<p>Obesity is a major health problem in the Western world. Mean birth weight has increased during the last 25 years. One explanation is that the proportion of large for gestational age (LGA) infants has increased. Such infants risk developing obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes later in life. Despite the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, their postnatal metabolic adaptation has not been investigated. Our data, obtained with stable isotope labeled compounds, demonstrate that newborn LGA infants have increased lipolysis and decreased insulin sensitivity. After administration of glucagon, the plasma levels of glucose and the rate of glucose production increased. The simultaneous increase in insulin correlated with the decrease in lipolysis, indicating an antilipolytic effect of insulin in these infants.</p><p>We also demonstrated an intergenerational effect of being born LGA, since women born LGA, were at higher risk of giving birth to LGA infants than women not born LGA. Further, the LGA infants formed three subgroups: born long only, born heavy only, and born both long and heavy. Infants born LGA of women with high birth weight or adult obesity were at higher risk of being LGA concerning weight alone, predisposing to overweight and obesity at childbearing age. In addition we found that pregnant women with gestational diabetes were at increased risk of giving birth to infants that were heavy alone. This could explain the risk of both perinatal complications and later metabolic disease in infants of this group of women.</p><p>To identify determinants of fetal growth, 20 pregnant women with a wide range of fetal weights were investigated at 36 weeks of gestation. Maternal fat mass was strongly associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was related to glucose production, which correlated positively with fetal size. The variation in resting energy expenditure, which was closely related to fetal weight, was largely explained by BMI, insulin resistance, and glucose production. Lipolysis was not rate limiting for fetal growth in this group of women. Consequently, high maternal glucose production due to a high fat mass may result in excessive fetal growth.</p>

L'obésité est une maladie définie par une accumulation de masse grasse dans le tissu adipeux ayant des conséquences néfastes pour la santé. Les causes de l’obésité sont multiples. Dans un travail récent, il y a été démontré le rôle de la pollution environnementale dans la prise de poids. Dans ce travail, les hypothèses selon lesquelles les récepteurs adrénergiques situés à la surface des cellules adipeuses seraient le siège de l’action des polluants aromatiques polycycliques ont été vérifiées par le dosage de plusieurs agonistes et antagonistes spécifiques et non spécifiques en présence ou non du benzo[a]pyrène sur des récepteurs humains et de cellules d’hamster chinois (CHO). Les quantités d’AMPc obtenues montrent que les HAP ne se déposent pas sur les récepteurs β1, β2, β3 adrénergiques.Cette accumulation se fait au niveau des phospholipides de la membrane cytoplasmique des cellules. Ce qui cause une rigidité des membranes.Cette observation tend à renforcer l'hypothèse selon laquelle le benzo[a]pyrène induirait une inhibition de la lipolyse par l'accumulation au niveau de la bicouche de phospholipides et des changements de conformation de la bicouche de phospholipides dans les environs des récepteurs à sept domaines transmembranaires qui sont β-adrénergiques.La liaison de la bicouche phospholipidique avec les HAP utilisés est une réaction exothermi-que avec un faible dégagement de chaleur / Obesity is a disease defined by an accumulation of fat in adipose tissue with adverse consequences for health. The causes of obesity are many.In recent work, there was demonstrated the role of environmental pollution in weight gain.In this work, the assumptions that the adrenergic receptors on the surface of fat cells would home to the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic pollutants have been verified by measurement of several agonists and antagonists specific and non-specific in the presence or absence of benzo[a]pyrene receptors on human cells and Chinese hamster (CHO). The amounts of cAMP obtained showed that PAHs are not deposited on β-receptors, β1, β2, β3 adrenergic receptors.This accumulation occurs at the cytoplasmic membrane phospholipids of the cells. What cau-ses stiffness of the membranes. This observation tends to reinforce the hypothesis that benzo [a]pyrene induce an inhibition of lipolysis by the accumulation in the phospholipid bilayer and conformational changes of the bilayer phospholipids in the vicinity of receptors seven transmembrane domains which are β-adrenergic receptors

La sécrétion de lipase, la lipolyse extracellulaire et l’absorption des acides gras (AGL) ont été étudiés chez Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) en présence d’huile d’olive et/ou de sucrose. Des mesures d’activité lipase et d’immuno-révélation ont montré que l’activité lipase présente dans le milieu de culture provenait principalement de la lipase YLLIP2. L’huile d’olive induit la production de lipase qui est principalement associée aux cellules pendant les premières heures de cultures. YLLIP2 est ensuite libérée dans le milieu de culture avant d’être totalement dégradée par les protéases. Les triglycérides (TG) sont dégradés alors que la lipase est encore attachée aux cellules. Les produits de lipolyse présents dans le milieu de culture et à l’intérieur des cellules ont été quantifiés par chromatographie TLC-FID et GC. Les niveaux intracellulaires d’AGL et de TG augmentent transitoirement et dépendent de la source de carbone utilisée. Une accumulation maximum de 37,8 % w/w de lipides est observée avec l’huile d’olive seule. Cette étude montre que la levure YL est un modèle intéressant pour étudier la lipolyse extracellulaire et l’absorption des acides gras par les cellules / Lipase secretion, extracellular lipolysis and fatty acid (FFA) uptake were quantified in Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) grown in the presence of olive oil and/or sucrose. Lipase assays and western blot analysis indicated that the lipase activity measured in YL cultures mainly resulted from YLLIP2 lipase. Lipase production was triggered by olive oil and YLLIP2 remained associated with the yeast cells during the first hours of culture. It was then released in the culture medium before it was totally degraded by the alkaline protease. Olive oil triglycerides (TG) were degraded when the lipase was still attached to the cell wall. The fate of lipolysis products in the culture medium and inside the yeast cell were investigated by quantitative TLC-FID and GC analysis. Intracellular levels of FFA and TG increased transiently and were dependent on the carbon sources. A maximum fat storage of 37.8% w/w was observed with olive oil alone. The present study shows that yeasts are interesting models for studying extracellular lipolysis and fat uptake by the cell

Plusieurs cibles thérapeutiques dans le développement de médicaments contre l’obésité visent une diminution de l’appétit et de la masse adipeuse et à augmenter la dépense énergétique. L’appétit et le métabolisme énergétique sont régulés par certains neuropeptides qui agissent au niveau du système nerveux central, notamment dans l’hypothalamus. Parmi ces neuropeptides, les peptides RF-amide ou QRFP (pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptides), ainsi nommés par la présence du motif conservé Arg-Phe-NH2 dans le domaine C-terminal, induisent une hyperphagie et une augmentation de la masse adipeuse lorsqu’administrés par voie centrale. Les formes bioactives de ces peptides comprennent principalement 43 (QRFP-43) et 26 (QRFP-26) acides aminés. Outre les peptides QRFP, leurs récepteurs, les GPR103 de la famille des récepteurs à 7 passages transmembranaires couplés aux protéines G, sont exprimés dans l’hypothalamus. Plus récemment, des études ont montré la sécrétion de ces neuropeptides, et la présence du GPR103, dans le tissu adipeux. Cependant, le rôle de la voie signalétique (QRFP/GPR103) dans la régulation du métabolisme lipidique au niveau périphérique est peu connu. Les travaux de cette thèse ont porté sur la caractérisation des effets adipogéniques périphériques des neuropeptides QRFP. En premier lieu, nos travaux ont montré que les adipocytes 3T3-L1 et les adipocytes murins isolés des dépôts adipeux blancs expriment le prépro-QRFP et uniquement le récepteur GPR103B, un des deux sous-types de récepteurs présents chez la souris. De plus, nous avons montré que l’expression du récepteur est régulée par une diète riche en lipides réduisant l’expression du prépro-QRFP, mais augmentant celle du GPR103B dans les dépôts lipidiques. Chez l’humain, les adipocytes de l’omentum expriment autant le GPR103 que le prépro-QRFP. Nous avons de plus étudié la fonctionnalité du GPR103B dans les adipocytes 3T3-L1 par l’utilisation d’ARN interférents. Nous avons observé que ce récepteur médie les effets adipogéniques des QRFPs en augmentant l’expression du récepteur nucléaire PPAR-gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) et le facteur de transcription C/EBP-alpha (CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha) résultant en une accumulation des triglycérides. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence les effets anti-lipolytiques des QRFPs. En effet, les QRFP inhibent fortement la lipolyse induite avec l’isoprotérénol. L’étude des mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine des effets anti-lipolytiques du QRFP-43 a montré l’activation de la voie de signalisation PI3-K/PKB (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protéine kinase B) en réponse à la stimulation du GPR103B. La réponse anti-lipolytique induite par le QRFP-43 est associée à une diminution de la phosphorylation de la périlipine A (PLIN1a) et de la lipase hormono-sensible (HSL). Nos études ont élucidé les mécanismes conduisant à l’inhibition de la phosphorylation de la PLIN1a en réponse à l’activation du GPR103B, impliquant l’inhibition de la migration de la cavéoline 1 et de la sous unité catalytique de la protéine kinase A (PKA) au niveau des gouttelettes lipidiques, ainsi que l’inhibition de l’activité des Src kinases et de la protéine kinase C (PKC). En conclusion, nos travaux ont montré que les QRFP-43 et -26 exercent un effet adipogénique et anti-lipolytique dans les adipocytes, mettant ainsi en évidence le rôle des neuropeptides QRFPs dans la régulation du métabolisme lipidique au niveau adipocytaire. / Anti-obesity therapies mostly focused on development of centrally-acting drugs, which also promote weight loss properties. Many studies have documented the relevance of neuroendocrine peptides in the hypothalamus and their influence on the regulation of energy balance. Some neuropeptides have been reported to be expressed and secreted by the adipose tissue where they modulate lipid metabolism, reflecting the importance between hypothalamus and adipose tissue. Among neuropeptides that regulate appetite, QRFP (pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptides) was reported to have hyperphagic properties associated with an increase of adipose mass over lean mass in mice. Both QRFP and its receptor GPR103 are expressed in the hypothalamus of many spices. However, whether QRFP peptides and its receptor are involved in peripheral lipid metabolism is still unknown. This thesis focused on the peripheral effects of QRFP and the role of its receptor on adipose tissue. The results presented here show that QRFP-43 and -26 have direct adipogenic effects on both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and isolated adipocytes from white adipose tissue (WAT). Indeed, we found that prepro-QRFP and the GPR103B receptor, which is one of the two GPR103 sub-types found in mice, are expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in WAT isolated adipocytes. When mice are fed with high-fat diet, prepro-QRFP expression was reduced whilst GPR103B was increased in different WAT. In human omental adipocytes, both prepro-QRFP and GPR103 are expressed. QRFP treatment on 3T3-L1 adipocytes inhibits isoproterenol (ISO) induced-lipolysis and promotes adipognesis trought fatty acid uptake and expression of key adipogenic transcription factors, PPAR-gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) and C/EBP-alpha (CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha). The functionality of the GPR103B receptor was studied using short hairpin RNA to knock down its expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Knockdown of GPR103B resulted in complete loss of QRFP peptides antilipolytic effects and fatty acid uptake. GPR103B signaling pathways in antilipolytic effects of QRFP-43 were investigated using 3T3-L1 adipocytes model. Stimulation of GRP103B induced PI3-K/PKB (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B) pathway. QRFP-43 attenuates lipolysis by inhibiting ISO induced-phosphorylation of perilipin A (PLIN1a) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). Moreover, we have underscored the mechanisms of GPR103B mediating inhibition of PLIN1a in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Activation of GPR103B prevents the translocation of caveolin 1 and the catalytic subunit of PKA induced by ISO on lipid droplets. This latter mechanism is the result of the inhibition of Src kinases and PKC induced by ISO following QRFP-43 treatment in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In conclusion, the work conducted in this thesis demonstrates a new role of QRFP peptides and the receptor GPR103B as modulator of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. We have also underscored GPR103B signaling pathways leading to inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes.

A crescente prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) em nível mundial, a sua incidência cada vez maior em crianças e adolescentes e resultados prévios obtidos em nosso laboratório (piora do quadro diabético em ratos na puberdade) nos levaram a investigar o metabolismo de glicose em tecido adiposo branco na puberdade em ratos controle (CO) e intolerantes à glicose (STZ). Parâmetros de desenvolvimento corporal e maturação sexual foram estudados entre a 5ª e a 10ª semanas de vida dos animais, identificando-se a 6ª e 7ª semanas como importante fase da puberdade. Desta forma, os estudos metabólicos foram realizados neste período. Os animais CO apresentaram franca resistência à insulina no período da puberdade, com prejuízos no metabolismo de glicose em adipócitos isolados. A injeção de estreptozotocina no quinto dia de vida produziu um quadro de intolerância à glicose em nossos animais, resultando em atraso no início do estirão de crescimento e desenvolvimento sexual. A resistência fisiológica à insulina da puberdade não produziu piora da resposta à insulina no tecido adiposo branco. / The growth in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), a larger incidence of type 1 and 2 DM in children and adolescents and the previous results of our laboratory (worsening of the metabolic picture in diabetic rats during puberty) motivate us to study the glucose metabolism in the puberty in order to assess the possible influence of the physiological insulin resistance characteristic of this period on the course of the diabetic status. Five-day old male Wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups: control group (CO) and streptozotocin group (STZ). Body development and sexual maturation were weekly evaluated between the 5th and 10th weeks of life. We identify the 6th and 7th weeks as an important early phase of the puberty. The insulin resistance and a slight degree of glucose intolerance were determined in non-diabetic rats. On the other hand, STZ group showed insulin resistance and it was impaired in the course of puberty suggesting that the developing of this resistance during the puberty presents a different characteristic of that seen in normal rats.

Ein wichtiger Regulator der Lipolyse im Fettgewebe ist das sympathische Nervensystem. Über die Bedeutung präsynaptischer Faktoren (z.B. der lokalen Noradrenalinfreisetzung) des Fettgewebes ist jedoch wenig bekannt. Zudem sezerniert das Fettgewebe Signalmoleküle, die die lokale Lipolyse beeinflussen können, z.B. Angiotensin II (Ang II). Die Lipolyse hängt zudem von der Durchblutung und der Zellularität des Gewebes ab. Es wurde geprüft, ob (I) die lokale neuronale Noradrenalinfreisetzung die Durchblutung und den Stoffwechsel im subkutanen abdominalen Fettgewebe (SAF) beeinflußt und geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede vorliegen, (II) Ang II die Durchblutung und den Stoffwechsel des SAF inhibiert, (III) Durchblutung und Stoffwechsel des SAF bei Schlanken von der Hautfaltendicke abhängen. 42 Normalgewichtige (18 Männer, 24 Frauen) wurden mit der Mikrodialysetechnik untersucht. Das adrenerge System des SAF wurde mit Isoproterenol (Iso) und Tyramin (Tyr) charakterisiert. Mittels Ethanol-Dilutionstechnik, [Glycerol], [Lactat] und [Glucose] im Dialysat wurden Änderungen in Durchblutung, Lipolyse, Glycolyse und Glucoseversorgung abgeschätzt. Die Hautfaltendicke wurde mittels Caliper-Technik bestimmt. Niedrigere Tyr-Dosen erhöhten die Lipolyse im SAF, die Durchblutung blieb konstant. Der Lipolyseanstieg war bei den Frauen größer als bei den Männern, war aber auch unter Iso bei den Frauen höher. Ang II verminderte zumindest im SAF der Frauen leicht die Durchblutung und indirekt die Lipolyse. Die Hautfaltendicke korrelierte geschlechtsunabhängig negativ-linear mit der Durchblutung und der Lipolyse. Die lokale neuronale Noradrenalinfreisetzung spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der Regulation der Lipolyse des SAF. Die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede sind auf postsynaptische Faktoren zurückzuführen. Ang II beeinflußt die Durchblutung und die Lipolyse des SAF nur gering. Durchblutung und Stoffwechsel des SAF sind schon bei Normalgewichtigen mit zunehmender Hautfaltendicke vermindert. / The sympathetic nerve system is one important regulator of lipolysis. The regulatory role of neuronal transmitter release (e.g. of norepinephrine) and re-uptake in adipose tissue is only poorly understood. Furthermore, adipose tissue secretes hormones, e.g. angiotensin II (Ang II), which can affect adipose tissue lipolysis. Finally, lipolysis depends on blood flow and cellularity of adipose tissue. Aims of this thesis were (I) to characterize the impact of local neuronal norepinephrine release on blood flow and metabolism in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT) and to assess possible gender effects, (II) to proof if Ang II inhibits lipolysis and blood flow in SAT, and (III) to test if SAT thickness is negatively correlated with blood flow and metabolism even in non-obese subjects. 42 lean subjects (18 men, 24 women) were studied using microdialysis technique. Tyramine (Tyr) and isoproterenol (Iso) were used to characterize adrenergic response of SAT. Dialysate [ethanol], [glycerol], [lactate], and [glucose] were measured to assess tissue blood flow (ethanol dilution technique), lipolysis, glycolysis, and nutritive supply. Skin fold thickness was taken to assess thickness of SAT. During perfusion with lower Tyr doses, ethanol ratio remained unchanged, whereas lipolysis increased. The lipolytic response was higher in women vs. men, a gender difference was also observed for Iso-stimulated lipolysis. During perfusion with Ang II, blood flow and lipolysis decreased slightly at least in women. Skin fold thickness was negatively correlated with tissue perfusion and lipolysis without gender-specific differences. Neuronal norepinephrine release plays an important role in the regulation of lipolysis of SAT. The gender difference is explained by a difference in postsynaptic adrenergic sensitivity. Ang II has a minimal effect on local blood flow and metabolism. Increased SAT thickness is associated with reduced tissue perfusion and lipid metabolism, even in lean subjects.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), especificamente do isômero trans-10, cis-12 em culturas de explante de tecido adiposo de suínos, em crescimento. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), specifically the tnas-10, cis-12 isomer on cultures of adipose tissue explants from growing pigs.

L’hypertriglycéridémie (HTG) correspond à une accumulation des lipoprotéines riches en triglycérides (LRTG) dans la circulation plasmatique, conséquence d’une augmentation de leur synthèse ou plus classiquement décrit, d’une diminution de leur catabolisme. Dans près de 50% des cas, aucune cause génétique n’est identifiée chez les patients présentant une présentant une HTG sévère, aussi bien dans le cadre du syndrome de chylomicronémie familiale (FCS) que dans celui du syndrome de chylomicronémie multifactorielle (MCS). Pour améliorer nos connaissances et la caractérisation de ces patients, la conduction de corrélations phénotypes-génotypes précises grâce à une collaboration clinico-biologique étroite, ainsi que le développement d’outils de diagnostic moléculaire performants, demeurent un enjeu majeur. Premièrement, l’évaluation de la concentration pré-héparinique en LPL et l’activité post-héparinique 60 minutes après l’injection d’héparine chez 62 patients MCS caractérises génétiquement a permis la mise en évidence deux sous-groupes chez ces patients. Deuxièmement, le développement d’une stratégie séquençage de nouvelle génération permettant d’explorer simultanément les 9 gènes les plus prévalents dans les hypercholestérolémies, les hypocholestérolémies et les hypertriglycéridémies, a permis de détecter les variants nucléotidiques avec une sensibilité équivalente au séquençage Sanger mais aussi de détecter des grands réarrangements. L’ensemble des résultats souligne la complexité des mécanismes de régulation du métabolisme des LRTG et l’intérêt de l’étude des interactions gène-gène. Ainsi, ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence de nouvelles hypothèses à explorer pour la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques des HTG sévères et d’améliorer les outils disponibles pour les études de corrélation génotype-phénotype / Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) correspond to an increase of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) circulating concentration, as a consequence of an increase in the synthesis of or a decrease in their catabolism, most classically described. In nearly 50% of patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), no genetic cause is identified, either in familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) or in multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome (MCS). To gain new insights and to improve patient’s characterization, it remains important to conduct accurate phenotype-genotype association studies through close collaboration with referent lipidologists, and to develop high-performance tools for molecular diagnosis. Firstly, the assessment of pre-heparin LPL concentration as well as LPL activity 60 minutes after heparin injection, enabled the identification of two subgroups within 62 genotyped MCS patients Secondly, the development of a new sequencing generation workflow exploring simultaneously the 9 most prevalent genes in dyslipidemia, allowed the detection of single nucleotide variations with sensitivity equivalent to Sanger sequencing, but also allowed the detection of copy number variations. Collective consideration of the results underlines the complexity of the regulation mechanisms of TGRL metabolism and the interest of gene-gene interactions study. Thus, the studies presented herein bring new hypothesis to explore for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of severe HTG and to improve molecular diagnosis tools available for phenotype-genotype association studies

Este trabalho avaliou os efeitos de diferentes períodos de armazenagem (0, 3 e 6 dias) e temperaturas (4º e 10ºC) do leite de cabra sobre o produto pasteurizado. Foram avaliadas as alterações microbiológicas e físico-químicas do leite caprino cru e a influência nas características microbiológicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto pasteurizado durante o armazenamento por até 6 dias. Utilizou-se a pasteurização lenta (65ºC/30 min.) e as amostras foram mantidas a 10ºC por 0, 3 e 6 dias. Foram realizadas contagens de microrganismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos totais, lipolíticos, proteolíticos, coliformes totais e fecais. As populações de microrganismos tiveram maior desenvolvimento na temperatura de 10ºC do que a 4º C. A população de microrganismos mesófilos e psicrotróficos atingiu 106 UFC/mL em todos os experimentos realizados a 10ºC no terceiro dia de estocagem. A 4ºC, este valor foi ultrapassado no sexto dia. A pasteurização foi eficiente na redução microbiana, sendo que os microrganismos lipolíticos, proteolíticos e psicrotróficos não foram detectados durante a armazenagem do produto. Os microrganismos mesófilos também foram reduzidos. Contudo alterações decorrentes do período de estocagem crua influenciaram as características físico químicas e sensoriais na estocagem após a pasteurização. A acidez do leite cru manteve-se aceitável em todos os experimentos realizados a 4ºC. No leite estocado a 10ºC, a acidez manteve-se aceitável apenas no terceiro dia após a coleta em 2 dos 3 experimentos. Foi observado decréscimo no teor de gordura do leite cru durante o armazenamento em ambas as temperaturas e o aumento gradativo da quantidade de ácidos graxos livres (AGL). Após a pasteurização, os valores de acidez e teor de gordura permaneceram estáveis, enquanto a quantidade de AGL continuou aumentando significativamente. Para a estocagem do leite cru a 10ºC a pasteurização só foi eficiente para manter a qualidade sensorial em níveis aceitáveis quando o leite cru foi pasteurizado no mesmo dia da ordenha e do resfriamento, enquanto na estocagem a 4ºC, o leite cru estocado por 6 dias foi rejeitado apenas no 3º dia após a pasteurização. Na análise sensorial, o leite estocado a 10ºC teve como principal causa de rejeição o odor e sabor azedos, enquanto a 4ºC, a rejeição deu-se principalmente pelo sabor cáprico. Concluiu-se que o leite de cabra cru poderia ser mantido por até 3 dias a 4ºC, para o produto pasteurizado ter uma vida útil de 6 dias e que a temperatura 10ºC não deve ser utilizada como instrumento na conservação do leite cru. / Different periods of storage (0, 3 and 6 days) and temperatures (4 and 10ºC) effects of raw goat milk on pasteurized product were evaluated. Microbiological and physical-chemical alterations in raw and pasteurized goat milk stored for up six days were evaluated. Pasteurization (65ºC/30 minutes) was used and samples were kept at 10ºC for 0, 3 and 6 days. Counting of mesophiles, total, lipolytic and proteolytic psichotrophic bacteria, total and fecal coliforms were determined. The microorganisms populations had higher growth at 10ºC than 4ºC and samples didn´t resist for 6 days in this condition. Pasteurization was efficient to reduce the number of microorganisms. Lipolytic, proteolytic and total psicrotrophic bacteria weren´t detected after pasteurization. Mesophiles and psichrotophic microrganisms populations reached 106 cfu/mL in all experiments at 10ºC at third day of storage. At 4ºC, this population was exceeded at sixth day. Pasteurization was efficient to reduce the number of microorganisms. Lipolytic, proteolytic and total psicrotrophic bacteria were not detected during pasteurized product storage. Mesophiles microorganisms also reduced. Alterations in raw milk during storage influenced physicalchemical characteristics after pasteurization. Acidity in raw milk remained acceptable in all of experiments at 4ºC. In stored raw milk at 10ºC, acidity remained acceptable only up to third day after milking in 2 of 3 experiments. It was observed decrease in raw milk fat content during storage in both temperatures and gradual increase of free fatty acids (FFA). After heat treatment, the values of acidity and fat content remained stable, while FFA continued increasing significantly. For raw milk storage at 10ºC pasteurization was efficient to keep sensorial quality in acceptable levels when raw milk was pasteurized in the same day of milking and cooling, while in storage at 4ºC, raw milk stored per 6 days was rejected only in third day after pasteurization. In sensorial analysis, stored milk at 10ºC had as main cause of rejection the acid odor and flavor, while at 4ºC, the rejection was given mainly for the capric flavor. It was concluded that raw goat milk can be kept for up to 3 days at 4ºC before the heat treatment for pasteurized product have six days of shelf-life and that the temperature 10ºC does not have to be used as an instrument of raw milk conservation.

Cheddar Cheese samples (good cheese, weak cheese, cheese made with pasteurized milk, cheese made with heat-shocked milk, cheese from production plant A, cheese from production plant B, cheese made with adjunct culture, and cheese made without adjunct culture), were evaluated during the ripening stage. Proteolysis was studied by a fractionation scheme, resulting in an insoluble fraction analyzed by urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Urea-PAGE), and a soluble fraction which was further investigated through water soluble nitrogen (WSN), trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen (TCA-SN) and phosphotungstic acid soluble nitrogen (PTA-SN) analyzed by total Kjeldahl nitrogen content (TKN). Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to study the peptide profile of the water soluble fraction. Lipolyisis was studied by levels of individual free fatty acids determined through gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) after isolation employing solid phase extraction (SPE). Volatile sulfur compounds were studied using head space solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection (PFPD). It was found that Urea-PAGE is capable to differentiate samples according their age, but cannot discriminate samples regarding the treatment assessed, quality or origin of the samples. However, measurements of total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) of the WSN, TCA-SN, and PTA-SN fractions, and the principal component analysis of the RP-HPLC peptide profile of the WSN fraction, revealed differences in the rate and pattern of proteolysis for each one of the manufacturing cases. Good cheese, cheese produce in plant TCCA, cheese made in plant CRP with adjunct culture isolated from plant TCCA cheese, and cheese made with heat-shocked milk developed higher level of total nitrogen for the WSN, TCA-SN and PTA-SN fractions, indicating that primary and secondary proteolysis were faster for these samples. This is supported by a PCA model with three principal components that account for the 80-83% of the variability of the data from the RP-HPLC peptide profile analysis, which discriminates the samples according to age and manufacturing practice. In addition, FFA profiles demonstrated higher levels of low and medium chain free fatty acids for good cheese, cheese produce in plant TCCA, cheese made in plant CRP with adjunct culture, and cheese made with heat-shocked milk samples, which suggest faster lipolysis during ripening. The Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC) analysis showed higher levels of DMS and MeSH and lower levels of H2S, suggesting faster catabolism of sulfur containing amino acids in good cheese, cheese produce in plant TCCA, cheese made in plant CRP with adjunct culture, and cheese made with heat-shocked milk. / Graduation date: 2013