011. 274f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2011. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-26T12:45:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_lapteixeira.pdf: 1908264 bytes, checksum: 1f1f1e2a73ed861e5bd56fc7b628f039 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-26T12:54:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_lapteixeira.pdf: 1908264 bytes, checksum: 1f1f1e2a73ed861e5bd56fc7b628f039 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-26T12:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_lapteixeira.pdf: 1908264 bytes, checksum: 1f1f1e2a73ed861e5bd56fc7b628f039 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Este estudo apresenta uma análise da linguagem de pessoas com esquizofrenia, em surto psicótico, tendo como foco o fenômeno da polidez linguística, a partir da figuratividade. Para tanto, procuramos verificar como os participantes da conversação interagem uns com os outros, fazendo o trabalho com as faces (E.Goffman), e como eles utilizam o fenômeno da linguagem figurada, mais especificamente da metáfora, como estratégia de polidez linguística. Para compreender a linguagem de pessoas com transtornos mentais, analisamos as conversas de pacientes do Hospital Myra Y Lopes nos anos 2009 e 2010, bem como as conversas já transcritas por Brito (2005), Teixeira (2001) e Picardi (1999). Adotamos, como referencial teórico básico, os postulados de Brown; Levinson (1987), Leech (1983) Goffman (1967), Lakoff (1987, 1989, 1993,), Lakoff; Johnson (1980, 1999), Volker (2001) entre outros estudiosos dessa temática. Como resultado da análise, constatamos que os esquizofrênicos usam a figuratividade como estratégia de polidez linguística e, dependendo do nível de gravidade da doença, não são totalmente alienados aos acontecimentos e às significações ideológicas, nem aos eventos sociais e culturais que envolvem o processo conversacional. Detectamos que eles são polidos e que as estratégias e modos de polidez, usados por eles, não são dotados de valor absoluto, apesar de a polidez ser tida como um fenômeno universal.

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Este trabalho investiga a polidez lingüística nas negociações de telemarketing. Visa a demonstrar como se dá este funcionamento e pretende contribuir para a melhor compreensão do processo de polidez em ambientes muitas vezes hostis e sempre inesperados, como é o caso do telemarketing ativo. O corpus é composto pela transcrição de ligações telefônicas dos departamentos de telemarketing do BankBoston e SOS Computadores. No discurso informativo e de interesse comercial, característico do telemarketing, a polidez facilita a interação, quanto mais interesse comercial houver no contexto, mais importante se tornará usar de polidez. Já que a unilateralidade da situação não permite a abordagem face a face, a entonação da voz e outros índices serão fundamentais para demonstrar cortesia ou polidez. / This research aims to investigate linguistic politeness during telemarketing conversations and negotiations. The central concern is to demonstrate how this process works and contributes to a better understanding of linguistic politeness in hostile and unexpected environment - such is the case of active telemarketing approaches. The used corpus is composed by conversations among BankBoston Telemarketing Department and its juridical clients, as well as SOS Computadores and its prospect clients. Politeness helps commercial interaction, especially when the situation doesn’t allow face-to-face interaction. Voice intonation and other language resources will be fundamental to better promote the idea of linguistic politeness during telemarketing conversation.

This thesis investigates self-guiding sociopragmatic interactional principles (SIP) in communication and choice of linguistic strategies of politeness during service encounters in Turkish and English. To this end, two questionnaires were administered to 67 monolingual native speakers of English (ENS) by online administration and 85 monolingual native speakers of Turkish (TNS) by pen and paper administration who were all university students. Data were collected (1) by a SIP questionnaire to determine what principles are important in deciding what to say, and (2) by a linguistic strategies of politeness questionnaire (LSQ) to determine the strategies subjects would employ in conflict-generating service encounters. Three sociopragmatic interactional superprinciples were identified through factor analysis, namely (a) Tact (cost-benefit), (b) Relational Communicative Style, and (c) Task achievement. It has been found that face is of central value in communication and the key to the design of politeness and that its maintenance appears to be a prerequisite to adjusting communicative style and goal-orientation. Results indicate that the major differences between TNS and ENS were related to the principles of &amp / #8216 / sounding restrained&amp / #8217 / , &amp / #8216 / sounding humorous&amp / #8217 / , and &amp / #8216 / sounding warm and friendly&amp / #8217 / . The principles of &amp / #8216 / hinting&amp / #8217 / and &amp / #8216 / clarity&amp / #8217 / were not found as opposites for the TNS whereas they were in negative correlation for the ENS. Moreover, findings for the LSQ demonstrate that realization of self-goal was more important for TNS than ENS as reflected in conflict-maximizing linguistic strategy choice. The study underscores the need for a novel approach to politeness that incorporates SIPs choice of linguistic strategy.

Ši daktaro disertacija yra iš lingvistinio mandagumo – lingvistinės pragmatikos srities. Tyrimo objektas – sakytiniai prašymai. Tikslas – ištirti ir sugretinti lietuvių ir anglų prašymų mandagumo strategijas bei jų realizacijas, nustatyti ir paaiškinti tirtų kalbų atstovų prašymų panašumus bei skirtumus. Tiriamoji medžiaga gauta eksperimentiniu diskurso kūrimu testu – atvirosiomis anketomis su prašyti skatinančių situacijų scenarijais. Respondentai – aukštųjų mokyklų studentai: 100 lietuvių ir 100 anglų. Medžiagos klasifikacijai ir analizei naudota Blum-Kulkos ir kt. (1989) sistema, sukurta tirti prašymui kaip pasakymų sekai, sudarytam iš prašymo branduolio (minimalaus ilokucinės jo galios realizacijos vieneto) ir papildomų vidinių bei išorinių modifikacijų. Darbe remiamasi Brown ir Levinsono (1987) teorija, kurioje pasiūlyta perskyra tarp pozityviojo (artumas, solidarumas) ir negatyviojo (atstumas, pagarba) mandagumo. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad nors lietuvių ir anglų prašymai turi daug bendrybių, lietuviškuose atsispindi mažiau dėmesio adresato laisvei ir privatumui, daugiau tiesmukumo, mažiau atsargaus pesimizmo, tikėjimo šnekos akto sėkme ir pan. Tačiau lietuviai labiau nei anglai yra linkę savo prašymus švelninti perteikdami artumą, atsiremdami į savaime suprantamus žmonių įsipareigojimus vieni kitiems, kurdami draugišką bendravimo atmosferą ir pan. Lietuviai, palyginti su negatyviai mandagiais anglais, yra labiau orientuoti į pozityviojo mandagumo tipą. Skirtingi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This doctoral dissertation belongs to the area of linguistic pragmatics. The subject dealt with in this study is the analysis and comparison of spoken requests in Lithuanian and British English. The aim of the study was to compare politeness strategiess and linguistic realizations of requests, to identify and describe the similarities and differences between these directives in the chosen languages. The data has been collected by means of the Discourse Completion Test, which is an open-ended questionnaire used to prompt requests. The answers of 100 Lithuanian university undergraduates and 100 English university undergraduates were studied. The data classification was based upon the coding scheme of Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), which is designed to study requests as a sequence of utterances, which are made of a head act (the minimal unit of the realization of the request’s illocutionary force) and its internal and external modifications. Brown & Levinson’s (1987) theory with its distinction between positive politeness (closeness, solidarity) and negative politeness (distance, deference) was applied. Despite the numerous similarities that were found, the results demonstrate that Lithuanian requests show less consideration of the hearer’s freedom and privacy, less careful pessimism, more directness, and greater belief in a favourable outcome of the speech act, etc. However Lithuanians are inclined to soften their requests by conveying closeness, appealing to the duties and... [to full text]

Ši daktaro disertacija yra iš lingvistinio mandagumo – lingvistinės pragmatikos srities. Tyrimo objektas – sakytiniai prašymai. Tikslas – ištirti ir sugretinti lietuvių ir anglų prašymų mandagumo strategijas bei jų realizacijas, nustatyti ir paaiškinti tirtų kalbų atstovų prašymų panašumus bei skirtumus. Tiriamoji medžiaga gauta eksperimentiniu diskurso kūrimu testu – atvirosiomis anketomis su prašyti skatinančių situacijų scenarijais. Respondentai – aukštųjų mokyklų studentai: 100 lietuvių ir 100 anglų. Medžiagos klasifikacijai ir analizei naudota Blum-Kulkos ir kt. (1989) sistema, sukurta tirti prašymui kaip pasakymų sekai, sudarytam iš prašymo branduolio (minimalaus ilokucinės jo galios realizacijos vieneto) ir papildomų vidinių bei išorinių modifikacijų. Darbe remiamasi Brown ir Levinsono (1987) teorija, kurioje pasiūlyta perskyra tarp pozityviojo (artumas, solidarumas) ir negatyviojo (atstumas, pagarba) mandagumo. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad nors lietuvių ir anglų prašymai turi daug bendrybių, lietuviškuose atsispindi mažiau dėmesio adresato laisvei ir privatumui, daugiau tiesmukumo, mažiau atsargaus pesimizmo, tikėjimo šnekos akto sėkme ir pan. Tačiau lietuviai labiau nei anglai yra linkę savo prašymus švelninti perteikdami artumą, atsiremdami į savaime suprantamus žmonių įsipareigojimus vieni kitiems, kurdami draugišką bendravimo atmosferą ir pan. Lietuviai, palyginti su negatyviai mandagiais anglais, yra labiau orientuoti į pozityviojo mandagumo tipą. Skirtingi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This doctoral dissertation belongs to the area of linguistic pragmatics. The subject dealt with in this study is the analysis and comparison of spoken requests in Lithuanian and British English. The aim of the study was to compare politeness strategiess and linguistic realizations of requests, to identify and describe the similarities and differences between these directives in the chosen languages. The data has been collected by means of the Discourse Completion Test, which is an open-ended questionnaire used to prompt requests. The answers of 100 Lithuanian university undergraduates and 100 English university undergraduates were studied. The data classification was based upon the coding scheme of Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), which is designed to study requests as a sequence of utterances, which are made of a head act (the minimal unit of the realization of the request’s illocutionary force) and its internal and external modifications. Brown & Levinson’s (1987) theory with its distinction between positive politeness (closeness, solidarity) and negative (distance, deference) politeness was applied. Despite the numerous similarities that were found, the results demonstrate that Lithuanian requests show less consideration of the hearer’s freedom and privacy, less careful pessimism, more directness, and greater belief in a favourable outcome of the speech act, etc. However Lithuanians are inclined to soften their requests by conveying closeness, appealing to the duties and... [to full text]

nÃo hà / A presente tem como objetivo analisar os modos de organizaÃÃo de interaÃÃes verbais realizadas entre pesquisadores e estudantes universitÃrios, destacando-se as estratÃgias de polidez utilizadas pelos falantes cabo-verdianos e timorenses em entrevistas do PROFALA (entrevistas que seguem o modelo ALiB â Atlas LinguÃstico do Brasil). A anÃlise incidirà sobre 40 entrevistas do QuestionÃrio FonÃtico-FonolÃgico (QFF), estratificadas em procedÃncia (Cabo Verde/ Timor Leste), sexo (masculino e feminino) e tempo de permanÃncia no Brasil (mais de seis meses e menos de seis meses), aplicadas a estudantes de Cabo-Verde e Timor Leste dos cursos de graduaÃÃo da UFC e da UNILAB. Partimos do pressuposto de que a polidez possui carÃter multidisciplinar, pretendemos desenvolver a pesquisa com apoio de trÃs diferentes Ãreas do conhecimento: a PragmÃtica, a AnÃlise da ConversaÃÃo e a SociolinguÃstica interacional. Para isso, buscamos apoio na teoria de polidez defendida por Brown e Levinson (1987); Watts (2003); Leech (1983, 2005); nas produÃÃes de Goffman ([1967] 2011), numa visÃo das interaÃÃes, dos encontros, de Gumperz (1982), Phillips (1976), Marcuschi (2002), Castilho (2003) no que diz respeito à dinÃmica interacional das entrevistas-questionÃrios e à utilizaÃÃo de marcadores conversacionais linguÃsticos e nÃo linguÃsticos. A verificaÃÃo da funcionalidade dos marcadores à importante porque determina sua relaÃÃo com as estratÃgias de polidez selecionadas pelos falantes. A metodologia desenvolvida à de base qualiquantitativa, a quantificaÃÃo à apenas um parÃmetro usado para verificar as tendÃncias. O formato das entrevistas segue um padrÃo prÃ-estabelecido (QFF), no entanto, no seu desenvolvimento os entrevistadores deixam o papel de animadores e se tornam autores, criando uma nova dinÃmica de participaÃÃo que torna necessÃria a mudanÃa de alinhamento do entrevistado, sem perder de vista as estratÃgias de preservaÃÃo da imagem, assim como da polidez linguÃstica. A polidez foi usada como uma estratÃgia predominante nas interaÃÃes, percebemos que as mulheres mostraram uma preocupaÃÃo maior do que a dos homens com a preservaÃÃo de suas faces; enquanto que em relaÃÃo à procedÃncia, os cabo-verdianos parecem estar mais engajados e cooperativos do que os timorenses, o que pode sugerir maior polidez. Os estudantes de maior tempo de permanÃncia no Brasil mostraram-se mais engajados com a equipe de documentadores, parecendo existir maior polidez, abstraÃda da utilizaÃÃo dos marcadores conversacionais de atenuaÃÃo, de concordÃncia, do marcador âriso‟ e da busca de aprovaÃÃo. / This paper aims to analyze the organization of verbal interactions between researchers and university students, we focused in politeness strategies used by Cape Verdean and Timorese speakers interviews for PROFALA (the questionnaire-interviews follow the ALiB model â Linguistic Atlas from Brazil). The analysis concerns 40 interviews based on the phonetic-phonological questionnaire (PPQ), we divided in origin (Cape Verde/East Timor), gender (male/female), and residence time in Brazil (more than six months and less than six months). We assumed that politeness is multidisciplinary, consequently, we developed this research through the support of three different areas of knowledge: Pragmatics, Conversation Analysis, and Interactional Sociolinguistics. In addition, we used the politeness concept proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987); Watts (2003); Leech (1983, 2005); and Goffman ([1967] 2011); we based the interaction in meeting concept, concerning the interactional dynamics of questionnaire-interviews and the use of linguistic and non-linguistic conversational markers, in Gumperz (1982), Phillips (1976), Marcuschi (2002) and Castilho (2003). It is important to check the functionality of the conversational markers to determine its relation with the politeness strategies used by the speakers. The methodology adopted is quali-quantitative; quantification was used as a parameter to verify trends, without the pretension of being undeniable. The questionnaires and interviews layout follow a pattern (QFF); however, during its development the interviewers assume the role of authors instead of entertainers, creating a new dynamic of participation for the interviewee without losing image preservation strategies and linguistic politeness. Politeness was used as the main strategy during the interaction; we noticed that women were more concerned about face work than men were; concerning the origin, Cape Verdeans were more engaged and collaborative than Timorese people, which suggests more politeness. The students with more residence time in Brazil were more engaged with the documentation team, their relationship seems to be more polite, but with lower use of attenuation marker, agreement marker, âlaughâ marker and the pursuit of approval.

Este trabalho investiga a polidez lingüística nas negociações de telemarketing. Visa a demonstrar como se dá este funcionamento e pretende contribuir para a melhor compreensão do processo de polidez em ambientes muitas vezes hostis e sempre inesperados, como é o caso do telemarketing ativo. O corpus é composto pela transcrição de ligações telefônicas dos departamentos de telemarketing do BankBoston e SOS Computadores. No discurso informativo e de interesse comercial, característico do telemarketing, a polidez facilita a interação, quanto mais interesse comercial houver no contexto, mais importante se tornará usar de polidez. Já que a unilateralidade da situação não permite a abordagem face a face, a entonação da voz e outros índices serão fundamentais para demonstrar cortesia ou polidez. / This research aims to investigate linguistic politeness during telemarketing conversations and negotiations. The central concern is to demonstrate how this process works and contributes to a better understanding of linguistic politeness in hostile and unexpected environment - such is the case of active telemarketing approaches. The used corpus is composed by conversations among BankBoston Telemarketing Department and its juridical clients, as well as SOS Computadores and its prospect clients. Politeness helps commercial interaction, especially when the situation doesn’t allow face-to-face interaction. Voice intonation and other language resources will be fundamental to better promote the idea of linguistic politeness during telemarketing conversation.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / Under the pragmatic studies, all face to face verbal interaction is intrinsically threatening because the speakers, when in contact with each other, cause an unbalance of the faces, so the use of strategies is needed to protect them. Thus, in a broad sense, all verbal activity is considered as a context of 'politeness' and, broadly speaking, this is understood as the use of strategies to prevent, mitigate or remedy any threats to the face of either speaker or interlocutor, in order to support the balance of interpersonal relationships. Alongside this perspective, the aim of this study is to investigate the status of linguistic politeness in speech of university students in Lagarto city, in sociolinguistic interviews, correlating them with the relations of symmetrical gender (man/man, woman/woman) and asymmetric (woman/man, man/woman). More specifically, it seeks to ascertain the 'gender and linguistic politeness' interface from the identification of strategies of 'politeness' used by university students in Lagarto city. It starts with the assumption that men and women have a different behavior regarding the use of politeness strategies and that the type of gender relations (symmetric and asymmetric) influences the use of those strategies for men and women. To realize such a proposal, this study is guided by the theoretical basis of Brown’s and Levisnson’s politeness model (2011 [1987]) and the reformulation of that model made by Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006). It’s also guided by works such as Lakoff (1973), Fishman (1978), Zimmermann and West (1983), Tannen (1990), Eckert and McConnell-Ginette (1992) ones as well as some others, which discuss the relationship between gender and language and propose some possible approaches to understand that relationship. The corpus used in this study consists, in part, from the sample The Speech of University Students in Lagarto/SE, the community of practice University Students of Lagarto, the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS). From the analysis performed, it’s identified as politeness strategies: i) substitute procedures: indirect formulations of the speech act; modal, temporal and personal index; personal pronouns and rhetorical procedures: litotes and euphemism; ii) Additional procedures: minimizers and rhetorical. Overall, the results point to greater use of politeness strategies by men, especially when maintaining an asymmetrical relationship of sex/gender with the interlocutor (man-woman). On the other hand, women use more politeness strategies in symmetrical relations (woman-woman). / No âmbito dos estudos pragmáticos, toda interação verbal face a face é intrinsecamente ameaçadora, pois os falantes, ao entrarem em contato uns com os outros, ocasionam um desequilíbrio das faces, sendo necessário o uso de estratégias para protegê-las. Assim, em sentido amplo, toda atividade verbal é considerada como contexto de ‘polidez’ e, grosso modo, esta é entendida como a utilização de estratégias para impedir, atenuar ou reparar eventuais ameaças à face do locutor ou do interlocutor, com vistas à manutenção do equilíbrio das relações interpessoais. A par dessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar o estatuto da polidez linguística na fala de universitários lagartenses, em entrevistas sociolinguísticas, correlacionando-a às relações de gênero simétrica (homem/homem, mulher/mulher) e assimétrica (mulher/homem, homem/mulher). Mais especificamente, busca-se averiguar a interface ‘gênero e polidez linguística’ a partir da identificação de estratégias de ‘polidez’ utilizadas por universitários lagartenses. Parte-se da hipótese de que homens e mulheres apresentam um comportamento diferenciado quanto ao uso das estratégias de polidez e de que o tipo de relação de gênero (simétrica e assimétrica) influencia na utilização dessas estratégias por homens e mulheres. Para dar conta de tal proposta, recorre-se ao aporte teórico do modelo de polidez de Brown e Levisnson (2011 [1987]) e às reformulações desse modelo feitas por Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006). Dá-se vez, também, a trabalhos como os de Lakoff (1973), Fishman (1978), Zimmermann e West (1983), Tannen (1990), Eckert e McConnel-Ginet (1992) e outros, que discutem a relação entre gênero e linguagem e propõem algumas abordagens possíveis para a compreensão dessa relação. O corpus utilizado neste estudo consiste em parte da amostra A Fala de Universitários de Lagarto/SE, da comunidade de prática Universitários Lagartenses, da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS). A partir da análise realizada, identificamos como estratégias de polidez: i) procedimentos substitutivos: formulações indiretas do ato de fala; desatualizadores modais, temporais e pessoais; pronomes pessoais e procedimentos retóricos: lítotes e eufemismo; ii) procedimentos subsidiários: os minimizadores e os retóricos. De modo geral, os resultados apontam para uma maior utilização de estratégias de polidez por homem, principalmente quando mantêm uma relação assimétrica de sexo/gênero com o interlocutor (homem-mulher). Já as mulheres utilizam mais estratégias de polidez em relações simétricas (mulher-mulher).