The aim of this Master´s thesis is the contrastive analysis of discourse markers on a selected type of texts in Spanish and Czech language. The thesis is divided in two parts theoretical and practical part. Firstly, in the theoretical part of the thesis, is introduced the textual linguistic the field which studies discourse markers. For wholeness, are briefly mentioned all of the seven standards of textuality with profound focus on textual coherence. Other part of the thesis aims on terminology of discourse markers (especially on conectores), which is problematic, and various classifications according to Czech and Spanish authors. The last part of the theoretical part is dedicated to attitude markers the main theme of this thesis, their characteristics, functions and examples. The practical part of the thesis is introduced by contrastive analysis of attitude markers carried out on selected sample of texts. Firstly the attitude markers are identified and secondly described and classified. Also is mentioned the absolute and relative frequency and comparison of the contrasts and coincidences in both languages. The thesis is finally summarized in Spanish résumé.

El propósito de este estudio es investigar las actitudes lingüísticas de tres grupos de profesores procedentes de España, Suecia y América Latina, hacia las variedades lingüísticas del español en la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera (ELE) en Suecia.Los resultados, basados en un cuestionario con un grupo de informantes relativamente limitado, muestran que una clara mayoría opina que se debe enseñar tanto el español de Europa y de América Latina. Ninguno de los informantes tiene preferencia hacia el español de América Latina, mientras que una minoría considerable se inclina por un español de España. Esta actitud positiva hacia la variedad peninsular es más marcada entre profesores de origen español y entre los profesores que enseñan en el nivel primario en las escuelas suecas.En el cuestionario también se ha comparado la incorporación de aspectos gramaticales, lexicales y fonológicos. Se ha considerado que el grupo de informantes no es suficiente amplio como para poder generalizar los resultados. / The purpose of this study is to investigate three groups of teachers from Spain, Sweden and Latin America regarding their attitudes towards the varieties of Spanish in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE) in Sweden.The results, based on a questionnaire with a relatively limited group of informants, show that a big majority of informants believe that both the Spanish of Spain and Latin American Spanish should be taught. None of the informants had the preference for teaching Latin American Spanish, while a considerable minority was inclined towards Spanish from Spain. This positive attitude towards the peninsular variety is more recognized among teachers of Spanish origin and among the teachers who teaches at the primary school level in Sweden.Grammatical, lexical and phonological aspects have also been compared in the questionnaire but the number of informants in each group was too small for the results to be generalized.

Este trabalho trata das atitudes lingüísticas dos falantes em relação às variedades lingüísticas utilizadas nas duas comunidades pesquisadas. Quando são atribuídos valores aos falantes de uma língua ou variedade lingüística, em última análise, o que está sendo avaliado positiva ou negativamente é a própria língua ou variedade lingüística por eles empregada. Deste modo são observadas as atitudes lingüísticas de prestígio ou desprestígio - preconceito ou estigma - dos falantes nas ocorrências de português padrão, dialeto italiano e português com interferências do dialeto italiano. A análise é realizada a partir dos dados levantados nas pesquisas de campo, por amostragem, de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo e são apresentadas as conclusões advindas deste estudo. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T18:57:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maria Cristina Z Bergamaschi.pdf: 1061607 bytes, checksum: c0fbb615e9036ca849a486e769793726 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-13T18:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maria Cristina Z Bergamaschi.pdf: 1061607 bytes, checksum: c0fbb615e9036ca849a486e769793726 (MD5) / This study refers to the speakers attitude toward linguistic variations used on both studied communities. When values are attributed to the speakers of a language or to linguistic variation, eventually, the language or linguistic variation used by them is being positive or negatively analyzed. Therefore, the speakers linguistic attitudes of prestige or disrepute - prejudice or stigma - are being observed in the occurrences of standard Portuguese, Italian dialect and Portuguese with interference of Italian dialect. The analysis is carried out based on the qualitative and quantitative field research data, through samples, and the conclusions to this study are presented.

Este trabalho trata das atitudes lingüísticas dos falantes em relação às variedades lingüísticas utilizadas nas duas comunidades pesquisadas. Quando são atribuídos valores aos falantes de uma língua ou variedade lingüística, em última análise, o que está sendo avaliado positiva ou negativamente é a própria língua ou variedade lingüística por eles empregada. Deste modo são observadas as atitudes lingüísticas de prestígio ou desprestígio - preconceito ou estigma - dos falantes nas ocorrências de português padrão, dialeto italiano e português com interferências do dialeto italiano. A análise é realizada a partir dos dados levantados nas pesquisas de campo, por amostragem, de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo e são apresentadas as conclusões advindas deste estudo. / This study refers to the speakers attitude toward linguistic variations used on both studied communities. When values are attributed to the speakers of a language or to linguistic variation, eventually, the language or linguistic variation used by them is being positive or negatively analyzed. Therefore, the speakers linguistic attitudes of prestige or disrepute - prejudice or stigma - are being observed in the occurrences of standard Portuguese, Italian dialect and Portuguese with interference of Italian dialect. The analysis is carried out based on the qualitative and quantitative field research data, through samples, and the conclusions to this study are presented.

En este estudio se analizan las actitudes lingüísticas hacia el español andino en universitarios con diferentes contextos sociolingüísticos y socioeconómicos de tres universidades en La Paz, Bolivia, en relación con el español andino. Se utiliza una encuesta que incluye dos técnicas: pares falsos donde los informantes opinan sobre cuatro voces, dos del español andino y dos del español estándar y se mide el índice de solidaridad y de estatus; y un cuestionario de diferenciación semántica que mide las actitudes hacia las diferentes clases de transferencia del aymara al español andino. El análisis de los resultados indica que la actitud hacia los hablantes del español estándar es más positiva que la actitud hacia los hablantes del español andino, hay más solidaridad y más que todo se le asigna más estatus. Son los mismos hablantes del español andino que muestran las actitudes menos positivas. / In this study the linguistic attitudes towards the Andean Spanish of students at three universities with different socio-linguistic and socio-economic contexts in La Paz, Bolivia, are analyzed. In the survey two techniques are used: matched guised where informants evaluate four voices, two Andean Spanish-speaking people and two "standard" Spanish-speaking people in which the rate of solidarity and status is measured; and a questionnaire with a semantic differentiation scale which measures attitudes towards different kinds of transfers from Aymara to Andean Spanish. The results of the analisis indicate that the attitude towards speakers of "standard" Spanish is more positive than the attitude towards Andean Spanish speakers, it provoces more solidarity and especially more status. The very same speakers of Spanish Andean show the least positive attitudes.

Este estudio se dedica a investigar los posibles efectos de un bagaje multilingüe en: (1) las actitudes ante el multilingüismo en general, y, más concretamente ante el español como lengua extranjera, (2) en la capacidad de crear autoimágenes ideales multilingües y como hablantes de español y, finalmente (3) en el esfuerzo intencional de adquirir español como lengua extranjera. Como parte del marco teórico del presente estudio se ha utilizado el componente yo idealdel sistema del yo motivacional de L2, proporcionado en primer lugar por Dörnyei (2005), pero ampliado en nuestro estudio para incluir el nuevo paradigma multilingüe. A través del método cuantitativo, en este caso una encuesta, se han analizado las respuestas de dos grupos de alumnos suecos. Un grupo del alumnado tiene el sueco como lengua materna y el otro grupo tiene un bagaje multilingüe, es decir, tiene otra lengua materna. Los resultados indican que el bagaje multilingüe, en esta selección de participantes, afecta positivamente todas las dimensiones estudiadas, aunque en la primera dimensión acerca de las actitudes, las diferencias son menos significativas. Lo más notable entre los resultados del estudio es la mayor capacidad que muestran los alumnos cuyo bagaje es multilingüe de no sólo crear un yo idealmultilingüe, sino también un yo ideal como hablante de español. Es este un resultado que ilumina el rol motivador del multilingüismo en la adquisición de lenguas y señala la necesidad de crear vías educativas que valoren y fomenten el multilingüismo dentro de la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras. / This study is dedicated to investigating the potential effects of a multilingual background in: (1) attitudes displayed towards multilingualism in general, and more specifically towards Spanish as a foreign language, (2) the ability to create ideal, multilingual images of one’s self and of one’s self as a Spanish speaker, and (3) the intentional effort of acquiring Spanish as a foreign language. Part of the theoretical framework for this study comes from the ideal self from The L2 motivational self system, provided firstly by Dörnyei (2005), but herein expanded to include the new multilingual paradigm. Utilizing the quantitative method, in this case a survey, we have analyzed answers provided by two groups of Swedish students. One student group has Swedish as their mother tongue while the other has a multilingual background, meaning that they have a different mother tongue. The answers reveal that in this group of participants, the multilingual background has a positive effect on all three of the aspects studied, although in the first aspect concerning attitudes, the differences are less significant. What is most notorious about the study results is that the participants possessing a multilingual background have a greater ability to create not only an ideal, multilingual self but also an ideal Spanish speaking self. This fact highlights the motivational role that multilingualism plays when it comes to acquiring languages and it points out the need to create educational channels that value and encourage multilingualism within the teaching of foreign languages.