Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as dinâmicas dos atores sociais relacionadas à temática das plantas medicinais no contexto da Região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho buscou seguir as práticas sociais visando resgatar e analisar a trajetória do Fórum pela Vida, identificar práticas enraizadas localmente de trabalho com plantas medicinais e analisar em profundidade a experiência da farmacinha Saúde Alternativa em Santo Cristo/RS. O Fórum pela Vida foi criado no final da década de 1990, no Rio Grande do Sul, mobilizando grande contingente de pessoas interessadas ou envolvidas com as temáticas das plantas medicinais, saúde, produção de medicamentos, políticas públicas, proteção da biodiversidade. Após um processo desmobilizador em nível estadual, o único Fórum que continuou atuando foi o da Região Noroeste. Para analisar tais processos, a Perspectiva Orientada aos Atores (POA) foi utilizada. Para este fim o trabalho inicialmente apresenta o local do estudo e introduz a discussão sobre o desenvolvimento e a batalha de conhecimentos. Para em seguida, analisar a trajetória do Fórum pela Vida enquanto organização estadual e local, apresentando a transversalidade de temas, interfaces de conhecimentos que perpassam os fóruns. Na última parte do trabalho analisa a farmacinha Saúde Alternativa identificando quais eram as problemáticas cotidianas que fomentaram a organização das mulheres, trazendo a discussão sobre a saúde como tema transversal. Ao abordar a ação social e a luta pelo resgate do conhecimento sobre as plantas medicinais, evidenciou-se como os diferentes projetos de desenvolvimento afetam o cotidiano dos indivíduos e, como os mesmos encontram saídas e mobilizam manobras. / This study aims to identify the dynamics of social actors related to the theme of medicinal plants in the context of the Northwest Region of Rio Grande do Sul. The study sought to follow the social practices in order to retrieve and analyze the trajectory of the Forum for Life, identify locally rooted practices working with medicinal plants and analyze in depth the experience of farmacinha Alternative Health in Santo Cristo / RS. The Forum for Life was created in the late 1990s, in Rio Grande do Sul, mobilizing large numbers of people interested or involved with the theme of medicinal plants, health, medicine production, public policy, protection of biodiversity. After a demobilizing process at the state level, the only forum that continued acting was the Northwest Region. To analyze these processes, Oriented Perspective to Actors (POA) was used. To this end the work initially presents the study site and introduces the discussion on the development and battle skills. To then analyze the trajectory of the Forum for Life as state and local organization, with the crosscutting issues, knowledge interfaces that run through the forums. In the last part of the paper analyzes the farmacinha Health Alternative identifying what were the everyday problems that fomented the organization of women, bringing the discussion on health as a crosscutting theme. In addressing the social action and the fight for the rescue of knowledge about medicinal plants, it became clear how different development projects affecting the daily lives of individuals and how they find ways out and mobilize maneuvers.

Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as dinâmicas dos atores sociais relacionadas à temática das plantas medicinais no contexto da Região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho buscou seguir as práticas sociais visando resgatar e analisar a trajetória do Fórum pela Vida, identificar práticas enraizadas localmente de trabalho com plantas medicinais e analisar em profundidade a experiência da farmacinha Saúde Alternativa em Santo Cristo/RS. O Fórum pela Vida foi criado no final da década de 1990, no Rio Grande do Sul, mobilizando grande contingente de pessoas interessadas ou envolvidas com as temáticas das plantas medicinais, saúde, produção de medicamentos, políticas públicas, proteção da biodiversidade. Após um processo desmobilizador em nível estadual, o único Fórum que continuou atuando foi o da Região Noroeste. Para analisar tais processos, a Perspectiva Orientada aos Atores (POA) foi utilizada. Para este fim o trabalho inicialmente apresenta o local do estudo e introduz a discussão sobre o desenvolvimento e a batalha de conhecimentos. Para em seguida, analisar a trajetória do Fórum pela Vida enquanto organização estadual e local, apresentando a transversalidade de temas, interfaces de conhecimentos que perpassam os fóruns. Na última parte do trabalho analisa a farmacinha Saúde Alternativa identificando quais eram as problemáticas cotidianas que fomentaram a organização das mulheres, trazendo a discussão sobre a saúde como tema transversal. Ao abordar a ação social e a luta pelo resgate do conhecimento sobre as plantas medicinais, evidenciou-se como os diferentes projetos de desenvolvimento afetam o cotidiano dos indivíduos e, como os mesmos encontram saídas e mobilizam manobras. / This study aims to identify the dynamics of social actors related to the theme of medicinal plants in the context of the Northwest Region of Rio Grande do Sul. The study sought to follow the social practices in order to retrieve and analyze the trajectory of the Forum for Life, identify locally rooted practices working with medicinal plants and analyze in depth the experience of farmacinha Alternative Health in Santo Cristo / RS. The Forum for Life was created in the late 1990s, in Rio Grande do Sul, mobilizing large numbers of people interested or involved with the theme of medicinal plants, health, medicine production, public policy, protection of biodiversity. After a demobilizing process at the state level, the only forum that continued acting was the Northwest Region. To analyze these processes, Oriented Perspective to Actors (POA) was used. To this end the work initially presents the study site and introduces the discussion on the development and battle skills. To then analyze the trajectory of the Forum for Life as state and local organization, with the crosscutting issues, knowledge interfaces that run through the forums. In the last part of the paper analyzes the farmacinha Health Alternative identifying what were the everyday problems that fomented the organization of women, bringing the discussion on health as a crosscutting theme. In addressing the social action and the fight for the rescue of knowledge about medicinal plants, it became clear how different development projects affecting the daily lives of individuals and how they find ways out and mobilize maneuvers.

The discussion of a ‘cultural’ dimension of sustainability has been brought forward in sustainable development and in particular sustainable urban development (SUD) in the last three decades. Despite both an advancement of scientific discourse and advocacy through international organisations, empirical examples discussing explicitly leadership and organisation for implementation of culture in SUD are still rare. Through the lens of leadership and organisation, important questions regarding norms, values and behavior are being addressed that provide the foundation for future development. To advance empirical knowledge in the described field, the thesis takes a look at the city of Malmö in the form of a case study. In Malmö, culture has been assigned an important and all-encompassing role in the city’s organisation and sustainable development plan, manifested through a local policy, the so called ‘Culture Strategy’. This in-depth study aims at understanding the practical application of culture in SUD, given a theoretical framework including the possible roles of culture in SUD and the meanings of creative organisation and leadership in a neoliberal urban context. It is followed by a comprehensive analysis of a range of official documents and eight semi- structured interviews. Asking for the communication of visions and actors’ roles and understandings of culture in relation to practices and organisational structures, the thesis shows that the cultural strategy so far has a dual function as a catalyst and representative for the discussion of culture in SUD. Over-departmentalisation and a lack of communication present hinders for organisational change and the potential of development through learning is not given adequate space and time so far. In conclusion, the municipal organisation must detach from the idea to control, and rather enable ‘spaces’ for diverse actors to collectively employ creativity and allow for an experimental process to unfold.

La décision de doter la ville de Lyon d’une mairie unique (ventôse an XIII) intervient peu après la proclamation du Premier Empire et témoigne de l’importance qu’attachait son chef à la réhabilitation d’une entité administrative et politique locale fiable. Dès vendémiaire an XIV (septembre 1805), une municipalité se met en place. Un personnel politique de plus en plus renouvelé par rapport à celui de la Révolution est appelé à gérer la ville sous l’étroite surveillance du pouvoir central et de son représentant départemental, le préfet. L’analyse de sa composition comme celle du fonctionnement quotidien de la municipalité est en mesure de nous aider à appréhender dans sa complexité le projet napoléonien de réorganisation politique et administrative du pays. L’examen de la genèse et du fonctionnement ordinaire d’une administration en développement ainsi que les relations complexes entretenues avec le gouvernement impérial débutent l’étude. Puisque les édiles sont au cœur de l’élite fusionnée dont Napoléon souhaite doter la France, les différentes caractéristiques du corps édilitaire sont l’objet central d’une approche de type prosopographique qui englobe aussi l’analyse des solidarités qui mêlent les personnalités du corpus à des réseaux d’influence de dimension locale, régionale ou nationale. La présentation et la mise en perspective des actions conduites par la mairie unique sous l’Empire complètent l’ensemble qui a pour ambition de situer le cas lyonnais au sein du système napoléonien en formation et de participer à son intelligibilité. / Shortly after the announcement of the First Empire, Lyons was given a unique mayor. This emphasized the importance given to the rehabilitation of a local and administrative centre. Since September 1805, some important men gathered to rule over Lyons. These men, who were replacing the former leaders who played an important part in the 1789 Revolution, were assigned new duties. They had to rule over the city under the strict surveillance of the national authorities and their representative, called the préfet. Thanks to the deep analysis of this new ruling system on a daily basis, we can better understand the Napoleonic plan which aimed at reorganizing the whole country on different political and administrative scales. This study begins with the examination of an expanding administration and the complex relationships with the imperial government. The town councilors belonged to the élite whom Napoleon wanted to endow France with. The study focuses on the main characteristics of these councilors who mixed with other leaders who tended to influence them on a local regional or national scale. This study ends with the presentation and the comparison of the different actions led by the local administration during the Empire. This whole study aims at dealing with the example of Lyons in the forming Napoleonic system

Although a local policy is a necessary issue for a functioning of a democratic political system, it usually does not stand in the center of common interests. This paper deals with its functioning in Prague 16 where the Civic Democratic Party has won the municipal elections since 1994. The aim of this paper is to find the main factors which led to its winning in the municipal elections in 2014. The main text is divided into three chapters. The first theoretical one concerns with a theory of democracy, civil society and elite theory. The second one describes a creation of a local policy in Prague 16 - namely results of municipal elections since 1994, a way in which local political institutions have been created as well as political parties run for the last municipal elections in 2014. The third chapter deals with an analysis of election results and interviews made with local representatives and councilors.

Many countries have committed to goals of emission reductions outlined by the Paris Agreement. The actions and results seen thus far from national governments have been lackluster notwithstanding their good faith pledges. City governments have taken it upon themselves to pick up where their national governments have failed. A large portion of emissions are due to transportation. Individuals’ daily travel patterns are typically limited to within a relatively local area. As mobility patterns differ between cities, municipalities have a unique role in transitioning to a sustainable society that blanket policies by national governments cannot achieve. This results in a bottom-up approach in achieving national commitments to the Paris Agreement. In order to make effective policies and plans, municipalities should make decisions based on known information. Before reducing emissions, it must be known where and by whom the emissions are being produced. This report uses Uppsala as a case study to explore how GIS can be used to communicate and create an understanding between data scientists and politicians so that mitigation efforts can be evidencebased. The report results in several methods for visualizing personal automobile emissions based on registration data. The report continues in discussing some potential actions that can be taken to addressing the emissions from neighborhoods indicated as large contributors by the visualizations.

The doctoral thesis compares and interprets the development of local integration policies of (West) Berlin and Vienna in 1971-2011 on the background of the transformation of Germany and Austria from ethnically homogenous to multicultural countries. Both metropolises first balanced between refusing the permanent integration of immigrants ("temporary integration") and selection of foreigners suitable for integration, later searched for a balance between the traditional concept of assimilation and the more modern multicultural approach; in the last decade they favoured the diversity policy, in more or less close connection to the concept of interculturalism. Although both cities represent essentially similar cases, this development was not straightforward and simultaneous, especially in the first phase before the migration crisis at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. The research study focuses mainly on two questions: why the development of local integration policy in West Berlin started significantly earlier than in Vienna and why both cities started to support diversity policy at the beginning of the new century. The comparative framework derived from the "contrast of contexts" method interprets the development of local integration policies in the context of the national and transnational political...

The diploma paper represents a contribution to the research of direct democracy in the Czech Republic, specifically it deals with the most used form of direct citizen participation in governance, local referendum. The paper is mainly empirical - it shows an experience of ten European countries with local referendum as well as the legislative framework and the definition of this instrument in the Czech Republic. The centre point of the whole thesis lies in the real practice and the experience of Czech municipalities with local direct democracy. The data used in this paper come up from research which aimed to collect information on all local referendums in the Czech Republic since 1990. Although this aim has not been fully accomplished, the data allow to study the practice of Czech local referendums. Local referendums are divided into several groups (categories of territorial changes, the environment, issues of internal governance of the municipality and others) within which are further analysed. The aim of the paper is to verify the hypothesis that seeks a relationship among the size of the municipality, subject of voting, quorum and voter turnout. The paper also focuses on the factors that have got fundamental impact on the final result of referendum.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore a local organization’s adoption of global sustainability policy, in terms of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Agenda is a response to global sustainability challenges which require action by international cooperation and actors on all levels. For such a policy to fulfill its purpose, means of implementation must be ensured. This study aims to answer both why and how a small organization located in Malmö, Sweden, has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, and what it implies for its operations. More specifically, the focus is on the perceptions of people involved in the selected case organization. These perceptions have been captured by interviews. In addition to the interviews, the case data also consists of a document that directs parts of the organization’s operations. Furthermore, to connect the global and local levels, the case data is supplemented with the 2030 Agenda. By conducting a thematic analysis, our main findings indicate that the SDGs are adoptable to a local organization, but that their main function seems to be to frame and legitimize already existing activities in a context of sustainable development.

La révélation de l’origine anthropique des changements climatiques et l’ampleur inédite de ce phénomène ont fait émerger la nécessité de réponse politique pour y faire face. L’adaptation aux changements climatiques (ACC) constitue l’une des réponses formulées par la communauté internationale pour répondre au problème climat. Si le dérèglement anthropique du climat est un problème environnemental planétaire, les effets se manifestent de l’échelle globale jusqu’au niveau très local. Malgré les incertitudes durables associées à ce problème climatique, différentes formes d’injonction législative et politique incitent aujourd’hui les acteurs locaux à intégrer les effets des CC dans leurs politiques territoriales. Les modalités de construction de ces adaptations aux changements climatiques restent toutefois encore largement méconnues. Cette thèse cherche ainsi à comprendre les modalités de déclinaison territoriale de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans l’action publique locale. En s’appuyant sur quatre études de cas, aux échelles territoriales et aux caractéristiques différentes, la thèse vérifie, d’une part, l’hypothèse d’une nécessaire territorialisation de l’ACC, conduisant à des formulations différenciées des réponses locales d’adaptation. D’autre part, ce sont les conséquences de l’intégration de l’ACC sur les façons de faire et de penser les politiques d’aménagement qui sont appréhendées à l’échelle locale. / The revelation of anthropogenic climate changes and the unprecedented scale of this phenomenon led to the emergence of policy responses to deal with. Adaptation to Climate Change (ACC) is one of the responses promoted by the international community to solve the climate problem. If the anthropic climate changes are a global environmental problem, their effects occur from the overall scale to the very local level. In spite of irreducible uncertainties associated to the phenomenon, different forms of legislative and political injunction encourage local actors to incorporate the effects of climate changes in their territorial policies. However, the ways of elaborating local adaptation policy are still largely unknown. This thesis seeks to understand and point out the “territorialization” dynamics of local public action in the field of adaptation.Our two hypothesis deals with, on the one hand, the necessary regionalization of climate change adaptation, leading to differentiated formulations of local responses to adaptation. On the other hand, our research seeks to appreciate the consequences of the integration of climate change adaptation on ways of thinking planning policies. To demonstration these assumptions, we base our analysis on four case studies led at various scales and presenting different characteristics.