The aim of this thesis called "The right to strike and lock-out" is to provide a comprehensive overview of the theory and practice of the right to strike. The thesis is divided into four separate chapters. The first one focuses on the theoretical aspects of the right to strike, a large space is devoted to the species and forms of strikes. The second chapter deals with the strike in the field of international law, in addition to describing the current law seeks to analyze the opinions of the relevant committees of the International Labour Organisation and the Council of Europe. The third chapter focuses on the right to strike in the legislation of the Czech Republic. Attention is paid to the right to strike under the Collective Bargaining Act. The last chapter deals with the right to lockout. The intention is a brief characteristics of this right of employers, as the counterpart of the strike.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The statutory definition of the lock-out encompasses certain acts (inter alia termination of contracts of employment) which must be executed by the employer with a certain purpose. The Appellate Division has recently found that the employment relationship not necessarily terminates similarly to the common law contract of employment, but may subsist after termination of the contract of employment. The industrial court does not easily accept that it has been deprived of its unfair labour practice jurisdiction where terminations of employment take place in consequence of a lock-out. The motive of the employer seems to be decisive. In line with both the trend in first world countries and principles established by the courts in South Africa, the Constitution and especially recent labour legislation significantly curtail the bargaining power of the employer because it is progressively being believed that the employer has sufficient economic power to his disposal. / Die omskrywing van die uitsluiting in wetgewing omvat sekere handelinge {onder andere beeindiging van dienskontrakte) wat deur die werkgewer met 'n sekere doel verrig moet word. Die Appelhof het onlangs beslis dat die diensverhouding na beeindiging van die dienskontrak kan bly voortduur en nie noodwendig soos die gemeenregtelike dienskontrak ten einde loop nie. Die nywerheidshof aanvaar ook nie geredelik dat hy in geval van diensbeeindiging wat volg op 'n uitsluiting van sy onbillike arbeidspraktyk jurisdiksie ontneem is nie. Die motief van die werkgewer blyk hier deurslaggewend te wees. In lyn met sowel die ne1g1ng in eerstew~reldse lande, asook beginsels reeds deur die howe in Suid-Afrika gevestig, word die bedingingsmag van die werkgewer ingevolge die Grondwet en veral onlangse arbeidswetgewing betekenisvol ingekort omrede toenemend aanvaar word dat die werkgewer oor voldoende ekonomiese mag beskik. / Law / LL.M.

Work chair is considered as an important element for the users to improve comfort in work environment. An ergonomic chair design and engineering is therefore considered very important for its usability and comfort view of point for the users. The aim of the thesis is to improve the mobility and ergonomics of the existing chair in all aspects. Ergonomically designed chairs are important for long time seated workers to increase their productivity and also to reduce low back injuries which arise due to the poor design chairs in ergonomic aspects. In addition, ergonomically designed chairs help to increase the seating comfortability of the chair users. QFD and waterfall model was followed for the work execution. In this paper, we discuss a design of an ergonomically efficient chair with simple adjustments which gives more comfortability. This will give us a better likelihood to stay in a neutral position. The Ergonomics of the chair is improved in various steps. This thesis focuses on many ideas in which some of them are implemented and evaluated.

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Bakgrund: I Sverige har 76 % av befolkningen innehav i fonder och den totala fondförmögenheten uppgår till 1 925 miljarder. Kapitalvinstskatten ligger på 30 % och utlöses endast vid en realisation av vinsten. Många svenskar undviker gärna att aktivera denna skatteeffekt och blir därmed inlåsta i sina fonder. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån intervjuer med privata fondsparare och aktörer inom branschen förklara hur kapitalvinstskatten påverkar privatpersoners resonerande och agerande. Detta beteende kommer sedan att analyseras utifrån befintliga teorier inom beteendeekonomi. Metod: För att nå studiens syfte har vi använt oss av en abduktiv metod. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt har vi intervjuat 10 fondsparare och 6 personer inom branschen. Materialet från intervjuerna har sedan förklarats med hjälp av de teorier vi valt ut. Slutsats: I vår studie har vi kommit fram till att inlåsningseffekten varierar beroende på fondspararens ålder. Den yngre gruppen ställde sig mer likgiltig inför kapitalvinstskatten, med anledning av en kort placeringshorisont. Den äldre gruppen hade en mer ospecificerad placeringshorisont och baserade sina investeringsbeslut utefter skattekonsekvensen. Kapitalvinstskatten hade då en bromsande effekt, eftersom det skulle minska den totala förmögenheten. / Background: In Sweden 76 % of the population has savings in mutual funds, with a combined wealth of 1 925 billion SEK. The tax on capital gains is 30 % and is activated when the profit is realized. Many Swedes avoid triggering this tax effect and is therefore locked-in in their mutual funds. Purpose The purpose of this study is, from interviews with private fund investors and industry players, to explain how the capital gains tax affects individuals’ reasoning and actions. This behavior will then be analyzed in terms of existing theories in the field. Method: We have used an abductive method to achieve the purpose of this study. The empirical material has been collected through semi-structured interviews.  We have conducted 10 interviews with private fund investors and 6 people in the fund industry. The material from the interviews was then explained by means of the theories we have selected. Conclusion: In our study we came to the conclusion that the lock-in effect varies depending on the fund savers age. The younger group was more indifferent to the capital gains tax, due to a shorter investment horizon. The older group had a more unspecified investment horizon and based their investment decisions along the tax consequence. Capital gains tax then had a braking effect, as it would reduce the total wealth.

THE RIGHT TO STRIKE AND LOCK-OUT ABSTRACT The content of this thesis is to outline the issue of strikes and lock-outs in the Czech republic, both in terms of current legislation, as well as in future ones. On previous pages I try to describe strike actions from the historical and economic points of view, but I also try to compare their individual characters within the EU countries and to accent their specific features and patterns, which are typical for the state or region. I spent an essentional part of my work by studying strikes not modified by acts and the questions of their legality. I gradually evolved into a full knowledge of complete state of freedom of association in our country because of Judicial decisions I didn't know before. I drew my conclusions primarily from literature, articles from distinguished academics and renowned experts and of course from court cases. The importace of legislative was relative because the lawmaker did not fully explore this area. I describe strikes and lockouts as a general phenomenon, whose presence is desirable in every developed community. But I also realized the individual typological aspects of employment law entities. I tried to create work that consistently includes the full scope of relationships and contained all eventualities that come with the right to...

Une multitude d'algorithmes d'exclusion mutuelle ont été conçus au cours des vingt cinq dernières années, dans le but d'améliorer les performances liées à l'exécution de sections critiques et aux verrous.Malheureusement, il n'existe actuellement pas d'étude générale et complète au sujet du comportement de ces algorithmes d'exclusion mutuelle sur des applications réalistes (par opposition à des applications synthétiques) qui considère plusieurs métriques de performances, telles que l'efficacité énergétique ou la latence.Dans cette thèse, nous effectuons une analyse pragmatique des mécanismes d'exclusion mutuelle, dans le but de proposer aux développeurs logiciels assez d'informations pour leur permettre de concevoir et/ou d'utiliser des mécanismes rapides, qui passent à l'échelle et efficaces énergétiquement.Premièrement, nous effectuons une étude de performances de 28 algorithmes d'exclusion mutuelle faisant partie de l'état de l'art, en considérant 40 applications et quatre machines multicœurs différentes.Nous considérons non seulement le débit (la métrique de performance traditionnellement considérée), mais aussi l'efficacité énergétique et la latence, deux facteurs qui deviennent de plus en plus importants.Deuxièmement, nous présentons une analyse en profondeur de nos résultats.Plus particulièrement, nous décrivons neufs problèmes de performance liés aux verrous et proposons six recommandations aidant les développeurs logiciels dans le choix d'un algorithme d'exclusion mutuelle, se basant sur les caractéristiques de leur application ainsi que les propriétés des différents algorithmes.A partir de notre analyse détaillée, nous faisons plusieurs observations relatives à l'interaction des verrous et des applications, dont plusieurs d'entre elles sont à notre connaissance originales:(i) les applications sollicitent fortement les primitives lock/unlock mais aussi l'ensemble des primitives de synchronisation liées à l'exclusion mutuelle (ex. trylocks, variables de conditions),(ii) l'empreinte mémoire d'un verrou peut directement impacter les performances de l'application,(iii) pour beaucoup d'applications, l'interaction entre les verrous et l'ordonnanceur du système d'exploitation est un facteur primordial de performance,(iv) la latence d'acquisition d'un verrou a un impact très variable sur la latence d'une application,(v) aucun verrou n'est systématiquement le meilleur,(vi) choisir le meilleur verrou est difficile, et(vii) l'efficacité énergétique et le débit vont de pair dans le contexte des algorithmes d'exclusion mutuelle.Ces découvertes mettent en avant le fait que la synchronisation à base de verrou ne se résume pas seulement à la simple interface "lock - unlock".En conséquence, ces résultats appellent à plus de recherche dans le but de concevoir des algorithmes d'exclusion mutuelle avec une empreinte mémoire faible, adaptatifs et qui implémentent l'ensemble des primitives de synchronisation liées à l'exclusion mutuelle.De plus, ces algorithmes ne doivent pas seulement avoir de bonnes performances d'un point de vue du débit, mais aussi considérer la latence ainsi que l'efficacité énergétique. / A plethora of optimized mutual exclusion lock algorithms have been designed over the past 25 years to mitigate performance bottlenecks related to critical sections and synchronization.Unfortunately, there is currently no broad study of the behavior of these optimized lock algorithms on realistic applications that consider different performance metrics, such as energy efficiency and tail latency.In this thesis, we perform a thorough and practical analysis, with the goal of providing software developers with enough information to achieve fast, scalable and energy-efficient synchronization in their systems.First, we provide a performance study of 28 state-of-the-art mutex lock algorithms, on 40 applications, and four different multicore machines.We not only consider throughput (traditionally the main performance metric), but also energy efficiency and tail latency, which are becoming increasingly important.Second, we present an in-depth analysis in which we summarize our findings for all the studied applications.In particular, we describe nine different lock-related performance bottlenecks, and propose six guidelines helping software developers with their choice of a lock algorithm according to the different lock properties and the application characteristics.From our detailed analysis, we make a number of observations regarding locking algorithms and application behaviors, several of which have not been previously discovered:(i) applications not only stress the lock/unlock interface, but also the full locking API (e.g., trylocks, condition variables),(ii) the memory footprint of a lock can directly affect the application performance,(iii) for many applications, the interaction between locks and scheduling is an important application performance factor,(iv) lock tail latencies may or may not affect application tail latency,(v) no single lock is systematically the best,(vi) choosing the best lock is difficult (as it depends on many factors such as the workload and the machine), and(vii) energy efficiency and throughput go hand in hand in the context of lock algorithms.These findings highlight that locking involves more considerations than the simple "lock - unlock" interface and call for further research on designing low-memory footprint adaptive locks that fully and efficiently support the full lock interface, and consider all performance metrics.

L’agriculture reste aujourd’hui verrouillée sur l'utilisation intensive des pesticides malgré leurs effets néfastes sur la santé et l'environnement et en dépit de la multiplication des réglementations restreignant leur utilisation. Les analyses menées sur les situations de verrouillage technologique montrent qu’une solution réside dans la production de connaissances sur des techniques alternatives aux pesticides. A ce titre, le recours au conseil agricole est présenté comme un élément clé. Mais, le conseil a connu en Europe de profondes transformations organisationnelles qui ont abouti à un pluralisme accru des types de prestataires.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse interroge la performance de conseil et sa capacité à produire des connaissances sur des techniques alternatives. En se fondant sur les apports d’analyses en économie institutionnelle des services intensifs en connaissances (KIBS), un cadre conceptuel et méthodologique a été conçu pour analyser la diversité des organismes de conseil, leurs relations et leurs logiques de performance de conseil. Ce travail s’appuie sur l’étude du cas du conseil agricole pour les producteurs de plants de pomme de terre en France. / The adverse effects of pesticides on health and the environment are well known and different regulations aim at decreasing their use in the agricultural sector in France and Europe. However, this use does not decrease in practice. Agriculture is as of yet characterized in academic literature by a technological lock-in on an intensive use of pesticides. Analyses of technological lock-in have shown that one solution is to produce knowledge on alternative techniques. In this regard, agricultural advisory services have a key role. These services have, nonetheless, undergone profound organisational transformations in European countries, leading to a greater pluralism of agricultural service providers.This PhD research questions the performance of farm advisory services and their capacity to produce knowledge on alternative farming practices that does not require an intensive use of pesticides. This work is based on advances from institutional economics dealing with knowledge intensive business services (KIBS). It presents a conceptual and methodological framework developed to analyse the diversity of service suppliers, their partnerships and their conception of the performance of advisory services. The research draws on case studies in the French potato seed industry.

Relocating health behaviors within a political-economic framework, this article utilizes health behavior and health insurance governance perspectives to showcase the complexities of cultural and economic factors (e.g., job lock, wage differentials, social location, and health insurance status) that influence choices in efforts to mitigate the financial burden of health risk. By exploring the financial links to health behaviors that emerged through ethnographic participant observation and semistructured interviews with community and union members of the United Steelworkers and Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union in a metropolitan Central Appalachian community in 2007–8, this article argues for expanding the health behaviors concept to include a broader array of actions individuals and families take to better their health and well-being in the context of neoliberal shifting of risk management to individuals through increased consumer market-based cost-sharing health insurance disincentives. In so doing, this article argues for the importance of social and political-economic context in health behaviors and in evaluating health policy, including the Affordable Care Act.

The Seattle District wants to better manage the Ballard Locks and structures along the Lake Washington Ship Canal (LWSC) in a way that will maintain the environmental sustainability and biodiversity in the area. Due to strict salt water intrusion regulations in the LWSC, the Seattle District is working on upgrading their management practices such that they will resolve two inter-related problems. First, to improve the fish passage conditions for migrating salmon; and second, to learn how to better manage the salt wedge that forms and intrudes upstream. Based on the hydrodynamic and water quality results that are produced by this research, the Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Portland Office will use their Eulerian-Lagrangian-Agent-Model (ELAM) to analyze fish patterns, looking for the most beneficial management schemes that assist salmon in migrating upstream. This research implemented CFD engineering techniques to help better understand the effectiveness of the hydraulic structures in the area, as well as come up with management practices that both mitigate the salt water intrusion from Puget Sound, and improve the migrating passages for salmon.