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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

Development and evaluation of partitioning interwell tracer test technology for detection of non-aqueous phase liquids in fractured media /

Deeds, Neil Edward, January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 362-371). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.
232

Microbial biodegradation of various classes of ignitable liquids in forensic soil samples

Tverdovsky, Anna January 2013 (has links)
Identification of ignitable liquids in fire debris analysis using pattern recognition is an important step in determining the nature of a suspicious fire. Complex mixtures that make up ignitable liquids are susceptible to microbial degradation when fire debris evidence is presented in the form of soil. Microbial degradation results in a selective metabolism of certain classes of compounds required for identification of an ignitable liquid. Various ignitable liquids that may be used to initiate or propagate a fire contain different classes of organic compounds. These include normal alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, terpenes, and others. In this work, microbial degradation of nine ignitable liquids in soil was evaluated over a period of twenty-six days. The degradation of aromatic compounds in gasoline was faster with toluene and C2-alkylbenzenes than in C3-alkylbenzenes. However, the overall loss of aromatics made gasoline chromatographically unidentifiable. The complete loss of n-alkanes in medium and petroleum distillates resulted in patterns that resembled naphthenic-paraffinic products. Normal alkanes were more susceptible to microbial degradation than isoalkanes, which was specifically demonstrated in medium and heavy petroleum distillates. In diesel, pristane and phytane remained prominent in comparison to the normally prevalent n-alkanes, which could no longer be detected post-degradation. The degradation of isoalkanes and cycloalkanes was evaluated in a naphthenic-paraffinic product. Isoalkanes were degraded significantly faster than cycloalkanes. The remaining peaks in the naphthenic-paraffinic pattern consisted solely of cycloalkane compounds, and could no longer be classified as a naphthenic-paraffinic product. The terpene compounds in turpentine were also observed to be susceptible to degradation by microorganisms. The loss of !-pinene, limonene, and camphene was significantly noticeable in comparison to other terpene compounds, such as 1,4-cineole. Microbial biodegradation in different soil types was investigated. The difference in soil texture can affect the rate of metabolism of ignitable liquids due to the variance of available oxygen, nutrients and mobility of the microbial population. The degradation of isoalkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics and heavier normal alkanes was faster in clay, whereas normal alkanes of lower molecular weight were degraded more readily in sand. There has been no explanation of this occurrence within the scientific literature, however it could be hypothesized that the difference in microbial flora and water saturation levels could affect the selective degradation between the two soil types. Fire debris evidence is often stored for long periods of time before analysis due to case backlogs. The storage condition of arson-related soil samples is a sensitive subject. If evidence, containing soil, is stored at room temperature, petroleum compounds in any ignitable liquid residues that are present will be degraded within a week. Therefore, it is important to freeze or refrigerate soil samples. The storage of both refrigerated and frozen soil samples containing gasoline were evaluated over six months. Less than 6% of the aromatic compounds distinctive of gasoline remained when stored at 5 °C, while minimal change was observed in the same compounds when stored at -15 °C. Microbial degradation of petroleum-based ignitable liquids is advantageous from the environmental perspective. However, within the forensic community the effect of microbial action could lead to misclassification or inability to identify the presence of an ignitable liquid in fire debris evidence.
233

Carboxylic acid and formaldehyde separation from aqueous solutions using ionic liquids

Qi, Fei January 2017 (has links)
A series of hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) have been employed to extract acetic acid (AcOH) or formaldehyde (HCHO) from aqueous solutions at atmosphere pressure. The ILs, mainly trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P6,6,6,14]+) carboxylate based ILs, were tested as a function of the anion chain length, which ranges from isobutyrate ([IB]-) to dodecanoate ([D]-). Most of these ILs show a large two-phase region and high extraction efficiency. Furthermore, tetraoctylphosphonium ([P8,8,8,8]+) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)ammonium ([N6,6,6,14]+) based ILs were also investigated to study the effect of the cation on extraction performance. Besides pure IL extraction, the mixture of IL and other chemicals, such as matched carboxylic acid, alkane and ester, were also investigated on extraction. The matched carboxylic acid could enhance the extraction performance and thus could be called ‘enhancer’. A balance point could be found for the ratio IL/enhancer to obtain a better extraction in each {H2O + AcOH + IL/enhancer} system, compared with the corresponding pure IL liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE). Several ILs, including [P6,6,6,14]+ based ILs and imidazolium based ILs, were investigated on extraction of HCHO. Among these ILs, the imidazolium based ILs performed better than the [P6,6,6,14]+ based ILs in terms of two-phase region, hydrophobicity of IL-rich phase and partition coefficient/relative selectivity. The UNIQUAC method was employed to correlate the LLE data for pure IL systems. Some physical property data, such as density and viscosity, of ILs were correlated. The Joback group contribution method was used to predict the heat capacities of some ILs in this work. These correlations with low deviations made it possible for ILs to be further studied in Aspen process modelling.
234

Diferentes rotas para promoção de mesoporosidade em zeólita Y para aplicação em catálise

Melo, James Henrique dos Santos de January 2017 (has links)
As zeólitas são amplamente utilizadas pela indústria em diferentes processos. Nos processos relacionados à conversão térmica do carvão, as zeólitas encontram aplicação, por exemplo, como suporte de catalisadores para a Síntese de Fischer-Tropsch, ou mesmo como adsorventes de efluentes líquidos ou de gases poluentes. No entanto, a microporosidade da zeólita limita a difusão dos produtos e dos reagentes ocasionando um transporte de massa lento e um longo tempo de residência, aumentando a possibilidade de reações secundárias, formação de coque e desativação do catalisador. Uma das maneiras de superar essas limitações é a introdução de um sistema secundário de poros, através da reestruturação da rede cristalina com modeladores de estruturas ou ataques químicos básicos e ácidos nas zeólitas de modo a formar materiais hierárquicos ou mesoporosos. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas três rotas para promover a mesoporosidade em zeólitas do tipo Y. Primeiramente foi realizada a síntese da zeólita hierárquica através da modificação com líquidos iônicos. O segundo método empregado foi o processo de dessilicação, utilizando hidróxido de sódio como base e, por último, a desaluminação com ácido oxálico. As zeólitas mesoporosas foram caracterizadas através de análises de área específica (BET), distribuição de tamanho de poros (BJH), difração de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (TPR-H2). Dentre os métodos adotados, os resultados para DRX e BET mostraram que o tratamento de dessilicação destruiu a cristalinidade da zeólita, acarretando no abandono dessa rota de investigação. A síntese com líquido iônico se mostrou eficiente para a formação de mesoporos e, conforme a distribuição de tamanho de poros, seu sistema apresentou-se ordenado de maneira hierarquizada. A desaluminação não danificou a estrutura da zeólita, porém foi obtido um aumento pouco expressivo em seu número de mesoporos. A reação de esterificação foi utilizada, como modelo, para avaliar o efeito dos mesoporos sobre a atividade catalítica da reação. A reação de esterificação ocorreu a 70°C por 1 h, utilizando ácido acético e álcoois com diferentes tamanhos de moléculas. Em comparação à zeólita de partida (CBV720 - Zeolyst), a criação da mesoporosidade na zeólita através dos líquidos iônicos resultou em um aumentou na conversão de ácido acético para os álcoois etílico (em 17,65%), isopropílico (em 8,42%) e isobutílico (em 2%). Para a zeólita mesoporosa sintetizada por desaluminação, houve um acréscimo de 10,93% e 2,11% na conversão para os álcoois etílico e isopropílico, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de mesoporosidade influenciou positivamente o desempenho das zeólitas Y na reação modelo de esterificação, mostrando-se um excelente mecanismo a ser aplicado para facilitar o transporte de massa nos poros da zeólita, especialmente para a síntese feita com o emprego de líquidos iônicos. / Zeolites are widely used by industry in different processes. In processes related to the thermal conversion of coal, the zeolites find application, for example, as catalyst support for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, or even as adsorbents of liquid effluents or pollutant gases. However, the small pore diameter of the zeolite limits the diffusion of the products and the reactants causing slow mass transport and a long residence time that increase the possibility of secondary reactions, coke formation and catalyst deactivation. One of the ways to overcome these limitations is the introduction of a secondary pore system by restructuring the crystal lattice with structural modellers or basic chemical and acidic attacks on zeolites to form hierarchical or mesoporous materials. In this work, three routes were investigated to promote mesoporosity in Y type zeolites. First, the hierarchical zeolite was synthesized through the modification with ionic liquids. The second method used was the desilication process, using sodium hydroxide as the base and, finally, the desalumination method with oxalic acid. The mesoporous zeolites were characterized by specific surface area analysis (BET), pore size distribution (BJH), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2). Among the methods adopted, the results for XRD and BET showed that the desilication treatment destroyed the crystallinity of the zeolite, leading to the abandonment of this research route. The synthesis with ionic liquid was efficient for the formation of mesopores and, according to the pore size distribution, its system was hierarchically ordered. The desalumination did not damage the zeolite structure, but a small increase in its number of mesopores was noted. The esterification reaction was used to evaluate the effect of mesopores on the catalytic activityof the reaction. The esterification reaction occurred at 70°C for 1 h using acetic acid and alcohols with different sizes of molecules. Compared to the starting zeolite (CBV720 - Zeolyst), the creation of mesoporosity in the zeolite through the ionic liquids resulted in an increase in the conversion of acetic acid for the reaction conducted with ethyl (17.65%), isopropyl (8.42%) and isobutyl alcohols (2%). For the mesoporous zeolite synthesized by desalumination, there was an increase of 10.93% and 2.11% in the conversion to the ethyl and isopropyl alcohols, respectively. The results showed that the presence of mesoporosity positively influenced the performance of the zeolites Y in the esterification model reaction, showing an excellent mechanism to be applied to facilitate the mass transport in the zeolite pores, especially for the synthesis made with the use of ionic liquids.
235

Diferentes rotas para promoção de mesoporosidade em zeólita Y para aplicação em catálise

Melo, James Henrique dos Santos de January 2017 (has links)
As zeólitas são amplamente utilizadas pela indústria em diferentes processos. Nos processos relacionados à conversão térmica do carvão, as zeólitas encontram aplicação, por exemplo, como suporte de catalisadores para a Síntese de Fischer-Tropsch, ou mesmo como adsorventes de efluentes líquidos ou de gases poluentes. No entanto, a microporosidade da zeólita limita a difusão dos produtos e dos reagentes ocasionando um transporte de massa lento e um longo tempo de residência, aumentando a possibilidade de reações secundárias, formação de coque e desativação do catalisador. Uma das maneiras de superar essas limitações é a introdução de um sistema secundário de poros, através da reestruturação da rede cristalina com modeladores de estruturas ou ataques químicos básicos e ácidos nas zeólitas de modo a formar materiais hierárquicos ou mesoporosos. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas três rotas para promover a mesoporosidade em zeólitas do tipo Y. Primeiramente foi realizada a síntese da zeólita hierárquica através da modificação com líquidos iônicos. O segundo método empregado foi o processo de dessilicação, utilizando hidróxido de sódio como base e, por último, a desaluminação com ácido oxálico. As zeólitas mesoporosas foram caracterizadas através de análises de área específica (BET), distribuição de tamanho de poros (BJH), difração de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (TPR-H2). Dentre os métodos adotados, os resultados para DRX e BET mostraram que o tratamento de dessilicação destruiu a cristalinidade da zeólita, acarretando no abandono dessa rota de investigação. A síntese com líquido iônico se mostrou eficiente para a formação de mesoporos e, conforme a distribuição de tamanho de poros, seu sistema apresentou-se ordenado de maneira hierarquizada. A desaluminação não danificou a estrutura da zeólita, porém foi obtido um aumento pouco expressivo em seu número de mesoporos. A reação de esterificação foi utilizada, como modelo, para avaliar o efeito dos mesoporos sobre a atividade catalítica da reação. A reação de esterificação ocorreu a 70°C por 1 h, utilizando ácido acético e álcoois com diferentes tamanhos de moléculas. Em comparação à zeólita de partida (CBV720 - Zeolyst), a criação da mesoporosidade na zeólita através dos líquidos iônicos resultou em um aumentou na conversão de ácido acético para os álcoois etílico (em 17,65%), isopropílico (em 8,42%) e isobutílico (em 2%). Para a zeólita mesoporosa sintetizada por desaluminação, houve um acréscimo de 10,93% e 2,11% na conversão para os álcoois etílico e isopropílico, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de mesoporosidade influenciou positivamente o desempenho das zeólitas Y na reação modelo de esterificação, mostrando-se um excelente mecanismo a ser aplicado para facilitar o transporte de massa nos poros da zeólita, especialmente para a síntese feita com o emprego de líquidos iônicos. / Zeolites are widely used by industry in different processes. In processes related to the thermal conversion of coal, the zeolites find application, for example, as catalyst support for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, or even as adsorbents of liquid effluents or pollutant gases. However, the small pore diameter of the zeolite limits the diffusion of the products and the reactants causing slow mass transport and a long residence time that increase the possibility of secondary reactions, coke formation and catalyst deactivation. One of the ways to overcome these limitations is the introduction of a secondary pore system by restructuring the crystal lattice with structural modellers or basic chemical and acidic attacks on zeolites to form hierarchical or mesoporous materials. In this work, three routes were investigated to promote mesoporosity in Y type zeolites. First, the hierarchical zeolite was synthesized through the modification with ionic liquids. The second method used was the desilication process, using sodium hydroxide as the base and, finally, the desalumination method with oxalic acid. The mesoporous zeolites were characterized by specific surface area analysis (BET), pore size distribution (BJH), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2). Among the methods adopted, the results for XRD and BET showed that the desilication treatment destroyed the crystallinity of the zeolite, leading to the abandonment of this research route. The synthesis with ionic liquid was efficient for the formation of mesopores and, according to the pore size distribution, its system was hierarchically ordered. The desalumination did not damage the zeolite structure, but a small increase in its number of mesopores was noted. The esterification reaction was used to evaluate the effect of mesopores on the catalytic activityof the reaction. The esterification reaction occurred at 70°C for 1 h using acetic acid and alcohols with different sizes of molecules. Compared to the starting zeolite (CBV720 - Zeolyst), the creation of mesoporosity in the zeolite through the ionic liquids resulted in an increase in the conversion of acetic acid for the reaction conducted with ethyl (17.65%), isopropyl (8.42%) and isobutyl alcohols (2%). For the mesoporous zeolite synthesized by desalumination, there was an increase of 10.93% and 2.11% in the conversion to the ethyl and isopropyl alcohols, respectively. The results showed that the presence of mesoporosity positively influenced the performance of the zeolites Y in the esterification model reaction, showing an excellent mechanism to be applied to facilitate the mass transport in the zeolite pores, especially for the synthesis made with the use of ionic liquids.
236

Viabilidade da conservação de estirpes de rizóbio por diferentes condicionadores líquidos

FRANÇA, Carla Regine Reges Silva 27 May 2009 (has links)
Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-29T14:32:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Regine Reges Silva Franca.pdf: 474566 bytes, checksum: b95c31472908cbb435a486697979ad3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T14:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Regine Reges Silva Franca.pdf: 474566 bytes, checksum: b95c31472908cbb435a486697979ad3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study had for objective to evaluate the growth kinetics and characteristics morphophysiological and symbiotic strains of rhizobia of four, front the conditioning different liquids. The experiment was composed of four strains (two of the strains of Rhizobium tropici (SEMIA 4077-SEMIA 4080) and two of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (SEMIA 5079-SEMIA 5080), respectively for bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max), three conditioning (NaCl 0,1%, glicerol 20% and carboximetilcelulose 0,2%) more fresh bacteria, that you/they were grown close to each evaluation period. After the growth period in liquid middle YM 0,5 mL of the bacterial broth of each strains was transferred for tubes with capacity for 2 mL, containing 1,5 mL of each conditioning liquid and maintained in room temperature by 180 days. After the accomplishment of the different formulations for the conservation of the strains, it was made the counting of UFC that contained 108 cells of the rhizobia culture approximately using serial dilutions and the method of the drop. During the experiment, readings were accomplished in the time 0, 1, 7, 15, 21 days after the conservation, following for monthly samples 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 days. The efficiency symbiotic was evaluated in the periods of 15, 60 and 120 days after the conservation in bean plants and soy. The results allow to observe that the concentration of viable cells varied among the preservantes. The preservante NaCl 0,1% maintained the concentration of viable cells around 107 and 108 UFC mL-1 for the strains SEMIA 4077, 5080 and 5079 for up to 180 days of conservation and it nodulation to the 15 and 120 days of conservation for the strains SEMIA 4077 and SEMIA 4080, when inoculated in bean seeds. The conditioning Glicerol 20%, didn't present desirable characteristics for a good conservation method with the strains SEMIA 4080, SEMIA 5079 and SEMIA 5080. The carboximetilcelulose was promising for the conservation of the ancestries SEMIA 4077 and SEMIA 5079 in room temperature. Nodulation was influenced by the preservative used. In all of the preservantes there was decrease in the number of nodules during the conservation period. With base in the results the conditioning liquids NaCl 0,1% and Carboximeticelulose 0,2% were the one that got maintain the cells of the strains for a period of short period, besides preserving the characteristics morfofisiológicas of the strains of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. / Este estudo visou avaliar a cinética de crescimento e características morfofisiológicas e simbiótica de quatro estirpes de rizóbio, frente a diferentes condicionadores líquidos. O experimento foi composto de quatro estirpes (sendo duas de Rhizobium tropici (SEMIA 4077 – SEMIA 4080) e duas de Bradyrhizobium japonicum (SEMIA 5079 – SEMIA 5080), recomendadas respectivamente para feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) e soja (Glycine max), três condicioadores líquidos (NaCl 0,1 % , glicerol 20 % e carboximetilcelulose 0,2 %). Após cultivo em meio líquido YM 0,5 mL do caldo bacteriano de cada estirpe foi transferido para tubos com capacidade para 2 mL, contendo 1,5 mL de cada condicionador líquido e mantidas em temperatura ambiente por 180 dias. Em seguida, fez-se a contagem utilizando diluições seriadas e o método da gota das UFC que foi de aproximadamente 108 células. Durante o experimento, foram realizadas determinações da população bacteriana aos 0, 1, 7, 15, 21 dias após a conservação, seguido por amostras aos 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 dias. A eficiência simbiótica foi avaliada nos períodos de 15, 60 e 120 dias após a conservação em plantas de feijão e soja. Os resultados permitem observar que a concentração de células viáveis variou entre os preservantes. O preservante NaCl 0,1% manteve a concentração de células viáveis entre 107 e 108 UFC mL-1 para as estirpes SEMIA 4077, 5080 e 5079 por até 180 dias de conservação e produziu efetiva nodulação aos 15 e 120 dias de conservação para as estirpes SEMIA 4077 e SEMIA 4080, quando inoculados em sementes de feijão. O preservante Glicerol 20%, não apresentou características desejáveis para um bom método de preservação com as estirpes SEMIA 4080, SEMIA 5079 e SEMIA 5080. O carboximetilcelulose foi promissor para a conservação das estirpes SEMIA 4077 e SEMIA 5079 em temperatura ambiente. A nodulação foi influenciada pelo preservante utilizado. Em todos os preservantes houve diminuição no número de nódulos durante o período de conservação. Com base nos resultados osxii condicionadores líquidos NaCl 0,1 % e Carboximeticelulose 0,2 % foram os que conseguiram manter as células das estirpes por um período de curto prazo, além de preservar as características morfofisiológicas das estirpes de Rhizobium e Bradyrhizobium.
237

Estudo das correlações em líquidos clássicos / Study of the correlations in classical liquids

José Pedro Rino 16 December 1983 (has links)
Neste trabalho estudamos três diferentes sistemas de fluidos clássicos. No primeiro, esferas de poliestireno adsorvidas em água, o potencial de interação é do tipo dipolar (1/r3). As funções de correlação radial e fator de estrutura estático bem como a energia de correlação e energia livre de Helmholtz foram obtidas na aproximação das equações integral HNC. 0s resultados obtidos estão em excelente concordância com os resultados \"exatos\" de dinâmica Molecular. No segundo sistema, elétrons em superfície de hélio líquido adsorvido em um substrato, generalizamos o trabalho de Studart e Hipólito bem como o de Monarkha ao considerarmos qualquer tipo de substrato e qualquer espessura do filme de hélio. Utilizando a aproximação de Campo Auto Consistente obtivemos o fator de estrutura estático, energia de correlação e relação de dispersão. As correlações de curto alcance, responsáveis pela correção do campo local, corrigem de maneira sensível os resultados da aproximação das fases aleatórias (RPA) . No terceiro, um sistema de esferas duras carregadas, utilizamos a aproximação de Campo Auto Consistente e obtivemos o fator de estrutura estático, função de correlação de pares, equação de estado e energia de correlação. Obtivemos, pela primeira vez, a relação de dispersão deste plasma de uma componente generalizado. Este sistema é particularmente interessante pois em primeira aproximação descreve eletrólitos e sais fundidos. / We have studied in this work three different classic fluid systems. The first one, formed by polystyrene spheres adsorbed on water, can be described by a dipolar (1/r3) interaction. Theradial correlation function and static structure factor as well the correlation energy and Helmholtz free energy were obtained in the framework of the Hypernetted Chain (HNC) Integral Approximation. Our results were in excell entagreement with the \"exact\" results from Molecular Dynamics techniques. The second system consists of electrons trapped on the liquid helium films wetting a solid substrate . In this case, we have generalized the works of Studart and Hipolito, and Monarkha, by analysing the influence of the film thickness and different kinds of substrates. By using the Self-Consistent Field Approximation (SCFA), we have evaluated the static structure factor, correlation energy and plasma dispersion relation . The local field correction, responsible by the short-range correlation , modifies drastically the results from the Random-Phase Approximation (RPA). In the third system, a charged hard sphere fluid , we have determined, by using SCFA, some properties of this many-body system such as the static structure factor, pair correlation function, the equation of state and correlation energy. For the first time , we have calculated the plasma dispersion relation of this generalized one-component plasma. This system is very interesting because, in a first approximation, it can describe eletrolytes and molten salts.
238

Formas de linha em espectroscopia raman de líquidos / Raman bandshapes of liquids

Mauro Carlos Costa Ribeiro 05 July 1995 (has links)
Dephasing vibracional de dissulfeto de carbono líquido em diferentes pressões foi estudado por dinâmica molecular. Teoria de pertubação permite estudar relaxação vibracional com o método bem estabelecido de dinâmica molecular de equilíbrio de moléculas rígidas. Além do potencial intermolecular efetivo do tipo Lennard-Jones usado para a simulação de CS2 , é também assumido um potencial efetivo de acoplamento entre os graus de liberdade vibracional, translacional e rotacional. É discutido em detalhes a importância dos termos repulsivo e atrativo neste potencial, assim como a anisotropia das interações. As simulações reproduzem satisfatoriamente a dependência com a densidade observada experimentalmente para a função de correlação vibracional e para o desvio de frequência vibracional entre as fases líquida e gasosa. As simulações indicam pequena correlação entre relaxação vibracional e reorientacional, a qual pode ser mostrada como resultante do acoplamento desses graus de liberdade com movimento translacional. Um modelo estocástico entre as é desenvolvido para investigar a correlação funções de correlação vibracional e reorientacional, e resultados similares são obtidos por simulação e teoria. As simulações por dinâmica molecular também mostraram que a função de correlação de flutuação de frequência vibracional de CS2 não é uma simples exponencial. Então, a conhecida fórmula de Kubo para a função de correlação vibracional não é válida, e é sugerido um modelo duplo-exponencial para a função memória vibracional. / Vibrational dephasing of liquid carbon disulfide at different pressures is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. Pertubation theory allows one to use the well-stablished method of equilibrium molecular dynamics of rigid molecules in studying vibrational dephasing. Besides the effective three-centre Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential for the simulation of CS2 , an effective coupling potential between vibrational, translational and rotational degrees of freedom is also assumed. The role of repulsive and attractive terms in this potential, as well as anisotropy, is discussed. The experimental trends of the average vibrational frequency shift between gas and liquid phase and vibrational correlation function with density are well reproduced by molecular dynamics. The simulations indicate a small correlation between vibrational and reorientational relaxations, which can be shown as the result of the coupling of these degrees of freedom with translational motion. A stochastic model is developed to investigate the correlation between vibrational and reorientational correlation functions. Very similar correlation is obtained from both theory and computer simulation. The simulations also showed that correlation functions of vibrational frequency fluctuations of CS2 are not a single exponential. Thus, the well known Kubo\'s formula for the vibrational correlation function is not valid for CS2 , and a double exponential model for the memory function is introduced.
239

Estudo do uso de líquidos iônicos na síntese e biorredução de cetonas 'alfa', 'beta'-insaturadas / Study on the application of ionic liquids in the synthesis and bioreduction of 'alpha', 'beta'-unsaturated ketones

De Paula, Bruno Ricardo Silva, 1988- 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Paulo José Samenho Moran / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T16:43:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula_BrunoRicardoSilvade_M.pdf: 10291593 bytes, checksum: c054e04292035c00a7e70ac53eea2231 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nesse projeto investigou-se o uso de líquidos iônicos na preparação de compostos carbonílicos a,b-insaturados por meio da condensação de Knoevenagel e na biorredução dos produtos sintetizados. Na primeira etapa do projeto, estudou-se a aplicação de um protocolo desenvolvido pelo grupo de pesquisa para a condensação de Knoevenagel entre b-cetoésteres e aldeídos aromáticos em líquidos iônicos. Utilizaram-se os líquidos iônicos [bmim(PF6)] e [bmim(NTf2)], e em ambos os casos, obtiveram-se rendimentos de moderado a alto para as condensações envolvendo o acetoacetato de etila e o 4-cloroacetoacetato de etila. Os produtos obtidos, que em todos os casos foram misturas de diastereoisômeros, foram separados e caracterizados individualmente, e a configurações das olefinas (E ou Z) puderam ser determinadas com base na cristalografia de raios-X de dois dos compostos preparados, e posterior comparação dos espectros de RMN de C de todos os compostos sintetizados. O acetoacetato de etila forneceu como isômero majoritário o Z, enquanto o 4-cloroacetoacetato de etila forneceu como isômero majoritário o E. Na segunda etapa do projeto, estudaram-se as biorreduções dos compostos preparados em sistemas bifásicos água/líquido iônico hidrofóbico. Em geral, verificou-se que na biorredução dos derivados do acetoacetato de etila por Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a existência de um sistema bifásico fez com que houvesse a redução da olefina, mantendo a carbonila intacta, enquanto no sistema monofásico (aquoso) houve a redução tanto da olefina quanto da carbonila. O comportamento da reação de biorredução foi bastante sensível a natureza do anel aromático, sendo que em alguns casos os produtos de retro-Knoevenagel foram formados em quantidades significativas. No caso do 2-benzilidenoacetoacetato de etila, pôde-se verificar que um comportamento semelhante foi observado em termos de quimiosseletividade para a redução dos derivados do acetoacetato de etila na presença de uma resina acrílica (Amberlite XAD-7). No caso dos derivados do 4-cloroacetoacetato de etila, as biorreduções por Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Candida albicans, Pichia stipitis e Geotrichum candidum forneceram como majoritários os produtos de retro-Knoevenagel. No caso da biorredução por Rhodotorula glutinis, houve apenas um aumento do tempo de reação, com manutenção da redução dos dois grupos funcionais / Abstract: In this project, we studied the use of ionic liquids in the preparation of a,b-unsaturated compounds by the Knoevenagel condensation, and in their bioreductions by yeasts. In the first stage, a methodology developed by our research group for the a-methylenation of carbonyl compounds in ionic liquids was applied to the condensation of b-ketoesters and aromatic aldehydes. In condensations involving ethyl acetoacetate and 4-chloroacetoacetate, moderate to high yields were obtained using [bmim(PF6)] and [bmim(NTf2)]. In all cases, diastereomeric mixtures were obtained, and both isomers were separated and characterized individually. The determination of the olefin configuration was based on X-ray crystallography of two of the synthesized compounds, and further comparison of their C NMR spectra with those of the remaining products. Although the reactions proceeded with only low to moderate diastereoselectivity, it was noteworthy that, whereas ethyl acetoacetate favored the Z isomer as the major reaction product, ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate favored the E isomer as the major one. In the second stage, the bioreductions of the synthetized compounds in water/[bmim(PF6)] were studied. For the reduction of ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the use of a water/[bmim(PF6)] system resulted in the maintenance of the C=O bond, with reduction only of the C=C bond. In contrast, in water, both the C=O and C=C bonds are reduced. When other acetoacetate derivatives were employed, it was noted that both reaction rates and the byproducts varied greatly varying the aromatic ring. When the reaction was performed in a aqueous system with the substrate adsorbed in an acrylic resin (Amberlite XAD-7), a similar result in terms of chemoselectivity was observed. When reductions of ethyl 2-benzylidene-4-chloroacetoacetate were carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Candida albicans, Pichia stipitis and Geotrichum candidum, the major observed products were those of a retro-Knoevenagel reaction. Only when Rhodotorula glutinis was employed, the major products were the bioreduction ones. In this case, however, the use of a water/[bmim(PF6)] system only resulted in a decrease of both C=O and C=C reduction rates, but not in a favoring of C=C reduction / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química
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Mise au point d’un procédé de synthèse de nanoparticules métalliques magnétiques utilisant des liquides ioniques / Development of a process for the synthesis of magnetic metal nanoparticles using ionic liquids

Morcos, Bishoy 26 September 2017 (has links)
Les nanoparticules (NPs) métalliques possèdent des propriétés physiques inhabituelles et suscitent un grand intérêt pour divers domaines d’application. En particulier, les NPs de métaux magnétiques offrent de nombreux avantages dans une grande variété d’applications technologiques, médicales et en catalyse. Généralement, ces applications nécessitent de fabriquer des NPs de taille et de composition contrôlées. Cette thèse vise à démontrer que de telles NPs peuvent être obtenues par décomposition de précurseurs organométalliques (OM) dans des solvants d’un genre particulier, les liquides ioniques (LIs). Ce sont des sels possédant un très bas point de fusion (inférieur à 100°C) et qui possèdent des propriétés uniques, dont celle de stabiliser des nano-objets. Pour y parvenir, des précurseurs OM des métaux d’intérêt (Co et Fe) ont été identifiés. Des Co-NPs ont pu être synthétisées de manière contrôlée : elles possèdent une structure cristalline du e-Co et les propriétés superparamagnétiques attendues pour le Co(0). Dans le cas du Fe, une oxydation partielle des NPs n’a pu être évitée. La seconde partie du travail s’est donc concentrée sur l’obtention de NPs bimétalliques CoM, avec M=Ru ou Pt. Dans le cas de Ru, toutes les synthèses ont conduit à des NPs bimétalliques, tandis que seule une décomposition simultanée des deux précurseurs de Co et Pt a permis de former des CoPt-NPs. Ces NPs pourraient permettre de fabriquer des dispositifs de stockage de données plus performants ou des catalyseurs moins onéreux / Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit unique physical and chemical properties. However, their use is conditioned by the ability to control their size and structure. The decomposition of organometallic (OM) precursors under H2 is efficient to generate metallic NPs in organic solvents, but also in ionic liquids (ILs). We have shown that in the latter media, the size can be finely tuned without adding stabilizing agents. Moreover, the resulting “naked” metallic NPs are suitable for catalysis or further reaction with a second OM precursor to form bimetallic NPs.In this work, we applied this knowledge to the synthesis of mono- and bimetallic NPs in imidazolium-based ILs C1CaImNTf2. CoNPs with a diameter of ca. 4 nm were successfully synthesized by decomposition of [Co(?3-C8H13)(?4-C8H12)] under H2. Structural analysis and magnetic characterizations demonstrated that these NPs are metallic and, as expected for this size, superparamagnetic. This approach was extended to the synthesis of bimetallic CoPt and CoRu NPs. It turned out that the best strategy is probably to simultaneously decompose the Co and Pt (or Ru) precursors. This reaction provides monodisperse suspensions of NPs, a good indication that they are bimetallic. Further structural characterizations, in particular using anomalous SAXS, are also considered to elucidate their structure

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