This thesis studies the particle ne in Standard French as it appears in the ne...pas/personne/rien and the ne...queXP structures. Based on the assumptions of a syntactic theory as developed in the Principles and Parameters, the thesis makes the following main claims: 1. Ne is an expletive. Its function is to satisfy a structural requirement on both the expression of sentence negation and association with focus. It is semantically defective, but it constrains the interpretation of the associate term it combines with (scope-marker function). 2. Some cross linguistic variations in the expression of sentence negation subsumed under a negative concord account are due to the special status of m as an expletive together with the requirement that each object must receive an independent interpretation at the interface with the Conceptual-Intentional system. 3. In the association with focus structure ne.queXP, the meaning of ne...que which is equivalent to [[only]] is not syntactically derived by combining a negative operator and an operator with the meaning of [[other than]], but built in the lexical element que. The unified account of ne in both the sentence negation and association with focus structures makes various empirical predictions. Ne, as a semantically defective element, cannot be free standing combining instead with a denotating element like pas or que, nor can it rescue a negative phrase inside an island although the ne...pas/personne/rien complex does. Ne, as a (clausal) scope marker, precludes local scope interpretations of its negative associates and the element que. Consequently, constituent negation is expressed by pas/personne/rien alone. The que element which combines with ne is excluded from positions where focus particles typically have local scope. In conclusion, cross linguistic variations cannot be reduced to structural constraints, interpretive requirements must also be taken into consideration.

STUDENT NO: 9811739R MASTERS HUMANITIES / ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to investigate how linguistic variations in a literary text can be translated by analysing and comparing the strategies employed by two different French translators when dealing with the works of the Italian author, Andrea Camilleri. Much has been written about the possibility/ impossibility of translation itself, with many writers and critics taking opposing sides on the issue. The intention of this study is not to fuel or further this, in our view, sterile discussion. The point is that translations do exist and have existed for thousands of years: that is, texts in one (source) language have in some way been recreated and rewritten into another (target) language1. By contrast, what has been explored only superficially is how linguistic variations and dialects present in literary texts have been reproduced in the target language. Textual analyses relative to this study will be carried out on selected passages of two different novels (one for each translator). 1 The abbreviations SL and TL will be used to indicate ‘source language’ and ‘target language’ respectively, while ST and TT will be used to indicate ‘target text’ and ‘source text’.

Tomando como objeto o emprego variável da flexão do infinitivo (INF) no português brasileiro (PB), este estudo tem dois interesses centrais: (i) analisar se o emprego da forma flexionada (INFflex) está aumentando nos três contextos sintáticos opcionais originais\" (Bossaglia, 2013a) - orações adverbiais, complementos oracionais de nomes e complementos oracionais de adjetivos - e (ii) investigar se valores sociais positivos, tais como o prestígio geralmente associado à concordância verbal em PB (Mendes & Oushiro, 2015; Naro & Scherre, 1991; Rubio & Gonçalves, 2012; Scherre & Naro, 2014, 2006), estariam sendo atribuídos a INFflex. Para investigar a primeira hipótese, analisa-se quantitativamente o emprego de INFflex em um corpus formado por 1346 teses produzidas por alunos de diferentes unidades da USP entre 1995 e 2014. Quanto à segunda, busca-se, por meio de um estudo de percepção sociolinguística que se desenvolveu com base na técnica de estímulos pareados (Campbell-Kibler, 2008; Labov et al., 2006; Mendes, 2016b; Oushiro, 2015) verificar se falantes são julgados\" como mais inteligentes\", mais escolarizados\" e mais formais\" na presença de INFflex. Os resultados da análise dos dados de produção demonstram que, ao contrário do que se esperava, INFflex não está aumentando na escrita acadêmica. Por outro lado, verificaram-se taxas altas de INFflex com o verbo ser - independentemente do contexto sintático e da pessoa verbal -, em orações adverbiais antepostas à oração principal e com as preposições/locuções prepositivas antes de, ao, após, depois de e por. No que diz respeito à distribuição de INFflex de acordo com a área do conhecimento, verificaram-se maiores proporções de INFflex nas orações adverbiais em teses da área de Humanas. O teste de percepção, por sua vez, revelou que, em contextos sintáticos nos quais o emprego de INFflex é considerado opcional, não houve diferença significativa na forma como as vozes\" foram julgadas; porém, em contextos sintáticos nos quais flexionar o infinitivo é considerado um erro\" do ponto de vista prescritivo, a presença de INFflex levou a percepções de menor inteligência\", menor escolaridade\" e menor formalidade\". Especificamente no caso dos contextos não padrão, verificou-se, ainda, um efeito significativo da variável Idade do participante: as percepções dos participantes mais jovens foram mais neutras\", ao passo que as respostas dos acima de 50 anos foram mais polarizadas: quanto mais velhos, mais negativamente julgaram versões com INFflex e mais positivamente versões com INF0. Tais resultados sugerem que falantes mais jovens percebem com mais naturalidade usos hipercorrigidos de INFflex. / Focusing on the variable use of inected in_nitives (INF) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), the goal of this study is twofold: (i) to investigate if the use of the inflected variant (INFflex) is increasing in three originally\" optional syntactic contexts (Bossaglia, 2013a : 27) - adverbial clauses, noun complements and adjective complements - and (ii) to investigate if positive social values, such as the prestige usually associated with verbal agreement in BP (Mendes & Oushiro, 2015; Naro & Scherre, 1991; Rubio & Gon_calves, 2012; Scherre & Naro, 2014, 2006), are being assigned to INFflex. To test the first hypothesis, the use of INFflex is analyzed in a corpus of 1.346 theses written by USP graduate students from different areas of knowledge from 1995 to 2014. As for the second hypothesis, a matched-guise experiment was conducted (Campbell-Kibler, 2008; Lambert et al., 1960; Mendes, 2016a; Oushiro, 2015) to test if speakers are perceived as more intelligent\", more educated\" and more formal\" when heard using the INFflex guises. Contradicting the study\'s hypothesis, production data show no increase in the use of INFflex in academic writing. However, high rates of INFflex were attested with the verb be - regardless of the syntactic contexts and grammatical person -, in preposed adverbial clauses and with the prepositions antes de, ao, após, depois de and por. As for the area of knowledge, higher rates of INFflex in adverbial clauses were attested in Human Sciences theses. Perception data show no difference in how the voices were perceived when INFflex was used in adverbial clauses. On the other hand, voices were perceived as less intelligent\", less educated\" and less formal\" when INFflex was used in hypercorrect contexts, as expected. In addition, a significant age effect was found in hypercorrect contexts: the older participants, the more negatively they perceived the INFflex guises and the more positively they perceived the non-inflected (INF0) guises. These results suggest that younger speakers perceive hypercorrect use of INFflex as more natural.

Tomando como objeto o emprego variável da flexão do infinitivo (INF) no português brasileiro (PB), este estudo tem dois interesses centrais: (i) analisar se o emprego da forma flexionada (INFflex) está aumentando nos três contextos sintáticos opcionais originais\" (Bossaglia, 2013a) - orações adverbiais, complementos oracionais de nomes e complementos oracionais de adjetivos - e (ii) investigar se valores sociais positivos, tais como o prestígio geralmente associado à concordância verbal em PB (Mendes & Oushiro, 2015; Naro & Scherre, 1991; Rubio & Gonçalves, 2012; Scherre & Naro, 2014, 2006), estariam sendo atribuídos a INFflex. Para investigar a primeira hipótese, analisa-se quantitativamente o emprego de INFflex em um corpus formado por 1346 teses produzidas por alunos de diferentes unidades da USP entre 1995 e 2014. Quanto à segunda, busca-se, por meio de um estudo de percepção sociolinguística que se desenvolveu com base na técnica de estímulos pareados (Campbell-Kibler, 2008; Labov et al., 2006; Mendes, 2016b; Oushiro, 2015) verificar se falantes são julgados\" como mais inteligentes\", mais escolarizados\" e mais formais\" na presença de INFflex. Os resultados da análise dos dados de produção demonstram que, ao contrário do que se esperava, INFflex não está aumentando na escrita acadêmica. Por outro lado, verificaram-se taxas altas de INFflex com o verbo ser - independentemente do contexto sintático e da pessoa verbal -, em orações adverbiais antepostas à oração principal e com as preposições/locuções prepositivas antes de, ao, após, depois de e por. No que diz respeito à distribuição de INFflex de acordo com a área do conhecimento, verificaram-se maiores proporções de INFflex nas orações adverbiais em teses da área de Humanas. O teste de percepção, por sua vez, revelou que, em contextos sintáticos nos quais o emprego de INFflex é considerado opcional, não houve diferença significativa na forma como as vozes\" foram julgadas; porém, em contextos sintáticos nos quais flexionar o infinitivo é considerado um erro\" do ponto de vista prescritivo, a presença de INFflex levou a percepções de menor inteligência\", menor escolaridade\" e menor formalidade\". Especificamente no caso dos contextos não padrão, verificou-se, ainda, um efeito significativo da variável Idade do participante: as percepções dos participantes mais jovens foram mais neutras\", ao passo que as respostas dos acima de 50 anos foram mais polarizadas: quanto mais velhos, mais negativamente julgaram versões com INFflex e mais positivamente versões com INF0. Tais resultados sugerem que falantes mais jovens percebem com mais naturalidade usos hipercorrigidos de INFflex. / Focusing on the variable use of inected in_nitives (INF) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), the goal of this study is twofold: (i) to investigate if the use of the inflected variant (INFflex) is increasing in three originally\" optional syntactic contexts (Bossaglia, 2013a : 27) - adverbial clauses, noun complements and adjective complements - and (ii) to investigate if positive social values, such as the prestige usually associated with verbal agreement in BP (Mendes & Oushiro, 2015; Naro & Scherre, 1991; Rubio & Gon_calves, 2012; Scherre & Naro, 2014, 2006), are being assigned to INFflex. To test the first hypothesis, the use of INFflex is analyzed in a corpus of 1.346 theses written by USP graduate students from different areas of knowledge from 1995 to 2014. As for the second hypothesis, a matched-guise experiment was conducted (Campbell-Kibler, 2008; Lambert et al., 1960; Mendes, 2016a; Oushiro, 2015) to test if speakers are perceived as more intelligent\", more educated\" and more formal\" when heard using the INFflex guises. Contradicting the study\'s hypothesis, production data show no increase in the use of INFflex in academic writing. However, high rates of INFflex were attested with the verb be - regardless of the syntactic contexts and grammatical person -, in preposed adverbial clauses and with the prepositions antes de, ao, após, depois de and por. As for the area of knowledge, higher rates of INFflex in adverbial clauses were attested in Human Sciences theses. Perception data show no difference in how the voices were perceived when INFflex was used in adverbial clauses. On the other hand, voices were perceived as less intelligent\", less educated\" and less formal\" when INFflex was used in hypercorrect contexts, as expected. In addition, a significant age effect was found in hypercorrect contexts: the older participants, the more negatively they perceived the INFflex guises and the more positively they perceived the non-inflected (INF0) guises. These results suggest that younger speakers perceive hypercorrect use of INFflex as more natural.

Nama is a Khoekhoe-language variety spoken in more than three countries namely Namibia, South Africa, Botswana and Angola. The language was previously called the Nama language, however, for pragmatic reasons, to cater for a Damara/Nama union, it is called Khoekhoegowab in Namibia. As far as I know there has been no comprehensive study on Nama/Damara/Khoekhoegowab. A preliminary study was done by Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997). However, as can be seen from the title of this study, it was ‘preliminary’ which means the authors are the first to admit that their study was not complete. The aim of this thesis was to undertake an extensive linguistic analysis of Khoekhoegowab as a way to come up with a comprehensive dialectal inventory. The established dialectal inventory will not only help in the linguistic development of Khoekhoegowab, but also in the determination of a standard linguistic code, leading to iv development of materials. This is important in grammatical descriptions needed for literacy material development and language policy implementation. Following Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997) and Guldenmann (2000, 2003, 2008), the study employed a dialectal difference or comparative approach. Considering the nature of the study, a mixed research design was used to collect the data. The data was drawn from the few available studies on Nama/Damara or Khoekhoegowab dialects such as those by Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997) and Du Plessis (2009). This was supplemented and complemented by document analysis and the various Khoekhoegowab literature. Interviews of limited key informants and focus groups were undertaken in various regions namely (Hardap, Karas and Kunene). The narratives from these interviews were used to determine the dialects currently in place as well as the differences and similarities. The collected data was then treated to a linguistic and dialectal analysis (cf. Guldenmann 2000, 2003, 2008; Du Plessis, 2009) as a way to discover similarities and differences, which will in turn inform the proposal on a possible standard form and composite orthography. The phonological differences of the three dialects under discussion were identified where the vowel system was discussed. With regard to the plain vowels, an argument was made that the Central Nama and Central Damara are in fact similar in terms of vowel inventory compared to Central Nama and the Bondelswarts dialects. The phonetic aspects of the consonant system of the identified dialects were also discussed. A discussion on clicks and click consonants was also made where a distinction was drawn between plain clicks and complex clicks. The morphosyntax v of Khoehoegowab was also discussed where it was obvious that there were mainly more similarities than differences between the dialects. The phonetic inventories identified in chapters 4 and 5 were assessed using data from different sources such as the Bible, the Social Security booklet, the grade 9 school textbook, Facebook (a social media page), Google maps, Khoekhoegowab orthography (2003), and the Ministry of Health booklet. The aim of this was to account for differences and similarities between various materials in terms of symbols used for writing Khoekhoegowab. There were differences observed which were because of the influence of modern technology (especially the electronic keyboard) on the writing practices of Khoekhoegowab speakers. The proposed orthography takes technological developments into account. As a contribution, this study provides new insight into the issues of voicing, and voiced and voiceless consonants. In terms of theory the handling of tone and length was discussed in detail where it was established that tone is phonemic and not vowel length. The issue of whether or not complex clicks should be treated as units or clicks plus an accompaniment was discussed where I argued that the sounds are co-articulated and should be treated as one. Regarding the orthography, although there is orthography, the existing orthography is clearly not adequate as some of the sounds were not correctly captured. This has an implication on teaching the language in the schools. It will help in the revitalizing of Khoekhoegowab compared to more established Bantu languages. / Philosophiae Doctor - PhD

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Nama is a Khoekhoe-language variety spoken in more than three countries namely Namibia, South Africa, Botswana and Angola. The language was previously called the Nama language, however, for pragmatic reasons, to cater for a Damara/Nama union, it is called Khoekhoegowab in Namibia. As far as I know there has been no comprehensive study on Nama/Damara/Khoekhoegowab. A preliminary study was done by Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997). However, as can be seen from the title of this study, it was ‘preliminary’ which means the authors are the first to admit that their study was not complete. The aim of this thesis was to undertake an extensive linguistic analysis of Khoekhoegowab as a way to come up with a comprehensive dialectal inventory. The established dialectal inventory will not only help in the linguistic development of Khoekhoegowab, but also in the determination of a standard linguistic code, leading to development of materials. This is important in grammatical descriptions needed for literacy material development and language policy implementation. Following Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997) and Guldenmann (2000, 2003, 2008), the study employed a dialectal difference or comparative approach. Considering the nature of the study, a mixed research design was used to collect the data. The data was drawn from the few available studies on Nama/Damara or Khoekhoegowab dialects such as those by Haacke, Eiseb and Namaseb (1997) and Du Plessis (2009). This was supplemented and complemented by document analysis and the various Khoekhoegowab literature. Interviews of limited key informants and focus groups were undertaken in various regions namely (Hardap, Karas and Kunene). The narratives from these interviews were used to determine the dialects currently in place as well as the differences and similarities. The collected data was then treated to a linguistic and dialectal analysis (cf. Guldenmann 2000, 2003, 2008; Du Plessis, 2009) as a way to discover similarities and differences, which will in turn inform the proposal on a possible standard form and composite orthography. The phonological differences of the three dialects under discussion were identified where the vowel system was discussed. With regard to the plain vowels, an argument was made that the Central Nama and Central Damara are in fact similar in terms of vowel inventory compared to Central Nama and the Bondelswarts dialects. The phonetic aspects of the consonant system of the identified dialects were also discussed. A discussion on clicks and click consonants was also made where a distinction was drawn between plain clicks and complex clicks. The morphosyntax of Khoehoegowab was also discussed where it was obvious that there were mainly more similarities than differences between the dialects. The phonetic inventories identified in chapters 4 and 5 were assessed using data from different sources such as the Bible, the Social Security booklet, the grade 9 school textbook, Facebook (a social media page), Google maps, Khoekhoegowab orthography (2003), and the Ministry of Health booklet. The aim of this was to account for differences and similarities between various materials in terms of symbols used for writing Khoekhoegowab. There were differences observed which were because of the influence of modern technology (especially the electronic keyboard) on the writing practices of Khoekhoegowab speakers. The proposed orthography takes technological developments into account. As a contribution, this study provides new insight into the issues of voicing, and voiced and voiceless consonants. In terms of theory the handling of tone and length was discussed in detail where it was established that tone is phonemic and not vowel length. The issue of whether or not complex clicks should be treated as units or clicks plus an accompaniment was discussed where I argued that the sounds are co-articulated and should be treated as one. Regarding the orthography, although there is orthography, the existing orthography is clearly not adequate as some of the sounds were not correctly captured. This has an implication on teaching the language in the schools. It will help in the revitalizing of Khoekhoegowab compared to more established Bantu languages.

This research aims to examine attitudes towards linguistic variations,in terms of dialects in Sweden. Previous research has shown that the Swedish population perceives particular dialects more preferable than others and that these attitudes are established at an early stage in their lives. In contrast to prior research, thisessay will focus on whether participants associate particular Swedish dialects with specific characteristics and whether their own dialectal affiliations influenced their viewpoints. To gather data, 218 speakers of various Swedish dialects were asked to complete a survey where they were assigned the task of pairing different characters, with distinct characteristics, featured in an animated film with seven different Swedish dialects. In short, the results show that the participants predominantly voted based on stereotypical notions associated with the various dialects. The dialect spoken in northern Sweden, “norrländska” was a majority of the time paired with the calm and shy character, while both “dalmål” and “gotländska” were often paired with the kind character. Furthermore, the evil, unpopular, beautiful, rich, and eager character was most frequently paired with “stockholmska.” Conversely, the playful and popular character was by a majority of the participants paired with “göteborgska.” The poor and scrawnycharacter was usually paired with “småländska” while most participants stated that “skånska” was the most suitable dialect for the unintelligent, ugly, and chubby character. Moreover, the results also suggest that the participants ́ dialectal affiliations influenced their attitudes as many perceived their own dialect as positive while a majority, regardless of dialect, perceived “göteborgska” as positive while they deemed “stockholmska” as unfavourable.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho, realizamos uma pesquisa sobre as variantes das consoantes palatais lateral e nasal, em seis cidades do Estado do ParÃ, a saber, Altamira, BelÃm, BraganÃa, MarabÃ, Soure, SantarÃm, cada uma delas localizada em uma mesorregiÃo do estado. O corpus à constituÃdo de fala espontÃnea, obtida em forma de narrativa de experiÃncia pessoal junto a 24 informantes nascidos nessas cidades, totalizando 144 informantes, selecionados de acordo com os pressupostos teÃricos da SociolingÃÃstica Quantitativa. O tratamento dos dados leva em conta, alÃm das variÃveis sociais, variÃveis lingÃÃsticas consideradas condicionantes do fenÃmeno de variaÃÃo em estudo, cuja anÃlise estatÃstica à feita pelo uso do pacote de programas VARBRUL (98), em rodadas ternÃrias, conforme a quantidade de variantes identificadas para cada variÃvel lingÃÃstica. AlÃm desta anÃlise, propomos uma interpretaÃÃo dos processos fonolÃgicos envolvidos nas realizaÃÃes fonÃticas a partir dos pressupostos teÃricos da Geometria de TraÃos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os fenÃmenos variÃveis associados Ãs palatais lateral e nasal nos falares estudados sÃo condicionados tanto por fatores lingÃÃsticos quanto sociais, e que podem ser interpretados à luz de uma teoria fonolÃgica, no caso a Fonologia de Geometria de TraÃos. Por essa teoria, verificamos que os fenÃmenos relacionados Ãs variantes desses segmentos podem ser compreendidos como resultantes de ligamento e desligamento de traÃos fonÃticos, caracterizando diferentes variantes fonÃticas, cujos usos, por sua vez, estÃo condicionados pelos valores que lhes sÃo atribuÃdos em conseqÃÃncia de fatores sociais, como sexo, faixa etÃria, escolaridade e origem dos falantes. / In this work we do a research about the variations of the lateral and nasal palatal consonants, in six cities of the state of ParÃ, as follows, Altamira, BelÃm, BraganÃa, MarabÃ, Soure, SantarÃm, each one of them located in a mesoregion of the state. The corpus of the research is constituted of spontaneous speech, obtained in form of narrative of personal experience among 24 informants born in these cities, totalizing 144 informants, selected using the theoretical dispositions of the Quantitative Sociolinguistic. The treating of the data takes into account, besides the social variables, linguistic variables considered as conditionings of the variation phenomenon in study, which statistic analysis is done using the package program VARBRUL (98) in ternary rounds, according the amount of identified variants for each linguistic variation. Besides this analysis, we propose an interpretation of the phonological process involved in the phonetical realization based on the theoretical conditionings of the Features Geometry. The results obtained show that the variable phenomenon associated to the nasal and lateral palatal speeches studied, are conditioned by linguistic as well as social factors, and that can be interpreted in the light of a phonological theory, in the case the Phonology of Features Geometry. In this theory, we can see that the phenomenon related to the variants of these segments can be understood as resultants of connected and disconnected of features, characterizing different phonetical variations, which uses, therefore, are conditioned by the values that are attributed in consequence of social factors, such as sex, age, school education and origin of the speakers.

Este trabalho trata das atitudes lingüísticas dos falantes em relação às variedades lingüísticas utilizadas nas duas comunidades pesquisadas. Quando são atribuídos valores aos falantes de uma língua ou variedade lingüística, em última análise, o que está sendo avaliado positiva ou negativamente é a própria língua ou variedade lingüística por eles empregada. Deste modo são observadas as atitudes lingüísticas de prestígio ou desprestígio - preconceito ou estigma - dos falantes nas ocorrências de português padrão, dialeto italiano e português com interferências do dialeto italiano. A análise é realizada a partir dos dados levantados nas pesquisas de campo, por amostragem, de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo e são apresentadas as conclusões advindas deste estudo. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T18:57:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maria Cristina Z Bergamaschi.pdf: 1061607 bytes, checksum: c0fbb615e9036ca849a486e769793726 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-13T18:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maria Cristina Z Bergamaschi.pdf: 1061607 bytes, checksum: c0fbb615e9036ca849a486e769793726 (MD5) / This study refers to the speakers attitude toward linguistic variations used on both studied communities. When values are attributed to the speakers of a language or to linguistic variation, eventually, the language or linguistic variation used by them is being positive or negatively analyzed. Therefore, the speakers linguistic attitudes of prestige or disrepute - prejudice or stigma - are being observed in the occurrences of standard Portuguese, Italian dialect and Portuguese with interference of Italian dialect. The analysis is carried out based on the qualitative and quantitative field research data, through samples, and the conclusions to this study are presented.

Este trabalho trata das atitudes lingüísticas dos falantes em relação às variedades lingüísticas utilizadas nas duas comunidades pesquisadas. Quando são atribuídos valores aos falantes de uma língua ou variedade lingüística, em última análise, o que está sendo avaliado positiva ou negativamente é a própria língua ou variedade lingüística por eles empregada. Deste modo são observadas as atitudes lingüísticas de prestígio ou desprestígio - preconceito ou estigma - dos falantes nas ocorrências de português padrão, dialeto italiano e português com interferências do dialeto italiano. A análise é realizada a partir dos dados levantados nas pesquisas de campo, por amostragem, de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo e são apresentadas as conclusões advindas deste estudo. / This study refers to the speakers attitude toward linguistic variations used on both studied communities. When values are attributed to the speakers of a language or to linguistic variation, eventually, the language or linguistic variation used by them is being positive or negatively analyzed. Therefore, the speakers linguistic attitudes of prestige or disrepute - prejudice or stigma - are being observed in the occurrences of standard Portuguese, Italian dialect and Portuguese with interference of Italian dialect. The analysis is carried out based on the qualitative and quantitative field research data, through samples, and the conclusions to this study are presented.