Cette recherche doctorale s’intéresse aux réseaux d’entreprises dans le contexte spécifique de villes moyennes périphériques. En s’appuyant sur les résultats d’une enquête de terrain auprès de dirigeants d’entreprises innovantes et performantes de Bretagne Sud, la recherche a pu mettre en évidence les ressources territoriales issues des réseaux sociaux. Le fait d’être implanté dans un territoire non métropolitain ne semble pas être un obstacle à l’insertion dans les réseaux de dirigeants, y compris lorsque leurs entreprises sont mondialisées. Pluridisciplinaire, cette recherche a nécessité de mobiliser les théories de la métropolisation afin d’appréhender le contexte de villes moyennes périphériques et leurs opportunités de développement. En outre, les mécanismes qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement réticulaire des entreprises ont été interprétés à la lumière de la sociologie des réseaux et des théories de la science de gestion liées au comportement des chefs d’entreprise.La nature partenariale des travaux, réalisés en collaboration avec les trois agences de développement économique de Bretagne Sud, a conduit à formuler une série de préconisations à destination des décideurs et opérateurs locaux. A ce titre, la mise en place d’une politique publique de réseau constitue une voie à explorer dans le cadre d’un renouvellement des approches du développement territorial. / This doctoral dissertation focuses on business networks in the specific context of peripheral medium sized cities. Based on a field survey of entrepreneurs from Southern Brittany, this research highlights resources provided by business networks. Being located in a non-metropolitan territory does not seem to be a barrier to participation in networks, even for globalized and innovative firms. This multidisciplinary work also mobilises metropolization theories to address the particular geographical context of peripheral, medium-sized cities and assess their territorial development opportunities. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the network functioning of the firms have been interpreted using network sociology and management science literature on business leaders’ behaviour. The partnership framework with three local development agencies has led to make practical proposals targeting local political decision-makers and stakeholders. Thus, implementing a network-based public policy could be an interesting path in order to come up with a new local development approach.

Le site de Chellah situé à Rabat au Maroc rassemble des témoignages archéologiques et historiques allant de la période pré punique aux sultans mérinides. Le site n'est actuellement pas mis en valeur voire à l'abandon. Par le biais de ce travail de recherche, une proposition opérationnelle de mise en valeur du site de Chellah à travers la création d'un musée de site est mise en avant. Cette proposition se base sur l'évolution des notions de patrimoine, musées et tourisme dans la période contemporaine à la fois en Europe et au Maroc et sur l'analyse de trois études de cas (Montréal, Saint-Romain en Gal et Saragosse) en mesure de dégager des éléments de réussite quant à la transformation d'un musée de site en vecteur de développement local. Une approche scientifique poussée, combinée à une prise en compte des problématiques économiques, principalement touristiques font figure d'éléments déterminant dans la durabilité des musées de sites. Le musée devient ainsi un outil de développement à caractère interdisciplinaire. Ces facteurs de réussite sont repris dans la proposition de musée de site pour Chellah où l'ensemble du projet muséographique est détaillé tout en prenant en compte les spécificités socio-économiques du Maroc et de Rabat. / The archaeological site of Chellah located in Rabat, Morocco brings together historical and archaeological éléments from the Pre-Punic time untill the Merinid sultans' period. This site is currently not enhanced or even abandonned This research focuses on an operational enhancement of the site of Chellah. This proposal is based on the changing concepts of heritage, museums and tourism in the contemporary period in both Europe and Morocco and on the analysis of three case studies (Montreal, Saint-Romain en Gal and Zaragoza) allowing to identify elements of success in the transformation of a site museum into a vector of local development. A scientific work, combined with a consideration of economie issues mainly related to tourism are key elements in a sustainable approach in terms of a site museums valorization. The museum must also be considered as an interdisciplinary subject. These success factors are included in the site museum project of Chellah but this one also takes into account the specific socio-economic context of Rabat in Morocco.

L’axe d’étude de ce travail porte sur la valorisation du patrimoine culturel immatériel et les espoirs de développement économique et touristique qu’elle suscite en Sardaigne à partir de l’exemple des jeux traditionnels. Dans différentes régions du globe, leur transformation actuelle en ressource de développement local et/ou leur instrumentalisation au service de l’identité relèvent d’un courant général de patrimonialisation accéléré par la Convention UNESCO de 2003. L’étude des activités ludiques pratiquées en Sardaigne analyse les jeux en eux-mêmes mais davantage encore la multiplicité des acteurs et des projets, les dynamiques qui les traversent et les raisons qui les soutiennent – : divertir, soutenir l’identité, développer. Les jeux apparaissent alors comme des révélateurs d’appartenances, des terrains de contestations, des indicateurs des mutations sociales et culturelles en cours. Cette thèse renseigne ainsi sur le positionnement d’une région périphérique fortement frappée par la crise économique face à la patrimonialisation des biens culturels, dans une perspective résolument glocale. / The present study focuses on the promotion of intangible cultural heritage and the prospect of resulting economic and touristic development generated in Sardinia, based on the example of traditional games. In various parts of the world, its current transformation in local development resources and / or instrumentalisation in favour of identity fall under a general trend of heritagisation, accelerated by the UNESCO Convention in 2003.The study of games played in Sardinia analyses the games themselves but even more so the multiplicity of the players and projects, dynamics that involve them and motives that support them: enjoyment, consolidation of identity, development. Games are thus detectors of origin, of land disputes, indicators of undergoing social and cultural change.The thesis examines the positioning of a peripheral region heavily affected by the economic crisis through its cultural heritage, in a resolutely glocal perspective.

Les difficultés dans la mobilité des personnes et des biens constituent l’un des obstacles majeurs à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations des pays sous-développés en général et celles de l’Afrique en particulier. Cette situation est particulièrement vraie pour la république du Niger. En observant la carte de l’Afrique on peut déjà imaginer les contraintes que peuvent induire la position géographique du pays pour ses échanges avec l’extérieur. Aussi, autant son isolement externe est criant, autant à l’intérieur du territoire national, l’enclavement est réel et pose un véritable problème de développement. L’étendue du territoire, son enclavement et une situation de fragilité économique constituent les éléments fondamentaux du contexte dans lequel évolue le secteur des transports au Niger. À l’échelle du territoire nigérien, le département de Téra permet d’appréhender les difficultés que pose le dysfonctionnement d’un système de transport et de voir comment la mobilité s’inscrit dans le processus du développement local. La faiblesse de l’offre des services de transport, la vétusté des infrastructures et le difficile accès aux moyens de transport sont des problèmes récurrents pour les populations. Les stratégies des acteurs n’ont eu qu’un impact limité sur l’amélioration de la mobilité dans l’espace départemental. Cet important dysfonctionnement dans la mobilité des personnes et des biens devra être résolu. / Difficulties in people’s mobility and in the flow of goods are one of the major obstacles to better the living conditions of populations in less-developed countries generally speaking, and particularly in Africa. That is true indeed for the Republic of Niger. As far as foreign trade is concerned, one can easily notice the constraints linked to the geographical location of the country, just by looking at the map of Africa. Not only its striking external isolation, but also its land-locked situation focuses a serious development issue. The size of this land-locked state and its economic weakness are the basic context for transportation in Niger. The department of Téra, which represents Niger well, allows understanding malfunctions in the transportation system and how mobility is part of the local development process. The low level of the services of transportation, the ageing infrastructures and the difficult access to means of transport are recurring problems for populations. The different stakeholders’ strategies have had limited impact on the improvement of mobility within the department. Those important malfunctions concerning people’s mobility and the flow of goods must be solved.

The topic of the diploma thesis is "The local action groups in the Czech Republic in the programming period 2007 - 2013: A Case Study MAS Hlučínsko". The thesis deals with the local development and rural areas in general with a focus on voluntary cooperation with the local actors from the private, public and nonprofit sectors in Hlučínsko. The analytic part contains an analysis of the socio-economic areas, analysis of completed projects in the programming period 2007 - 2013 focused both on improving the technical and transport infrastructures and the development of rural heritage and synthesis of findings from an empirical investigation in the form of structured interviews with representatives of MAS Hlučínsko.

This diploma thesis deals with the problematic of utilization of renewable energy sources in regional context. Thesis is divided into two main parts, which are theoretical and empirical. Theoretical part provides general view on renewables, describes its position according to fossil fuels, analysis its potential, ways of development and support. Practical part of the work analysis two projects of biogas stations and also evaluates its impacts on local development. These impacts are compared in the final part of the work and on its basics particular conclusions are drew.

This thesis focuses on specific forms of long term development stabilization by using returnable incomes in Czech municipalities of various sizes. Stabilization is appropriate when unexpected (negative) events may occur, when assuring continuity of investment activities, or financing extensive development projects. Traditional form of Keynesian countercyclical stabilization has not been confirmed on analyzed municipalities. Conversely, fiscal and budgetary behavior of the municipalities has been procyclical. The author points out the necessity of stabilization on the municipal level due to a long term non-conceptual fiscal policy of the Czech government.

Promue au même titre que la cohésion sociale et économique dans le Traité de Lisbonne, la cohésion territoriale est devenue un enjeu essentiel dans la définition d‟une politique commune d‟aménagement du territoire pour les pays membres de l‟Union européenne. La thèse vise comprendre dans quelle mesure la cohésion territoriale influence les politiques nationales d‟aménagement du territoire dans un pays candidat. Après avoir rappelé la lente construction d‟une politique territoriale commune au sein de l‟UE, les dynamiques territoriales de la Turquie contemporaine ont été confrontées aux exigences de la cohésion territoriale. Les plus grands défis identifiés sont la permanence de grandes inégalités régionales et l‟absence de structures territoriales pouvant favoriser l‟émergence d‟une gouvernance multi-niveaux. Alors que la Turquie est un pays fortement centralisé, l‟innovation majeure dans ce domaine réside dans la création de 26 agences de développement à l‟échelle régionale NUTS 2 qui n‟existait pas auparavant. En s‟appuyant sur trois exemples régionaux (Istanbul, Izmir, Diyarbakır-ġanlıurfa), la thèse analyse le découpage de ces nouvelles régions, le processus de constitution de ces agences, leur fonctionnement, leur intégration dans le contexte institutionnel local et les politiques spatiales qu‟elles entendent mettre en oeuvre. Trois grandes idées peuvent en être retenues. Elles marquent tout d‟abord une nouvelle étape dans les politiques nationales d‟aménagement du territoire, en introduisant des principes nouveaux, en vigueur également dans l‟Union européenne (appel à projets, co-financement, etc.). Elles contribuent ensuite à la transformation de l‟échelle régionale, en dotant des institutions nouvelles de moyens importants, leur permettant de construire petit à petit leur propre territoire d‟intervention. Enfin, l‟objectif de cohésion territoriale est dépassé par l‟articulation entre l‟échelle régionale et l‟échelle métropolitaine, la grande majorité des politiques publiques d‟aménagement visant à renforcer la compétitivité de cette dernière / Territorial cohesion, at the same level than social cohesion and economic cohesion, lies at the core of the European model of society. This thesis intends to understand how far is a national spatial planning policy modified by the europeanisation process. It appears that the main issues at stake in Turkey are the huge regional disparities between the East and the West of the country, but also at a regional scale between metropolitan major cities and declining rural areas, and the lack of regional adminisrative units fostering multi-level governance. The creation of regional development agencies at regional scale in Turkey introduces new actors within the centralised development process of the country. Established at the NUTS 2 level, they are supposed to be the first step on the adaptation of the territorial system to EU standards, and to anticipate the European funds management in case of full membership. The thesis analyses the creation process of these RDAs, their internal organisation, their funding and their spatial policies through strategic planning. They lie at the core of the creation of regional growth coalitions by supporting regional business communities, which are supposed to enhance endogenous capital and promote regional capacities in order to promote economic growth and social well-being. This thesis shows that the creation of a new territorialised actor does not necessary mean apparition of a new territorial administrative level: the new institutions are not a piece of evidence of a devolution process. On the contrary, they appear as new bodies of the centralised spatial planning process. The so called regionalisation process under europeanisation pressure is actually a new way of territorial management, closer to international neoliberal standards than to regional policy implementation demands. Moreover, the territorial cohesion policy is challenged by the mismatch between regional and metropolitan scale, the latter being the main frame of implementation for the national policies of innovation

Nem sempre, as iniciativas endógenas voltadas ao desenvolvimento local são capazes de ofertar renda e bem-estar à maior parte da população, gerando uma necessidade de investimentos externos, desde que, não sufoquem as particularidades regionais e interajam de forma harmoniosa com os empreendimentos locais, por isso as políticas públicas para atração de empresas devem ser trabalhadas, pelos governos municipais, como uma dentre várias estratégias que levem em consideração as diversas dimensões de desenvolvimento. O intuito desta dissertação consiste em analisar as políticas públicas de atração de empresas realizadas na cidade mineira de Araxá entre os anos 2001 e 2008, observando suas influências (vantajosas ou não) na construção do desenvolvimento local no município, escolhido devido o reconhecimento de instituições como o Sebrae e a International Exporters Service, por apresentar uma gestão pública empreendedora. A natureza do estudo é essencialmente qualitativa e buscou compreender a formação, os estágios e os processos das políticas. As análises foram baseadas nas dimensões de desenvolvimento econômico, social, ambiental, político e institucional e os resultados demonstraram que as políticas para atração de empresas promoveram grandes avanços principalmente em resultados sociais e inovações no sentido político-institucional; todas essas dimensões foram vistas na revisão literária que ainda apresenta algumas aproximações conceituais do termo desenvolvimento, uma breve caracterização da política de atração de empresas, além de alguns estudos vinculados à gestão pública municipal e à formação de políticas públicas. Os resultados deste estudo ainda apresentaram as várias visões de um caso de sucesso, compondo importantes ferramentas na formação de políticas para todos representantes locais, líderes e instituições interessadas no desenvolvimento regional, considerando as diferenças culturais e históricas existentes entre cada local. / Endogenous initiatives that come from communities are constantly discussed, however such initiatives, sometimes, are unable to offer both income and life quality to a part of the population, generating a need of external investments as long as interact with local enterprises and dont suffocate regional particularities. Therefore, the company attraction policy should be worked by the city halls as part of the strategy of local development, considering the development dimensions. The objective of this research is analyzing the companies attraction policies in Araxá city (Minas Gerais State) between the years 2001 and 2008, observing influences (advantageous or not) to the formation of local development. Araxá city was chosen because of the recognition of organizations like Sebrae and International Exporters Service, due to an enterprising public management. This study is essentially qualitative and will comprehend both content and process policies. The analysis was based on economical, social, environmental, political and institutional dimensions, previously studied on literature research which still presents some conceptual proximity to the term development, a brief characterization of companies attraction policies, besides some studies related to public management. The results show excellent progress in both areas, social and politicalinstitutional. By presenting many different visions of a success case, this study showing an effective contribution to the elaboration of policies to local leaders and organizations interested in regional development, considering cultural and historical differences of each place.

Assistiu-se, nas últimas décadas, a uma maior preocupação do homem com as questões ambientais, com a preservação do planeta e a garantia de continuidade da biodiversidade. Desenvolvimento Local e Participação constituem, hoje, conceitos centrais no debate público acerca do quadro de exclusão social que persiste, mesmo após décadas de políticas direcionadas ao combate da pobreza. Estes dois temas sintetizam o pressuposto de que o conceito de desenvolvimento é bem mais amplo que o de mero crescimento econômico, e envolve aspectos abrangentes de qualidade de vida do indivíduo, tais como inclusão social, proteção à diversidade cultural, uso racional de recursos naturais, etc. A preocupação particular com o tema, desenvolvimento sustentável, origina-se da vivência nos Marins, município de Piquete, e da observação e desencadeamento de sua história recente. Opta-se pela pesquisaação, nesta proposta, pois se tem papel ativo no equacionamento dos problemas encontrados, no acompanhamento e avaliação das ações realizadas em oficinas participativas com a comunidade. Propõe-se pesquisar os principais fatores que impedem o processo de participação comunitário no desenvolvimento local, tendo como base o processo participativo da comunidade. Assim pela metodologia adotada, foi possível classificar o problema participação da comunidade no processo de desenvolvimento local - em grupos e subgrupos de afinidades, hierarquizá-los consignando o grau de prioridade dado a cada um deles. Resultando-se em: políticas públicas, conhecimento (educação), qualificação, organização e integração. Na pesquisa ficou evidente que ações desenhadas para a promoção do desenvolvimento devem não apenas se dar de forma descentralizada, mas devem estar focadas, essencialmente, no local onde se dá à vida cotidiana concreta. Verificou-se ainda que a participação se torna mais sustentável, quando ela não se restringe a processos de consultas, ou uma participação pontual, mas se é um elemento constituinte do cotidiano. Torna-se fundamental a visão estratégica e a respectiva vontade pública de tornar as experiências pilotos em políticas públicas. / It was attended, in the last decades, to a bigger care of the man with the environment questions, the planet preservation and the continuity of biodiversity. Local development and participation establish, today, central concepts in the public discussion concerning the picture of social exclusion that persists, the same, after decades of public politics to the combat of the poorness. These two concepts synthesize the presupposed of that the development concept is more extensive than the mere economic growth, and involves aspects of quality of life of the individual, such as social inclusion, protection to the cultural diversity, rational use of natural resources, etc. The particular concern with the subject, sustainable development, originates from the experience in the district of the Marins, city of Piquete, and the observation and the break out of its recent history. In this offer the researcher has active paper in the solution of the found problems, in the accompaniment and estimate of the actions; choose, therefore for the researchaction, carried through in workshops with the community. It is considered to search the essential factors that obstruct the communitarian process of articipation in the local development, having as base the process in the community. In this way for the adopted methodology, it was possible to classify the problem - participation of the community in the process of local development - in groups and sub-groups of affinities, to order them consigning the degree of priority given to each one of them. Resulting itself in: public politics, knowledge (education), qualification, organization and integration. In the research it was evident that actions drawn for the promotion of the development must not only be given of decentralized form, but must be concentrated, essentially, in the "place" where the concrete daily life happens. It still verified that the participation if becomes more sustainable, when does not restrict the processes of consultations, or an accidental participation, but if is a constituent element of the daily one. One becomes basic the strategically vision and the respective will of the government to become the experiences pilots in public politics.