Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Sciences des agroressources : Toulouse, INPT : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 138 réf.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-05-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 perez_ca_me_arafcf.pdf: 304265 bytes, checksum: d81986e492686c35f90259a1b86b1fda (MD5) / O Brasil, país com características climáticas propícias ao cultivo de laranja, é considerado o maior produtor e exportador de suco de laranja do mundo. O liquor de laranja é um dos principais subprodutos da indústria cítrica, rico em açúcares, geralmente é destinado para a produção de ração animal. Com um mercado em crescente expansão, a indústria cervejeira descarta em média 160 milhões de litros de fermento viável por ano. Considerando as vantagens que o aproveitamento desse resíduo pode representar para a produção da aguardente de “liquor” de laranja, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade do uso do fermento de descarte da indústria cervejeira na obtenção da aguardente de liquor de laranja. O liquor foi fermentado pelo fermento descartado da indústria cervejeira sendo posteriormente destilado em alambique de cobre. O volume corresponde a três destilações (três fermentações) foi bidestilado em alambique de cobre e envelhecido em ancorotes de castanheira por seis meses. A viabilidade das leveduras foi analisada durante o processo de obtenção da bebida, assim como o teor de sólidos solúveis totais e o consumo de açucares redutores totais. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e ao teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). Foi realizada nove bateladas de fermentações contínuas, sem a reposição do fermento. O fermento utilizado na produção da bebida apresentou uma viabilidade inicial de 97,65% apresentando uma queda de 15% das células viáveis ao final da nona batelada de fermentação. A diminuição do teor de sólidos solúveis totais foi bem menor nas últimas bateladas, cerca de 9% se comparadas as três bateladas iniciais, em que observouse uma redução de aproximadamente 23%. No teste de aceitação não houve diferença significativa (p ≤ 0,05) nos atributos cor e... / Brazil, a country with climatic characteristics conducive to the cultivation of oranges, is the largest producer and exporter of orange juice in the world. Orange liquor is one of the main by-products of the citrus industry. Rich in sugars, it is generally used for the production of animal feed. With a rapidly expanding market, the brewing industry discards on average 160 million liters per year of viable yeast. Considering the advantages that the use of this waste can pose for the production of orange liquor spirit, this study aimed to evaluate the viability of using brewer’s spent yeast in obtaining orange liquor spirit. The liquor was fermented by the brewer’s spent yeast and subsequently distilled in copper stills. The product of three distillations (three fermentations) was redistilled in a copper still and aged in chestnut casks for six months. Yeast viability was analyzed during fermentation, as well as the content of total soluble solids and total reducing sugars consumption. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). Nine consecutive fermentations were completed, without replacing the starter. The yeast had an initial viability of 97.65% with a decline of 15% of viable cells at the end of the ninth batch fermentation. The decrease in total soluble solids content was much lower in the last batch, about 9% compared with the three initial batches, in which there was a reduction of approximately 23%. Acceptance test showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in colour and aroma attributes among the three samples. Flavour and overall acceptability showed significant differences in sample 2, corresponding to batch fermentations 4, 5 and 6. Brewer’s spent yeast was shown to be a good choice for obtaining orange liquor spirit... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: João Bosco Faria / Banca: José Paschoal Batistuti / Banca: Alice Yoshiko Tanaka / Resumo: O Brasil, país com características climáticas propícias ao cultivo de laranja, é considerado o maior produtor e exportador de suco de laranja do mundo. O "liquor" de laranja é um dos principais subprodutos da indústria cítrica, rico em açúcares, geralmente é destinado para a produção de ração animal. Com um mercado em crescente expansão, a indústria cervejeira descarta em média 160 milhões de litros de fermento viável por ano. Considerando as vantagens que o aproveitamento desse resíduo pode representar para a produção da aguardente de "liquor" de laranja, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade do uso do fermento de descarte da indústria cervejeira na obtenção da aguardente de "liquor" de laranja. O "liquor" foi fermentado pelo fermento descartado da indústria cervejeira sendo posteriormente destilado em alambique de cobre. O volume corresponde a três destilações (três fermentações) foi bidestilado em alambique de cobre e envelhecido em ancorotes de castanheira por seis meses. A viabilidade das leveduras foi analisada durante o processo de obtenção da bebida, assim como o teor de sólidos solúveis totais e o consumo de açucares redutores totais. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e ao teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). Foi realizada nove bateladas de fermentações contínuas, sem a reposição do fermento. O fermento utilizado na produção da bebida apresentou uma viabilidade inicial de 97,65% apresentando uma queda de 15% das células viáveis ao final da nona batelada de fermentação. A diminuição do teor de sólidos solúveis totais foi bem menor nas últimas bateladas, cerca de 9% se comparadas as três bateladas iniciais, em que observouse uma redução de aproximadamente 23%. No teste de aceitação não houve diferença significativa (p ≤ 0,05) nos atributos cor e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil, a country with climatic characteristics conducive to the cultivation of oranges, is the largest producer and exporter of orange juice in the world. Orange liquor is one of the main by-products of the citrus industry. Rich in sugars, it is generally used for the production of animal feed. With a rapidly expanding market, the brewing industry discards on average 160 million liters per year of viable yeast. Considering the advantages that the use of this waste can pose for the production of orange liquor spirit, this study aimed to evaluate the viability of using brewer's spent yeast in obtaining orange liquor spirit. The liquor was fermented by the brewer's spent yeast and subsequently distilled in copper stills. The product of three distillations (three fermentations) was redistilled in a copper still and aged in chestnut casks for six months. Yeast viability was analyzed during fermentation, as well as the content of total soluble solids and total reducing sugars consumption. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). Nine consecutive fermentations were completed, without replacing the starter. The yeast had an initial viability of 97.65% with a decline of 15% of viable cells at the end of the ninth batch fermentation. The decrease in total soluble solids content was much lower in the last batch, about 9% compared with the three initial batches, in which there was a reduction of approximately 23%. Acceptance test showed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in colour and aroma attributes among the three samples. Flavour and overall acceptability showed significant differences in sample 2, corresponding to batch fermentations 4, 5 and 6. Brewer's spent yeast was shown to be a good choice for obtaining orange liquor spirit... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Au début des années 1920, la ville de Montréal se retrouve dans une situation assez unique. À l’époque, les États-Unis et toutes les provinces canadiennes à l’exception du Québec ont adopté la prohibition de la vente d’alcool. Mais même au Québec, environ la moitié de la population de la province est alors touchée par des prohibitions locales (votées au niveau municipal), des prohibitions qui ont largement perduré tout au long de la période à l’étude. Durant cette ère de prohibition de l’alcool nord-américaine, Montréal est la plus grande ville, et une des seules sur le continent non régie par une loi sur la prohibition. C’est aussi celle qui dispose des lois les plus libérales envers l’alcool des deux côtés du 49ème parallèle grâce à la création de la Commission des Liqueurs de Québec (CLQ), le premier système de contrôle gouvernemental de l’alcool en Amérique du Nord. C’est dans ce contexte que Montréal devient une rare oasis dans un continent assoiffé et le plus grand cobaye du modèle de contrôle gouvernemental de l’alcool. Ce mémoire examine les impacts de cette conjoncture sur le développement de cette ville, de son industrie touristique, de sa vie nocturne et de sa réputation. En premier lieu, le mémoire présente une mise en contexte de la situation aux États-Unis, au Canada et au Québec afin de faire ressortir le caractère unique de Montréal pendant cette période. En deuxième lieu, l’essor du tourisme dit « de liqueur » et de la vie nocturne montréalaise, à la fois légale et illicite, est exploré. En dernier lieu, le mémoire met au jour l’impact que cette conjoncture a eu sur la construction de la réputation de la ville à travers l’examen des écrits des anti- et pro-prohibitionnistes qui ont chacun propagé des visions idéalisées et démonisées de cette ville « bien arrosée », ainsi que des documents associés à l’essor du tourisme, tels que les chansons, les guides touristiques et les récits de voyage, qui, pour leur part, ont présenté un image plus romancée de la métropole et associée à un refuge festif de la prohibition. Malgré leurs différences, ces trois visions de Montréal l’ont néanmoins associée à la liberté, que ce soit une liberté ordonnée, dangereuse ou bien émancipatrice. Ainsi, à partir de l’expérience de la prohibition et du tourisme de liqueur, Montréal devient connue comme une ville « ouverte », dans ses acceptions à la fois positives et négatives. / At the beginning of the 1920s, the city of Montreal found itself in a rather unique situation. At the time, the United States and every Canadian province with the exception of Quebec had adopted prohibition of alcohol. Yet even in Quebec, about half of the population of the province was under local prohibitions (voted at the municipal level) since the beginning of the 20th century, prohibitions which persisted for the most part throughout the period under study. During this era of prohibition of alcohol in North America, Montreal was the largest city, and one of the only on the continent, not under prohibition. It was also the city living under the most liberal alcohol laws on both sides of 49th parallel thanks to the creation of the Quebec Liquor Commission (QLC), the first system of government control of alcohol in North America. Thus, Montreal became a rare oasis in a continent left parched by prohibition and the largest guinea pig of the government control model. This thesis examines the impacts of this conjuncture on the development of the city, specifically of its tourism industry, its nightlife, and its reputation. The thesis begins with a contextualization of prohibition in the United States, in Canada and in Quebec in order to reveal the uniqueness of Montréal during this period. Next, the rapid expansion of « liquor tourism » as well as the city’s nightlife, both legal and illicit, are explored. Lastly, this thesis explores the impact that this conjuncture had on the construction of the city’s reputation throughout the writings of anti- and pro-prohibitionists, who propagated both idealised and demonised views of the city, as well as the documents associated with the tourism boom, such as songs, tourist guides and travel writing, which presented a more romanticized vision of the city as a festive refuge from prohibition. Despite their differences, these three visions all associated Montreal with liberty, whether it is one that is well managed by the government, dangerous and out of control, or emancipating. Thus, through the era of prohibition and the phenomenon of liquor tourism, Montreal came to be known as an “open” city, in both a positive and a negative sense.

Les résultats historiques des différents référendums et plébiscites tenus au Canada depuis la Confédération ont révélé de très grandes oppositions entre plusieurs provinces. Le Québec s’est particulièrement distingué du reste du pays lors de certains référendums. En effet, cette province francophone est la seule à s’être opposée majoritairement à la circonscription, à la prohibition, et à avoir voté à deux reprises pour se séparer du reste du Canada. Or, notre compréhension de l’origine des distinctions d’opinions entre les provinces canadiennes, et plus particulièrement celle du Québec, demeure encore floue aujourd’hui. Il est donc important de remonter dans le temps pour voir si celles-ci étaient présentes au début du 20e siècle, notamment en étudiant l’enjeu de santé publique lié à la prohibition. Ce mémoire s’intéresse donc à la relation entre plusieurs variables socio-démographiques et les résultats du vote lors de différents référendums. Des mouvements en faveur de la prohibition se sont formés au milieu du 19e siècle au Canada et aux États-Unis avec des succès inégaux. Le mouvement prohibitionniste canadien n’a jamais réussi à étendre son influence contrairement aux États-Unis, mais celui-ci a quand même réussi à s’introduire au niveau des municipalités à l’aide de la loi sur la tempérance (1878). Le référendum national (1898) fut révélateur d’une forte opposition à cette politique publique au Québec. Les origines de ces disparités régionales, entre le Québec et le reste du Canada, mais aussi au niveau des municipalités au Québec, demeurent inexpliquées aujourd’hui. Or, quels sont les facteurs qui expliquent ces différences ? La littérature sur la tempérance indique que la religion est le facteur explicatif principal de l’appui à la prohibition. D’autres facteurs existent comme l’origine ethnique, la proportion urbaine et rurale, la présence des groupes d’intérêt brassicoles ou le vote des femmes. Néanmoins, la littérature au Canada ne semble pas unanime sur le sujet. À partir d’une analyse de régressions linéaires des moindres carrés ordinaires (MCO) et de modèles linéaires généralisés (MLG) sur les données du recensement canadien (1901, 1921), les votes des référendums et du rapport annuel de la Commission des Liqueurs du Québec (1921-1922), il sera possible de déterminer les facteurs explicatifs de l’appui à la prohibition. Les attitudes des francophones et des catholiques en dehors du Québec seront analysées lors des référendums au Nouveau-Brunswick (1920) et en Nouvelle-Écosse (1920). Un lien avec les attitudes politiques sur la légalisation du cannabis nous pousse à croire que la distinction du Québec s’articule toujours dans sa vision de la santé publique. / The historical results of different referendums and plebiscites held in Canada since the Confederation revealed a high level of opposition between the provinces. Quebec particularly distinguishes itself from the rest of the country during these referendums. Indeed, this province was the only one to oppose conscription, the prohibition and to hold two referendums to secede from Canada. Our understanding of the origins of these differences in the Canadian provinces, and Quebec in particular, is still vague today. It is important to look back in time to see these distinctions at the beginning of the 20th century by studying the multiple issues linked to alcohol and prohibition. This thesis aims to explain the relationship between socio-demographic variables and prohibition plebiscite results. Temperance movements have been founded in the mid-19th centuries in Canada and the United States, with unequal success. Canadian temperance movements never really succeed to extend their influence nationwide, but it was successfully introduced in communities later by the Scott Act (1878). The national referendum of 1898 revealed a strong opposition to prohibition in Quebec. The origins of these regional disparities, between the province of Quebec and the rest of Canada, and at the community-based level in Quebec, has yet to be explained. Which factors account for these differences? In the following analysis, several different variables like ethnic origins, rural and urban proportion, and gender are used to explain the support or opposition toward prohibition. With the data analysis of the Canadian census (1901, 1921), the plebiscite results and the Quebec Liquor Commission annual report (1921-1922), ordinary least squares models (OLS) and generalized linear models (GLM) will be used to analyze multiple variables in support of prohibition. The attitudes of Catholics and French-speaking communities outside Quebec will be analyzed during the New Brunswick (1920) and Nova Scotia plebiscite (1920). A link with the actual political attitudes about the legalization of cannabis tends to show that these distinctions persist through time concerning public health issues in Quebec.