Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV10MA060.pdf: 3544376 bytes, checksum: 70aba0d2ca5ce86d930375b17637c798 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to obtain information that may assist in insertion and cultivation of species of the genus Salix in agroforestry systems. For the ethno knowledge study that deals with willow crops and local plant diversity was performed 30 semi-structured interviews applied to willow growers settled in typically willow crops communities. In the experiment that simulated levels of shadow, 20 cm willows cuttings were planted into box filled with a mixture of soil and manure and submitted to 0%, 50% and 70% shading levels. The diameter and length of the willow branches, fresh and dry weight of the branches and roots and branches winding resistance were evaluated 60 and 90 days after the starting of the experiment. For verifying the response of tree willow species to different water soil contents, the experiment was conducted into a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement of 2 x 3 x 4. Each plot was composed by a plastic vase filled with Haplumbrepts or Latosols soil. In each vase was planted three willow cuttings of Salix x rubens, Salix viminalis or Salix smithiana species. The water soil regime tested was irrigation to soil water retention capacity to 100, 80, 60, 40 %. At 90 days after after the starting of the experiment were evaluated length of branches, number of buds, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots of each plant. The willow growers showed to be prepared to do the harmonization of willow crop as agroforestry systems once it is done with native and commercial plant species, that could be panted and cultivated in the around of willow cropped areas. In order to obtain the highest yields and branches qualities in agroforestry systems plants of Salix viminalis and Salix x rubens should be cultivates in no shading areas. The biomass production of Salix x rubens, Salix viminalis and Salix Smithiana is greater between 80 and 100% capacity retention of moisture in the soil. Therefore, the willows fields outside of permanent legal areas with low wet areas should guarantee plenty of water to the willows plants / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter informações que possam auxiliar na inserção e cultivo de espécies do gênero Salix em sistemas agroflorestais. Para o estudo do etnoconhecimento foram realizadas 30 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com viminicultores residentes nas comunidades típicas de cultivo do vimeiro. O estudo abordou aspectos sobre o cultivo do vimeiro e da diversidade vegetal local. Para o experimento de simulação de sombra em vimeiros, estacas com 20 cm de comprimento foram plantadas em caixas com substrato composto pela mistura de solo e esterco bovino e submetidas aos níveis de 0%, 50% e 70% de sombreamento. Aos 60 e 90 dias após o plantio foram avaliados o diâmetro e comprimento dos ramos, massa fresca e seca dos ramos e das raízes e resistência dos ramos ao enrolamento. Para a resposta de três espécies de vimeiros a diferentes condições hídricas no solo, o experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualisado, disposto em arranjo fatorial de 2 x 3 x 4 x 4. As parcelas eram constituídas por vasos plásticos contendo separadamente solo do tipo Cambissolo Húmico álico franco argiloso e Latossolo Vermelho argiloso nos quais foram plantadas três estacas das espécies de Salix x rubens, Salix viminalis e Salix smithiana. Os regimes hídricos do solo foram de irrigação para elevação à capacidade de retenção (CR) de água quando o solo atingia 100, 80, 60 e 40% da CR. Aos 90 dias após a implantação das estacas foi avaliado o comprimento de ramo, número de gemas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes de cada planta. Os viminicultores entrevistados estão dispostos à manutenção e harmonização dos vimais como sistemas agroflorestais, dando preferência a espécies nativas ou comerciais, desde que localizadas no entorno dos vimais. Em sistemas agroflorestais, para a obtenção do maior rendimento e qualidade de ramos as plantas de Salix viminalis e Salix x rubens, estas devem ser cultivadas em áreas livres de sombreamento. A produção de biomassa de Salix x rubens, Salix viminalis e Salix smithiana é maior entre 80 e 100% de capacidade de retenção de umidade no solo. Portanto, a condução de vimais fora das áreas de preservação permanente com solos de baixadas e umidos devem assegurar a disponibilidade de água aos vimeiros

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-11T22:33:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Margô de David.pdf: 6604604 bytes, checksum: 3d721477f0884d676ca6743da25415fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-05-24T16:04:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Margô de David.pdf: 6604604 bytes, checksum: 3d721477f0884d676ca6743da25415fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-24T16:04:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Margô de David.pdf: 6604604 bytes, checksum: 3d721477f0884d676ca6743da25415fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-13 / FAPEMAT / O uso dos recursos naturais é essencial no cotidiano de diferentes comunidades. Neste sentido, as pesquisas etnobotânicas proporcionam inúmeras contribuições para a compreensão da relação entre essas comunidades e as plantas. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo catalogar, sistematizar e analisar de forma integrada o conhecimento que os moradores de quatro bairros de Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brasil, possuem a respeito da flora nas unidades de paisagens, bem como da utilização, do manejo e da conservação dos recursos vegetais nos quintais. A área de estudo foi escolhida através de um sorteio dos questionários aplicados aos alunos da Escola Estadual Professor Jercy Jacob, que residem em diferentes bairros. Foram sorteados quatro bairros: Água Vermelha, Bonsucesso, Cristo Rei e Santa Isabel e cinco quadras em cada um, totalizando 20 quadras. Dentro de cada quadra foram sorteadas quatro residências, totalizando 80 residências para aplicação das entrevistas. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram: pré-teste, observação direta, entrevista semiestruturada, história de vida e turnê guiada. As coletas etnobotânicas consistiram-se através de visitas nas residências dos moradores, no período de maio de 2013 a abril de 2014, com um total de 127 informantes. No levantamento os informantes citaram 249 espécies vegetais distribuídas em 84 famílias botânicas. As espécies catalogadas foram distribuídas em etnocategorias de uso Alimentar (34%), Medicinal (64%), Ornamental (24%) e Outros usos (29%). Assim identificou-se os principais usos das espécies relatadas pelos informantes, com destaque para a categoria Medicinal. As famílias com maior representatividade foram Asteraceae (16 espécies), Lamiaceae (15 espécies), Fabaceae (14 espécies), Solanaceae (11 espécies), Araceae (nove espécies), Cucurbitaceae (oito espécies) e Anacardiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae (cada qual com sete espécies). Estas espécies estavam presentes principalmente nos quintais, mas também em outras unidades de paisagens do cerrado, mata de galeria e roça. Dentre as plantas que se destacaram quanto a Frequência Relativa de Concordância Quanto aos Usos Principais estão: Mangifera indica L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Plectranthus barbatus Andrews, Saccharum officinarum L., Punica granatum L., Alloe vera (L.) Burm f., Allium fistulosum L. O conhecimento que essa população possui sobre as plantas presentes nos quintais é transmitido preferencialmente por meio do convívio familiar. Quanto ao manejo dos quintais são utilizados, principalmente, insumos agrícolas naturais e as regas são feitas ao amanhecer ou no final da tarde, sendo esta manutenção realizada sobretudo pelas mulheres. Deste modo, o cultivo de diferentes espécies, o manejo, a finalidade e a forma de uso contribuem para a conservação das plantas nesses ambientes. / The use of natural resources is essential in the daily life of different communities. In this sense, the ethnobotanical studies provide numerous contributions to the understanding of the relationship between these communities and plants. Therefore, this study aimed to catalog, organize and analyze in an integrated way the knowledge that the residents of four neighborhoods of Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil, have about the flora in the landscape units, as well as the use, management and conservation of plant resources in the yards. The study area was chosen through a random selection of questionnaires given to students of the Escola Estadual Professor Jercy Jacob, living in different neighborhoods. Were drawn four neighborhoods: Água Vermelha, Bonsucesso, Cristo Rei and Santa Isabel and five blocks in each, totaling 20 blocks. Within each block were randomly selected four homes, totaling 80 homes for application of interviews. The research techniques used were pre-test, direct observation, semi-structured interviews, life history and guided tour. The ethnobotanical collections consisted up informally, through visits in the homes of neighborhoods, from May 2013 to April 2014, with 127 informants. In the survey, informants cited 249 plant species in 84 plant families. The cataloged species were distributed in Food ethnocategories of use (34%), Medical (64%), Ornamental (24%) and Other uses (29%). Therefore, we identified the main uses of the species reported by informants, especially the Medical category. Families with greater representation were Asteraceae (16 species), Lamiaceae (15 species), Fabaceae (14 species), Solanaceae (11 species), Araceae (nine species), Cucurbitaceae (eight species) and Anacardiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae (each seven species). They are found mainly in homegardens, but also in other cerrado landscape units, gallery forest and fields. Among the plants that stood out as the Relative Frequency of Agreement Regarding the Main, uses are Mangifera indica L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Plectranthus barbatus Andrews, Saccharum officinarum L., Punica granatum L., Alloe vera (L.) Burm f., Allium fistulosum L. The knowledge that this population has on the plants present in homegardens is transmitted preferably through the family life. For the management are used mainly natural agricultural inputs and irrigation are made at dawn or in the late afternoon, which is maintenance performed mainly by women. Thus, the cultivation of different kinds, the purpose and manner of use contribute to the preservation of plants in these environments.

A homogeneização técnica pretendida pela modernização da agricultura, bem representada pelas diretrizes da ‘Revolução Verde’, tem sido associada a consequências negativas do ponto de vista socioambiental nos espaços rurais. No entanto, propostas recentes, que objetivam imprimir novas dinâmicas a processos de desenvolvimento rural, vêm sendo construídas em oposição às ideias difusionistas convencionais. Com isto, têm ganhado espaço propostas e projetos que enfatizam a necessidade de valorização dos conhecimentos locais, como parte das estratégias para o desenvolvimento rural. Pesquisas e ações de diversas organizações vêm enfatizando, gradativamente, os resultados da interação do conhecimento local com os conhecimentos advindos da tecnociência, fato este que possibilita um novo olhar sobre a atuação dos agricultores familiares no espaço rural. Este olhar abrange o surgimento de adaptações e rearranjos em relações sociais e de trabalho, de novas formações de sentido e de reinvenções de práticas e técnicas, especialmente agrícolas. Neste âmbito, considera-se que mudanças e inovações estão ocorrendo constantemente e são potencialmente motivadoras para um ativo processo de emergência de ‘novidades’, no qual são fundamentais a localidade e a ação de múltiplos atores. Esse ponto de vista torna-se importante na abertura de um abrangente campo de pesquisa, que busca evidenciar e compreender avanços e obstáculos na implementação de projetos que objetivam a promoção do desenvolvimento rural. Alicerçada nestas ideias e à luz da Perspectiva Orientada ao Ator, esta pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, propôs analisar novidades emergentes com enfoque nas práticas agrícolas, nos sistemas de produção e na organização social, decorrentes das situações de interface que colocam frente a frente conhecimentos e práticas de mediadores sociais e de agricultores familiares, na implantação de projetos para o desenvolvimento rural em São Lourenço do Sul e Pelotas – Rio Grande do Sul. A análise aponta que esses agricultores familiares, direcionados pelos ideais da agricultura de base ecológica, e apoiados por projetos de assistência técnica e políticas públicas, executam ‘práticas desviantes’, que representam formas inovadoras nos processos agrícolas, na articulação entre atores, em sua relação com os mercados e mesmo na criação de novas organizações. Dessa forma, foi identificada a emergência de ‘novidades’, que pode ser evidenciada pela constituição da Cooperativa Sul Ecológica; pela construção de novos mercados, o institucional (merenda escolar) e o local (feiras livres); e o estabelecimento da Agroindústria Figueira do Prado. A trajetória de emergência dessas ‘novidades’ está relacionada ao descobrimento de novos e relevantes recursos para a transformação de sistemas de produção convencionais em outros, cuja base é ecológica. Também, é perceptível o desenvolvimento de uma ‘sintonia fina’ no uso de tais recursos, bem como o reordenamento de muitos deles pelo estabelecimento de conexões entre elementos antes ignorados ou afastados entre si. Essas ‘novidades’ que estão amplamente relacionadas com o compartilhamento de conhecimentos, especificidades locais, heterogeneidade e dinamismo da ação social, parecem indicar uma alteração nas trajetórias de desenvolvimento no espaço rural na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. / The technical homogenization intended by the modernization of agriculture, well represented by the Green Revolution guidelines, has been associated with negative socio-environmental consequences at rural areas. However, recent proposals which aim to set new dynamics to rural development processes, have been constructed in opposition to conventional diffusionists ideas. With this, proposals and projects that emphasize the local knowledge relevance as part of strategies for rural development have advanced. Researches and actions from several organizations connected to the rural development have gradually emphasized the results from the interaction between local knowledge and knowledge derived from technoscience; this fact allows a new perspective to the role of family farmers in rural areas, a look that encompasses the rising of adaptations and re-arrangements in social and work relationships, new configurations of meanings and reinventions of practices and techniques, especially agricultural ones. In this context, it is considered that changes and innovations are constantly occurring and they are potentially motivating to an active process of emergence of 'novelties', in which local features and the action of multiple actors are essential. Focusing on these social processes and on the knowledge heterogeneity, it is possible to realize changes in farmers’ relationships to nature and, this way, rethinking the farmers’ role and local knowledge as key elements to achieve sustainable productive alternatives. Based on these ideas and under Actor Oriented Approach framework, the researchaimed to analyze emerging novelties, focusing on farming practices, production systems and social organization, specially considering them as results from interface situations, which put together knowledge and practices from social mediators and family farmers, during the implementation of projects for rural development at São Lourenço do Sul and Pelotas - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The analysis indicates that these family farmers, oriented by ecological agriculture ideals, supported by technical assistance projects and by public policies, are performing ‘deviant practices’, which represent innovative ways to agricultural processes, to interaction between actors, to relationship with the markets and even to creating new organizations. This way, it was possible to identify the novelty emergence, which can be evidenced through the Cooperativa Sul Ecológica foundation; the construction of new markets, the institutional (school meals) and local(farmers fairs); and the establishment of the Agroindústria Figueira do Prado. The trajectory of emergence of these novelties is related to the discovery of new and relevant resources to overcome conventional production systems, proposing others, based on ecological principles. The development of a 'fine tuning' process is also relevant in using such resources as well as a re-patterning of them by establishing connections between elements before ignored or spaced. These 'novelties' that are broadly related to knowledge sharing, local characteristics, heterogeneity and social action dynamism seem to be indicating changes to development paths at rural areas of southern Rio Grande do Sul.

Ce travail décrit les processus de production des savoirs locaux sur le manioc et leurs modes d’apprentissage et circulation par les paysans centrafricains, lesquels se confrontent à l’exécution des politiques publiques agricoles et agroalimentaires du pays. Les savoirs locaux sur le manioc constituent un ensemble de techniques et de savoir-faire construits et acquis par les paysans à travers des apprentissages qui mettent en interaction des acteurs appartenant à des mondes sociaux différents. Mes recherches s’appuient sur des enquêtes de terrain multi-situées, à Pissa, à Yaloké et à Sibut, et sur une expérience d’observation participante aux travaux agricoles et à l’apprentissage du « savoir-cultiver » qui m’ont conduit à identifier des changements socio-économiques et des mutations de connaissances induits par l’émergence de ces savoirs paysans. Ceux-ci sont des connaissances hybrides construites selon les contextes sociaux, économiques et agro-écologiques en interactions avec les savoirs scientifiques diffusés en milieu paysan. Les transferts de savoirs technico-scientifiques portés par les projets de production du manioc conduisent les agriculteurs à des réinterprétations qui adaptent les informations reçues à leurs besoins. L’exemple des pratiques de bouturages précoces et tardives comme techniques adaptatives aux changements climatiques invite à repenser la question de la considération des savoirs paysans par les scientifiques en termes de savoirs sociaux répondant aux besoins des agriculteurs. / This work describes the production processes of local knowledge on cassava and their learning styles and circulation by Central African farmers, who are confronted with the implementation of agricultural policy and food of the country. Local knowledge on cassava are a set of techniques and know-how acquired and built by farmers through learning that highlight interaction of the actors belonging to different social worlds. My research is based on multi-located field surveys to Pissa at Yaloké and Sibut, and participant observation of experience in farm work and learning "know-grow" that led me to identify socio-economic changes and knowledge of mutations induced by the emergence of farming knowledge. These are hybrid knowledge built by the social, economic contexts and agro-ecological interactions in scientific knowledge broadcast on-farm. Transfers of technical-scientific knowledge carried by cassava production projects led farmers to reinterpretations which adapt the information received to their needs. The example of the practice early and late cuttings as adaptive techniques to climate change calls to rethink the question of consideration of the farmers' knowledge by scientists in terms of social knowledge to the needs of farmers.

Submitted by karolyne souza (karolm340@gmail.com) on 2018-04-23T14:39:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Antonia Ivanilce_vs final.pdf: 8581262 bytes, checksum: 05df6c95c932ba804dc05f077a8827f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-04-25T15:27:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Antonia Ivanilce_vs final.pdf: 8581262 bytes, checksum: 05df6c95c932ba804dc05f077a8827f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-04-25T15:29:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Antonia Ivanilce_vs final.pdf: 8581262 bytes, checksum: 05df6c95c932ba804dc05f077a8827f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T15:29:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Antonia Ivanilce_vs final.pdf: 8581262 bytes, checksum: 05df6c95c932ba804dc05f077a8827f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The study aimed to analyze the processes of food security and conservation of plant genetic resources in agroecosystems in the border region in the “Alto Rio Solimões”. To this end, sought to characterize the different landscapes in family units, identify the work processes used in production systems for plant genetic resources conservation sites, in addition to listing the products consumed in the diet and used for obtaining monetary income. The study it was in the locality named “Nova Aliança”, in the municipality of Benjamin Constant, AM. As adopted theoretical referential methodological strategy the dialectic of complexity, with the intervention of the field design case study. In the agroecosystems in“Nova Aliança” is a recursive association with the environmental system and knowledge transmitted reproduce and rebuilt generationally by the residents and by express structural coupling process. Work on agroecosystems is based primarily on the social group formed by the family in whose organization is seated the collectivist practice of reciprocity, seeking to make your social reproduction. The residents produce and reproduce the agricultural diversity in agroecosystems to achieve the maintenance of family unity. The channels of obtaining food via work on agroecosystems and reciprocal relations, by residents of “Nova Aliança”, are a durable and transposable arrangements system integrated with know.Unitas Multiplex System complexity of food emerges from the reciprocity between the established by real, with multifunctional characteristics, organization and interactions themselves, since emergencies. The forms of production adopted correspond to agriculture integrators systems to various ecosystems accessed. This is because the organization of agroecosystems presented by the conjunction of terrestrial and aquatic. And environments and are presented as a set of expressions of knowledge and differentiated knowledge resulting from the use, management and conservation of places, cultivated species and the material and immaterial culture in Its living practice, and for it, resulting from the common life experience of the Kokama people. / O estudo teve por objetivo analisar os processos de segurança alimentar e conservação dos recursos genéticos vegetais nos agroecossistemas na região de fronteira no Alto Rio Solimões. Para tanto, buscou-se caracterizar as diferentes paisagens nas unidades familiares, identificar os processos de trabalho utilizados nos sistemas produtivos para conservação dos recursos genéticos vegetais locais, além de listar os produtos consumidos na dieta alimentar e os utilizados para obtenção de renda monetária. O estudo foi realizado na localidade denominada Nova Aliança, no município de Benjamin Constant, AM. Adotou-se, como referencial teórico da estratégia metodológica, a dialética da complexidade, tendo como delineamento de intervenção de campo o Estudo de Caso. Nos agroecossistemas em Nova Aliança, ocorre uma associação recursiva com o sistema ambiental e os saberes transmitidos são reproduzidos e reconstruídos geracionalmente por manifestarem o processo de acoplamento estrutural. O trabalho nos agroecossistemas apoia-se, fundamentalmente, no grupo social formado pela família em cuja organização está assentada a prática coletivista de reciprocidade, buscando viabilizar sua reprodução social. Os moradores produzem e reproduzem a diversidade agrícola nos agroecossistemas para viabilizar a manutenção da unidade familiar. Os canais de obtenção de alimentos via trabalho nos agroecossistemas e relações de reciprocidade, pelos moradores de Nova Aliança, apresentam-se como um sistema de disposições duráveis e transponíveis integradas ao saber. A complexidade do Sistema Unitas Multiplex da comida emerge da reciprocidade entre o estabelecido pelo real, com características multifuncionais, organização e interações próprias, desde emergências. As formas de produção adotadas correspondem a sistemas integradores da agricultura aos diversos ecossistemas acessados. Isto porque, a organização dos agroecossistemas é representada pela conjunção dos ambientes terrestres e aquáticos e apresentam-se como um conjunto de expressões de conhecimentos e saberes diferenciados resultantes do uso, manejo e conservação dos lugares, das espécies cultivadas e da cultura material e imaterial em sua prática viva, e por ela, resultantes da experiência comum de vida do povo Kokama.

Climate change is altering environmental conditions in Canada’s western arctic, including hydrology, permafrost, vegetation, and lake habitat conditions in the heterogeneous landscape of the Mackenzie Delta. The delta is an expansive alluvial plain dominated by thousands of lakes and interconnected channels that provide habitat for fish, birds, and mammals. Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) are a culturally important ecological indicator species found in the Delta. Throughout the 1900s, Gwich’in and Inuvialuit residents in the Delta relied heavily on the muskrat for food, fur, and culture, but as in other regions around the world, changing socioeconomic and ecological conditions are altering the land and Indigenous Peoples’ access to it. This can strongly impact communities by affecting food security, physical health, and overall wellbeing. In the first part of this thesis, I investigated the role of muskrats in the cultural traditions and land-based livelihoods of the Gwich’in and Inuvialuit residents of the Mackenzie Delta by conducting interviews and meetings with over 70 community members. Although the role of muskrats has changed over the last 100 years, muskrat harvesting continues to offer Delta residents a meaningful way to remain engaged in, perpetuate, and strengthen their cultural identity and land-based traditions among generations, and ultimately, to foster individual and community wellbeing. In the second part of this thesis, I investigated the importance of landscape connectivity and patch quality – two properties affected by climate change – on muskrat presence and distribution in the Mackenzie Delta, using remote sensing and field-based surveys of lakes with and without muskrats present in the winter. I tested multiple hypotheses about predictors of muskrat presence and biomass using a model-selection, information theoretic approach. My results show that patch quality related to specific habitat requirements is a more important driver of muskrat distribution than landscape connectivity in the Mackenzie Delta. Muskrats were more likely to occur in lakes with longer perimeters, higher amounts of edible submerged macrophyte biomass, and sediment characteristics that supported macrophyte growth. The latter two conditions are related to spring flooding regimes, which are likely to be altered by climate change. This may result in a decrease in the quality and quantity of preferred muskrat habitat in the Mackenzie Delta. My research indicates that patch quality and landscape-level processes are important for understanding species distributions in heterogeneous landscapes. / Graduate

The global community is experiencing an increasing number of disasters that ranges from earthquakes, floods, storms, epidemics, fires, landslides, hurricanes, tsunamis and social conflicts that result to loss of life and properties. South Africa is dominated by localised incidents, such as wild fires, seasonal flooding, droughts and accidents in the mining industry. Resource-poor communities such as those residing in many parts of South African informal settlements, currently live with a range of stresses and risks including climate risks, HIV/AIDS and access to insecure land. While disaster relief has been at the forefront for quite a long time, communities are increasingly looking at disaster risk reduction as the best solution to safeguard human lives and property. Scholars and policy makers are relying on disaster preparedness and resilience as strategies to ensure disaster risk reduction. Disaster education has emerged as a pinnacle for both the preparedness and resilience by teaching communities about the prevalence of hazards and associated vulnerabilities. The aim of this investigation was to determine how education in particular, curriculum and instructional design contributes to learners’ awareness of hazards and disasters. A mixed method research was used to address the question combining questionnaires, interviews and document study as data collection strategies. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 educators from schools located in informal settlements of Ivory Park in Gauteng, Brits in North West Province, Isipingo in KwaZulu-Natal, Bizana in the Eastern Cape and Khayelitsha in the Western Cape. Interviews were conducted with 5 curriculum specialists, 3 disaster specialists and 2 disaster lectures. The findings of the investigation is that the South African National Curriculum Statements explicitly prescribe hazards and disaster learning outcomes only for Grade 7 Social Science and is silent in other grades and learning areas. Some scholars pointed out that there is no adequate translation of curriculum policy provisions to classroom practice in South Africa, which raises questions on the extent to which learners from South African schools are taught about hazards and disasters as prescribed in the National Curriculum Statements. The investigation also found that educators are overburdened with administrative work and would not be in the position to collaborate with one another to develop learning programmes and to teach indigenous knowledge or hazards and disasters. In this study, it is argued that for education to make effective contribution to learners’ awareness of hazards and disasters, the national curriculum should focus on the broad learning outcomes used as guideline to develop learning programmes for disasters and hazards that are provincial, district and local areas specific. The development and teaching for hazards and disasters should be specified in all grades across all learning areas. Another argument presented in this study is that the National Disaster Management Centre should play a crucial role in mobilising other stakeholders involved in disaster risk reductions to develop learning programmes as they have hands-on experience of managing disasters so that alleviate the burden for educators to be gathering data for learning programme development. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Humanities Education / unrestricted

Solving complex sustainability problems requires diverse perspectives from different academic disciplines and non-academic actors. However, no generally accepted guidelines exist on how to apply transdisciplinarity or other collaborative approaches in a research process. Therefore, applied research approaches reflect the perspectives and expectations of researchers in terms of collaboration. This thesis aims to analyse how natural scientists view and involve indigenous people and local communities in a collaborative research process. To fulfil this aim, an international natural resource-related project in the Brazilian Amazon was examined as a case study and semi-structured interviews were conducted with natural scientists. The empirical data shows that local communities are directly involved in the project, incorporating their knowledge and opinions. Although the researchers think the collaborative approach is valuable, the majority believe that local community participation and decision-making power should be enhanced. The challenges faced by scientists are the communication of science and the difficulties related to power asymmetries or social, such as cultural differences. Simultaneously, cultural and social exchange can serve as inspiration for new perspectives for scientists if they are open-minded and flexible. The most highlighted benefit is the local knowledge of the communities. Scientists maintain that they cannot conduct research without local communities’ knowledge of the environment and the forest. Therefore, communities should also benefit from the academic knowledge of the scientists and the co-produced knowledge generated through the collaboration. Furthermore, the role and help of community members in research should be acknowledged, enhancing their involvement and authority in decision-making within research.

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Dans la zone Mali-Sud, l'augmentation démographique, le développement de la culture cotonnière et, parallèlement, des systèmes d'élevage ont entraîné une augmentation des surfaces cultivées, une réduction du temps de mise en jachère et un passage progressif à la culture continue. L'espace pastoral est réduit aux terres pas encore mises en culture. Dans un contexte climatique, économique et institutionnel difficile, on cherche à faire évoluer les pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et d'alimentation des animaux pour renforcer les systèmes de production et ne pas hypothéquer leur durabilité. De nouvelles postures de recherche visent à transformer les situations, produire des connaissances et renforcer l'implication des acteurs. Les références élaborées par la recherche doivent être compréhensibles par l'ensemble des acteurs et prendre en compte les savoirs techniques locaux des praticiens. Cette prise en compte dans l'analyse des pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols permet-elle de produire des connaissances nouvelles sur les pratiques, de formuler des propositions techniques ou d'améliorer les relations recherche-vulgarisation-paysans ? Nous proposons de tester un cadre d'analyse des pratiques de gestion de fertilité des sols en nous basant sur une caractérisation préalable des savoirs techniques locaux. Ce travail est mené auprès de paysans de deux villages du Mali-Sud. La lecture des relations savoirs-pratiques permet d'apprécier la pertinence des savoirs techniques locaux, d'enrichir la description des pratiques agricoles et d'évaluer l'intérêt de cette approche pour les sciences agronomiques et pour le développement agricole / Soil fertility management and herd role in the cotton-cereals-livestock systems in south Mali, technical local knowledge and crop-livestock farming practices. In the south Mali, population growth, joint development of cotton-crop and breeding system furthered the extension of cultivated lands, furthered the development of letting fallow land for a short-lived and the extension of lands cultivated in a continuous way. The pastoral lands are limited to the none cultivated areas. In a difficult context made off climatic hazard, economic crises and institutional uncertainty, the evolution of soil fertility practices and pastoral practices is looked up to enhance the farming systems and not mortgage their sustainability. New scientific approaches aim at changing the crop and breeding systems, at producing new knowledges and at reinforcing the farmer´s involvement. The technical references developed must be understandable by the farmers and the researchers and must integrate their local technical knowledges. Does the consideration of local technical knowledges in the soil fertility practices analysis enable to produce new knowledges on the practices, to elaborate technical proposals or improve the relations between researchers and farmers? We suggest to test a scientific approach to investigate soil fertility practices with the support of the characterization of the local technical knowledges. This work is performed with farmers of two villages of the South Mali. Analysis of knowledges and practices relations allows to appreciate the relevance of the local technical knowledges, allows to improve farming practices description and to assess the interest of this research method for agricultural sciences and the agricultural development