Magister Commercii - MCom / Whilst paid employment has generally been considered as the predominant means of avoiding poor living standards, the past two decades has seen a rise in the complex phenomenon of employed poverty worldwide (Eardley, 1998; Nolan and Marx, 1999; Nolan et al., 2010; Cheung and Chou, 2015). Over time, low-wage employment has increased in both number and severity, resulting in or contributing significantly to household poverty (Nolan and Marx, 1999). While individuals are employed in paid work, salaries are too low for households to maintain “a reasonable standard of living” (Cheung and Chou, 2015 p. 318). Internationally, employed poverty has been a serious and well-researched problem in the United States of America (USA or US). More than 11% of the USA “population resided in poor households with at least one employed person” (Brady et al., 2010 p. 560). In Hong Kong, approximately 53.5% of the population living in poverty were working poor in 2012 (Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2013). Closer to home, Sub- Saharan Africa’s working poor rate for 2016 was estimated at 33.1% for workers earning less than US $1.90 per day and 30% for those earning between US $1.90 and $3.10 per day (International Labour Organisation, 2016).

Cada vez más jóvenes desean independizarse y vivir solos o con amigos en departamentos alquilados. Varios están dispuestos a dejar la casa de sus padres para estar cerca de sus centros laborales, comerciales y sociales. El 39% de los limeños, buscan viviendas cercanas a centros comerciales y no están dispuestos a sacrificar su estilo de vida social. En este sentido, la propuesta está orientada a ofrecer un tipo de vivienda en comunidad, manteniendo la privacidad en viviendas ubicadas estratégicamente, cerca de centros financieros de alto movimiento económico y social, dirigido a profesionales de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B, profesionales expatriados (extranjeros), que no desean adquirir una vivienda en el mediano ni largo plazo, pero que tienen la necesidad de acceder a servicios de vivienda confortable y pertenecer a una comunidad/red, y que no desean invertir tiempo en la administración de una vivienda. El valor monetario destinado a estas viviendas será competitivo y les permitirá destinar parte de sus ingresos a objetivos personales. / Nowadays, young people want to become independent and live alone or with friends in rented apartments. Most of them are willing to leave their parents' house to live closer to work, business areas and social centers. In Lima, 39% of residents would like to live close to shopping centers and social areas and they are not willing to sacrifice their social lifestyle (living sorrounding schools, restaurants, cinemas, etc). In this sense, this proposal is aimed to offer a new type of housing, including a community style of living, maintaining each individual privacy. The type of housing must be located strategically near to financial centers of high economic and social movement and it is focussed to young professionals, from A and B socioeconomic levels, expatriate professionals ( foreigners); in both cases: (i) they do not want to acquire a house for the next years (medium or long term), (ii) they request comfortable housing services and also, (iii) to belong to a community / network. , and (iv) they do not wish to waste time in logistic issues of home administration. The monetary value of renting these kind of houses will be competitive and will allow them to save money for other personal preferences. / Trabajo de Investigación

Abstract Throughout history, many diseases have carried considerable stigma, including leprosy tuberculosis, cancer, mental illness and many STDs. Now HIV/AIDS is the topmost in the list of diseases that leads to devastating patient stigmatization. Despite international efforts to tackle HIV/AIDS, stigma and discrimination remain among the most poorly understood aspects of the epidemic. In the face of numerous intervention strategies, HIV/AIDS continues to spread and to pose a threat to the socio-economic transformation of South Africa. The broad objective of this study was to investigate how the stigmatisation of HIV-Positive women is made manifest and look at how successful the National Association of people living with HIV/AIDS (NAPWA) in South Africa has been in achieving their objectives and goals of changing the perceptions people have about HIV/AIDS and creating awareness about the debilitating effect stigmatisation has in the society, especially when it viciously targets HIV-positive women. A case study approach was used to examine the experiences of HIV/AIDS infected/affected women and NAPWA administrators. Methods used in the collection of data were self-administered questionnaires, participant observation and archival evidence in the form of documents. Through these methods, the study investigated ways in which the stigmatisation of HIV-positive women was made manifest, the role of NAPWA in fighting HIV/AIDS stigmatisation, how successful NAPWA has been in the fight against the stigmatisation of people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa, challenges faced by NAPWA in the fight against HIV stigmatisation and discrimination, weaknesses of NAPWA and what impact all these have in the spread of HIV/AIDS. The research results show that HIV-positive women suffer stigmatisation and that; organisations of people living with HIV/AIDS (e.g. NAPWA-SA) play a major role in eradicating the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS. It also suggests that APWAs in effect help to reduce the spread of the disease and prolong the life span of those infected by it. All this not withstanding, the study also discovered that APWAs like NAPWA-SA need the support of government and stakeholders in South Africa to fully implement their strategies and programmes geared towards reducing stigma and the spread of HIV/AIDS.

No description available.

Os desafios que o crescente aumento da população idosa coloca na estruturaçao urbana nos motivou a elaborar essa dissertação a fim de entender o processo de envelhecimento, as condições de moradia atual dos idosos e as favoráveis técnicas na construção de ambientes facilitadores diante de declínios da capacidade física decorrente do envelhecimento com a finalidade elaborar princípios projetuais apropriados para todas as pessoas. Utilizou-se como base referencias bibliográficas e visitas a conjuntos habitacionais exclusivos para idosos e edifícios com grande volume de moradores idosos no Estado de São Paulo. / The challenges the increasing urban places in structuring motivated us to develop this dissertation in order to understand the aging process, the current housing conditions of the elderly and favorable techniques in building enabling environments face of declines in physical capacity due to aging in order to draw up appropriate projective principles for all people. It was used as a reference base bibliographic and visits to unique housing for elderly and buildings with large amount of elderly residents the State of São Paulo.

Comment les habitants ont-ils vécu d’une part la construction dans les années 1970 d’un grand périmètre irrigué dont les terres ont été collectivisées, d’autre part la décollectivisation intervenue une vingtaine d’années plus tard ? Ces deux événements constituent deux ruptures qui modifient à chaque fois les conditions de vie et de travail ainsi que l’environnement des habitants à travers l’occupation des sols, les services publics et les paysages. Trois périodes se succèdent dans les discours des interlocuteurs, chacune s’érigeant comme un point de comparaison pour les deux autres : la première est une sorte d’époque immémoriale pendant laquelle les premiers arrivants, vivant chichement et dépendant de la pluie divine pour leurs cultures, se seraient approprié les terres de ce plateau présenté comme désertique ; la seconde est caractérisée par une mainmise de l’Etat sur les terres et un contrôle des personnes qui s’accompagne d’un sentiment de sécurité et de prise en charge au sein d’une collectivité hiérarchisée ; la troisième est marquée par une augmentation des marges d’enrichissement mais également une dégradation des services publics et une précarisation des plus démunis dans un contexte plus concurrentiel, d’où une instrumentalisation des identités pour légitimer ou exclure de l’accès aux ressources. / How did the dwellers experience the implementation of the Al-Assad State Farm, a large-scale collectivised irrigation project in the 1970s, and its subsequent dismantling two decades later ? These two events reshaped living and working conditions, public service delivery, land use, the physical environment and landscape. Interlocutors’ discourse construes three successive periods, with each one as a point of comparison for the two others: the first, “time immemorial”, during which first comers, frugal and dependent upon Providence for rain for agriculture, appropriated plateau lands, described as a part of the desert. The second period was characterised by State seizing of the lands and control of both space and dwellers. In parallel this hierarchical community structure produced a sense of security and State support. The third was a period of relative increase in wealth, a degradation of public services, and the social exclusion of impoverished people due to a more competitive context. Exclusion from and access to resources was legitimised through the instrumentalisation of identity.

Endometrios förekommer hos tio procent av kvinnorna i reproduktiv ålder och karakteriseras av att livmoderslemhinnan felaktigt växer utanför livmodern. Det är vanligt att det tar lång tid att få en diagnos och det påverkar kvinnorna både emotionellt och fysiskt. Sjukdomen är kronisk och trots att det finns många olika behandlingsformer är symtomen ofta svåra att bli av med. Att leva med endometrios är en subjektiv upplevelse och det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskan ger individanpassad och adekvat vård. Kvinnornas situation behöver beaktas för att kunna lindra deras lidande. Syftet var att belysa kvinnors upplevelse av att leva med endometrios. Metoden för studien har varit en litteraturöversikt. Skillnader och likheter jämfördes i de tio resultatartiklarna. Artiklarna har varit av både kvantitativ och kvalitativ design och inhämtades från databaserna PubMed, Cinahl Complete och Academic Search Complete. Ur resultatet framkom fyra teman. Det första temat var Kvinnors välbefinnande med två subteman; Fysik välbefinnande och Psykiskt välbefinnande. Det andra temat var Ekonomiska svårigheter med följande subteman; Sjukfrånvaro och Arbete. Det tredje temat var Förlust av femininitet med två subteman; Sexuell hälsa och Infertilitet. Det fjärde och sista temat var Socialt med kommande två subteman; Relationer till närstående och Betydelsen av stöd. Upplevelsen av att leva med endometrios var förenat med otillräcklig hjälp mot smärta. Hälso- och sjukvården har ett ansvar att ta kvinnans upplevelse på allvar och se till varje unik situation. Det styrks även av Jean Watsons “Human caring science nursing paradigm” där sjuksköterskan behöver arbeta utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv. / Endometriosis occurs in ten percent of the women in reproductive age and is characterized by the endometrium incorrectly grows outside the uterus. It normally takes a long time to get a diagnose which affects the women both emotionally and physically. The disease is chronic and although there are many different therapies the symptoms are often difficult to get rid of. Living with endometriosis is a subjective experience and it is therefore important that the nurse provides personalized and adequate care. The women's situation needs to be considered to alleviate their suffering. The aim was to illuminate the women's experience of living with Endometriosis. The method of the study has been a literature review. Differences and similarities were compared in the ten results articles. The articles have been of both quantitative and qualitative design and were collected from databases PubMed, Cinahl Complete and Academic Search Complete. Four results emerged from the result. The first theme was Women's well-being with two subtemens; Physical well-being and mental well-being. The second theme was Economic difficulties with the following subtemes; Sick leave and work. The third theme was Loss of femininity with two subtemens; Sexual Health and Infertility. The fourth and last theme was Social with upcoming two subtemens; Relationships with related parties and the importance of support. The experience of living with endometriosis was associated with insufficient help against pain. Healthcare is responsible for taking the women's experience seriously and see to every unique situation. It is also reinforced by Jean Watson's "human caring science nursing paradigm" where the nurse needs to work from an overall perspective.

The aetiology of overactive bladder (OAB) is poorly understood. Current treatment modalities are associated with low success rates and poor long-term compliance. The aim of this thesis was to explore the new and alternative treatment, mirabegron, to assess the efficacy of traditional treatment options such as cystodistension for women with OAB and to ascertain whether underlying baseline parameters (e.g. urodynamic studies, cystoscopic findings, bladder biopsy results) have any impact on treatment outcomes. The aetiology of OAB was also studied to understand the impact of bladder wall thickness and the bladder microbiome in OAB to improve our understanding of the possible mechanisms of OAB. In this thesis, I have reviewed the current literature on OAB, cystodistension and the role of infection in OAB. The work presented in this MD investigates the effectiveness of mirabegron and cystodistension as treatment options for OAB. All studies were conducted in a 'real-life' clinical setting to recreate the challenges in daily clinical practice. Mirabegron was found to be an effective treatment option for patients with OAB. However, the benefits were not striking with 70% of patient reporting improvement of their symptoms at 6 weeks. This was converted into only a minority of patients (36%) reporting their incontinence was "much better" or "very much better". More research should be targeted at identifying patient characteristics that are associated with a better outcome. It was found to be a suitable non-invasive alternative to Botulinum Toxin A (BTXA) in 59% of patients with refractory OAB. However, over two thirds of patients discontinued mirabegron therapy within 1 year. A significant number of patient who persevered with mirabegron were on combination therapy with an antimuscarinic at 1 year. Randomised controlled trial comparing cystodistension with cystoscopy demonstrated no benefit from cystodistension in the treatment of OAB. In this group, the presence of bladder trabeculation on cystoscopy was found to be associated with a direct effect on maximum detrusor muscle contraction with a significant increase in contraction compared to patients with an absence of trabeculation (42.71 cmH2O vs 31.41cmH2O, p = 0.01). The presence of trabeculation also affected the symptoms of OAB with a significant decrease in the Filling Scores of the ICIQ-FLUTS LF questionnaire (8.45 vs 9.58, p=0.04). There was no relationship between urodynamic findings and bladder biopsy on baseline symptomology and outcome of treatment. In this cohort, a feasibility study assessing bladder wall thickness (BWT) recorded a significant increase in BWT in OAB patients with detrusor overactivity (DO) (5.6mm vs 4.2mm, p=0.006). Though ultrasound is unable to replace urodynamic studies, it may be useful tool in understanding the aetiology, disease progression and prediction of treatment outcomes in OAB. The bladder microbiome demonstrated a significant difference between the patients with OAB and healthy controls. Proteus was found to be significantly more prevalent in OAB patients (p=0.01) whilst Lactobacillus was significantly more common in healthy controls (p=0.02). The work in this MD suggests there may be variety of sub-types of OAB with different underlying mechanisms of action that may explain the large variation in outcomes with different treatment modalities. Further research will need to be performed to further explore and confirm these findings.

A pesquisa buscou compreender como a paisagem de Paranapiacaba acontece em sua complexidade, a partir da ótica daqueles que tecem o cotidiano e fazem da Vila o que ela é de fato. Ao considerar o desafio de articulação entre distintos olhares sobre a paisagem, optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, lançando mão de ferramentas vindas de diferentes disciplinas, com a intenção de abrir o diálogo com outros campos do conhecimento favoráveis à leitura do fenômeno da vida cotidiana. De um modo geral, a pesquisa constatou que a paisagem acontece no dia a dia de Paranapiacaba por movimentos de inconstâncias e ambiguidades que por vezes se revelam de maneira intensa e mostram que, apesar de essa ser uma relação de afetos, nem sempre é uma relação afetuosa. Além de ambígua e paradoxal, aquela paisagem revelou suas múltiplas feições: não somente grandiosa, monumental e exuberante, mas também, pequena, recolhida. Por se revelar à luz do corriqueiro, da rotina e do trivial, definem aquilo que denominamos paisagem banal. / The current research sought to understand the means by which the landscape of Paranapiacaba happens in its complexity, from the perspective of those who weave the daily life and make the Vila what it really is . In face of the challenge of articulating different perspectives on the landscape, we chose a qualitative approach, using tools from different disciplines, with the intention to open the dialogue with other fields of knowledge related to the understanding of the phenomenon of daily life. In general, the research realized that the landscape of Paranapiacaba happens in the daily life through movements of inconstancy and ambiguities that sometimes reveal themselves in a very intense way, showing that although this is a relation of affections, it does not mean that the relationship is always affecionate. In addition to being ambiguous and paradoxical, this landscape revealed its multiple features: not only magnificent, monumental and exuberant, but also, small and withdrawn. By revealing itself in the light of the ordinary, the routine and the trivial, it is defined as a banal landscape.

The Indirect Perpetration Abstract Institute of indirect perpetration is one of the most important institutes of criminal law. This diploma thesis aims to describe the institute of indirect perpetration, analyze its particular forms, analyze more deeply its selected problematic aspects and based on this provide authentic evaluation and propose changes de lege ferenda. The thesis is divided into 4 chapters. The first chapter explains the term of indirect perpetration and its conditions in general. The legally taxative enumerated forms of indirect perpetration are analyzed one by one together with their corresponding examples. The second chapter studies the history of the institute in our country. The subchapters contain legal regulation of the institute in particular criminal codes effective in Czech countries and opinions of selected historical authors about given problematic, all this since the times of Austrian criminal code from 1852 to currently effective criminal code from 2009. The third chapter discusses selected aspects of the Institute of indirect perpetration. The problematic of personally committed and special criminal offenses, omissive and negligence criminal offenses, indirect perpetration committed using vis absoluta and finally indirect perpetration in relation to participation is discussed....