År 2045 ska Sverige uppnå territoriella nettonollutsläpp och till år 2030 ska utsläppen från transportsektorn ha minskat med 70 % jämfört med år 2010. Sveriges vägtrafik står för en tredjedel av de totala växthusgasutsläppen. För att uppnå klimatmålen bör de mest lämpade styrmedlen och åtgärderna prioriteras. En systematisk undersökning av de faktorer som påverkat utsläppsutvecklingen kan vägleda beslutsfattare att fördela resurserna där de gör mest nytta. Dekomponeringsanalys är en potentiell metod för detta syfte då flera olika faktorers effekter kan särskiljs och mätas. Fem additiva LMDI-I dekomponeringsanalyser genomfördes på utsläppsutvecklingen av fossilt CO2 inom personbilstrafiken mellan åren 1990–2015. De faktorer som undersöktes var befolkning, bil per capita, bränsleteknologier, motorstorlekar, trafikarbete per bil, emissioner och biobränsle. Data från emissionsmodellen HBEFA, Trafikverket och SCB användes i analyserna. Under hela perioden 1990–2015 minskade CO2-utsläppen och dekomponeringsanalyserna visade att alla de ingående faktorerna påverkat utvecklingen. Sett över hela tidsperioden 1990–2015 hade faktorerna påverkat utvecklingen mest i storleksordningen trafikarbete per bil (35 %), bränsleteknologier (15 %), befolkning (15 %), bil per capita (13 %), emissioner (11 %), biobränsle (7 %) samt motorstorlekar (5 %). Procenten anger andelen som faktorn utgjorde av effekternas absoluta summa. Trafikarbete per bil, emissioner, biobränsle och motorstorlekar minskade utsläppen. Bränsleteknologier, befolkning och bil per capita ökade utsläppen. Resultaten kan användas som en indikation för vilka faktorer som kan påverka den framtida utsläppsutvecklingen mest och för vilka åtgärder bör vidtas. Åtgärderförslag är incitament för att välja mer hållbara transportsätt, öka andelen av bilar med lägre utsläpp i fordonsflottan och använda mer biobränsle. / By year 2045 Sweden shall reach zero territorial net emissions and by year 2030 the emissions from the transport sector shall be reduced by 70% compared to year 2010. In Sweden the road traffic stands for a third of the total greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve the climate targets, the most suited policies and actions should be prioritized. A systematic investigation into the factors that affect the change in emissions can guide decision makers to distribute resources where they contribute the most. A decomposition analysis is a potential method for this purpose since the effect of different factors can be separated and measured. Five additive LMDI-I decomposition analyses were made on the change in fossil CO2 emission from passenger cars in Sweden between year 1990–2015. The factors that were investigated were: population, vehicle per capita, fuel technologies, engine sizes, distance travelled per vehicle, emissions and biofuel share. Data from the emissions model HBEFA, the Swedish Transport Administration and Statistics Sweden were used in the analyses. During the period of year 1990–2015 the CO2 emissions were reduced, and the decomposition analyses showed that all ingoing factors affected the change. Throughout the period the factors that contributed the most were in order of size: distance travelled per vehicle (35%), fuel technologies (15%), population (15%), car per capita (13%), emissions (11%), biofuel (7%) and engine size (5%). The percentage is the share of the factor’s effect of the absolute sum of all the different effects. Distance travelled per vehicle, emissions, bio fuels and engine size reduced the emissions. Fuel technologies, population and car per capita increased the emissions. The suggestions of actions are incentive for people to use more sustainable means for transportation, increase the share of cars with lower emissions in the fleet and use more biofuel.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-20T12:21:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRLR.pdf: 4212262 bytes, checksum: f63697a666a8852c76e6c394a0ea7d56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:44:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRLR.pdf: 4212262 bytes, checksum: f63697a666a8852c76e6c394a0ea7d56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:44:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRLR.pdf: 4212262 bytes, checksum: f63697a666a8852c76e6c394a0ea7d56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T12:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRLR.pdf: 4212262 bytes, checksum: f63697a666a8852c76e6c394a0ea7d56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-04 / Não recebi financiamento / This dissertation project aims at the Teaching of Linear Interpolation logarithmic, with the target group students from High school and their teachers to facilitate the meeting of the logarithms of values without the use of board existing common logarithms or the calculating machines. The concepts, the properties of logarithms and interpolations inserted in activities based on the Didactic Engineering are the brand and the engine of development of this work. The materials handling, visualization of results and activities developed by high school students from public schools ensured the originality of the teaching relationship / learning of mathematics, especially in the Linear Interpolation logarithmic, circumscribing on purpose that objective. / Este projeto de dissertação tem por objetivo o Ensino da Interpolação Linear Logarítmica, tendo como público-alvo estudantes do Ensino médio bem como seus educadores visando facilitar o encontro dos valores de logaritmos sem o uso da tábua de logaritmos decimais existentes nem das máquinas de calcular. Os conceitos, as propriedades dos logaritmos e as interpolações inseridas nas atividades baseadas na Engenharia Didática são a marca e o propulsor do desenvolvimento desta dissertação. A manipulação de materiais, a visualização dos resultados e as atividades desenvolvidas pelos alunos do Ensino Médio da escola pública garantiu a originalidade da relação ensino/aprendizagem da Matemática, em especial na Interpolação Linear Logarítmica, circunscrevendo de forma proposital o referido objetivo.

La théorie des champs de vecteurs logarithmiques et des formes différentielles logarithmiques d’une hypersurface singulière réduite est développée par K.Saito. Ces notions apparaissent dans l’étude de la connexion de Gauss-Manin de certaines familles de singularités et de leur déploiement semi-universel.Lorsque le module des champs de vecteurs logarithmiques est libre, l’hypersurface est appelée diviseur libre. A.G. Aleksandrov et A. Tsikh généralisent les notions de formes différentielles logarithmiques et de résidus logarithmiques aux intersections complètes et aux espaces de Cohen-Macaulay réduits.Nous étudions dans ce travail les formes différentielles logarithmiques d’un espace singulier réduit de codimension quelconque plongé dans une variété lisse, et nous développons une notion de singularités libres qui étend la notion de diviseurs libres. Les résidus des formes différentielles logarithmiques d’une hypersurface ainsi que leur généralisation aux espaces de codimension supérieure interviennent de façon cruciale dans ce travail de thèse. Notre premier objectif est de donner des caractérisations de la liberté pour les intersections complètes et les espaces de Cohen-Macaulay qui généralisent le cas des hypersurfaces. Nous accordons ensuite une attention particulière à une famille de singularités libres, à savoir les courbes, pour lesquelles nous décrivons le module des résidus logarithmiques en termes de multi-valuations. / The theory of logarithmic vector fields and logarithmic differential forms along a reduced singular hypersurface is developed by K. Saito. These notions appear in the study of the Gauss-Manin connection of some families of singularities and their semi-universal unfolding. If the module of logarithmic vector fields is free, the hypersurface is called a free divisor. A.G. Aleksandrov and A. Tsikh generalize the notions of logarithmic differential forms and logarithmic residues to reduced complete intersections and Cohen-Macaulay spaces. In this work, we study the logarithmic differential forms of a reduced singular space of any codimension embedded in a smooth manifold, and we develop a notion of free singularity which extend the notion of free divisor. The residues of logarithmic differential forms as well as theirgeneralization to higher codimension spaces are crucial in this thesis. Our first purpose is to give characterizations of freeness for complete intersections and Cohen-Macaulay spaces which generalize the case of hypersurfaces. We then give a particular attention to a family of free singularities, namely the curves, for which we describe the module of logarithmic residues thanks to their set of values.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to develop a good teaching tool for study- ing exponential and logarithmic equations at the secondary school. It is not a textbook but an interactive website which contains dynamic elements and tests that can help stu- dents understand this subject matter. The website should mainly serve secondary school students as a supplementary study material. In the first chapter of the work the existing websites devoted to this theme are discussed and evaluated. On the basis of these and other educational sites the autor created a new website.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar como o logaritmo e a função logarítmica são abordados nos livros didáticos de Matemática do século XIX ao XXI, indicando a inserção desses conteúdos na Matemática Escolar brasileira. Baseamo-nos, dentre outros autores, em Choppin (2004), Valente (1999, 2004, 2005 e 2008) e Bittencourt (2004 e 2008) para identificarmos o livro didático como fonte de pesquisa da Matemática Escolar, a partir de suas formas conceituais, de enfoque didático ou referente à organização do saber. A fim de verificar relações entre o histórico dos logaritmos e da função logarítmica na Matemática e na Matemática Escolar, apresentamos a ideia dos logaritmos de Napier como facilitadores de cálculos, interpretamos sua definição geométrica por meio de um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias e, assim, mostramos um breve histórico sobre a inserção do logaritmo como função no Cálculo Integral. Os livros didáticos de Matemática analisados foram publicados entre os anos de 1879 e 2013. Nesta análise, consideramos o modo como os autores abordam ou tratam a Matemática, os tipos de atividades que são propostas, os tipos de explicações, definições, exemplos, gráficos, exercícios, aplicações e problemas associados aos logaritmos e à função logarítmica. Os resultados apontam que no século XIX os logaritmos eram tratados nos livros didáticos, quase sempre, por meio da Aritmética. A partir da década de 1890, eles são abordados, tanto no campo aritmético, pela associação à teoria das progressões, como no campo algébrico, sendo expoentes numa equação ou função. A partir da década de 1930 até os dias de hoje verificamos uma predominância da concepção algébrico-funcional dos logaritmos. Com base nas Orientações Curriculares para o Ensino Médio (2006), nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais Ensino Médio (PCNs - 2000), nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais+ Ensino Médio (PCNs+ Ensino Médio - 2002), no Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio e em livros didáticos recentes, verificamos que os logaritmos e a função logarítmica se inserem, atualmente, na Matemática Escolar brasileira, pela sua associação às aplicações, como por exemplo, juros compostos, dinâmica populacional, desintegração radioativa, potencial hidrogeniônico, Escala Richter, Escala de Magnitude de Momento (MMS) e nível de intensidade sonora. / This work aims to verify how the logarithm and logarithmic function are approached in the textbooks of Mathematics from the 19th to the 21st century, indicating the insertion of these contents in Brazilian School Mathematics. We are based, among other authors, in Choppin (2004), Valente (1999, 2004, 2005 and 2008) and Bittencourt (2004 and 2008) to identify the didactic book as a research source of School Mathematics, from its conceptual forms, of didactic approach or referring to the organization of knowledge. In order to verify relations between the logarithmic and logarithmic functions in Mathematics and School Mathematics, we present the idea of the logarithms of Napier as facilitators of calculations, we interpret their geometric definition by means of a system of ordinary differential equations and we show a brief history about the insertion of the logarithm as a function in the Integral Calculus. The mathematical textbooks analyzed were published between the years 1879 and 2013. In this analysis, we consider how authors approach or treat mathematics, the types of activities that are proposed, the types of explanations, definitions, examples, graphs, exercises, applications and problems associated with logarithms and logarithmic function. The results show that in the 19th century, logarithms were treated in textbooks, almost always, through Arithmetic. From the 1890s, they are approached, both in the arithmetic field, by association with the theory of progressions, and in the algebraic field, being exponents in an equation or function. From the 1930s to the present day we have found a predominance of the algebraic-functional conception of logarithms. Based on the Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary Education (2006), the National Curriculum Parameters - Secondary Education (PCN\'s - 2000), the National Curriculum Parameters + High School (PCN\'s + High School - 2002), the National High School Examination and textbooks recent, we have verified that the logarithms and the logarithmic function are currently inserted in Brazilian School Mathematics, by their association to the applications, such as compound interest, population dynamics, radioactive disintegration, hydrogen ionic potential, Richter Scale, Momentum Magnitude Scale (MMS) and level of sound intensity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ejc_me_sjrp.pdf: 888426 bytes, checksum: 818c57bcf63e1b4a38fe5843f7d82fb2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Estudamos alguns tópicos da Teoria do Potencial Logarítmico. Enfatizamos o problema de caracterizar a medida do equilíbrio. Provamos um resultado sobre a assintótica da medida contadora de zeros, associada com uma classe de polinômios. / We study some basic topics of The Theory of the Logarithmic potential. We emphasize on the problem by characterizing the equilibrium measure. A result on the asymptotics of the zero counting measure associated with a class of polynomials is proved.

The arithmetic operations such as multiplication and division in binary number system are computationally complex in terms of area, delay and power. Logarithmic Number Systems (LNS) offer a viable alternative combining the simplicity of fixed point number systems and the precision of floating point number systems. However, the computations in LNS result in some loss of accuracy and thus, are limited to mostly signal processing applications; where in certain amount of error is tolerable. In LNS, the cost of computations can be tradeoff with the level of accuracy needed. The Mitchell algorithm proposed incite[mitchell], is a simple approach commonly used for logarithmic multiplication. The method involves a high error margin due to a piecewise straight line approximation of the logarithm curve. Thus, several methods have been proposed in the literature for improving the accuracy of Mitchell's algorithm. In this thesis, we propose a new method for improving the accuracy of Mitchell's logarithmic multiplication using operand decomposition. The operand decomposition process decreases the number of bits with the value of '1' in the multiplicands and reduces the amount of approximation. The proposed method brings down the average error percentage of Mitchell's logarithmic multiplication by around 45%. It can be combined with previous methods to further improve the accuracy. Experimental results are presented to show that both the error range and the average error percentage can be significantly improved by using operand decomposition.

We investigate local properties of the Green function of the complement of a compact set E. First we consider the case E ⊂ [0, 1] in the extended complex plane. We extend a result of V. Andrievskii which claims that if the Green function satisfies the Hölder1/2 condition locally at the origin, then the density of E at 0, in terms of logarithmic capacity, is the same as that of the whole interval [0, 1]. We give an integral estimate on the density in terms of the Green function, which also provides a necessary condition for the optimal smoothness. Then we extend the results to the case E ⊂ [−1, 1]. In this case the maximal smoothness of the Green function is H¨older-1 and a similar integral estimate and necessary condition hold as well. In the second part of the paper we consider the case when E is a compact set in Rd , d > 2. We give a Wiener type characterization for the Hölder continuity of the Green function, thus extending a result of L. Carleson and V. Totik. The obtained density condition is necessary, and it is sufficient as well, provided E satisfies the cone condition. It is also shown that the Hölder condition for the Green function at a boundary point can be equivalently stated in terms of the equilibrium measure and the solution to the corresponding Dirichlet problem. The results solve a long standing open problem - raised by Maz’ja in the 1960’s - under the simple cone condition.

The modern game of tennis has changed in recent years as a result of lightweight, stiffer racquets. The evolution of the tennis racquet, with respect to both design and materials, has increased the speed of the game but also the levels of stress placed on the player's bodies. Many believe that injuries such as lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) are caused and aggravated by the absorption of racquet energy by the player, in the form of shock and vibration. This thesis presents an experimental investigation into the absorption of racquet vibration to the player's hand and forearm. Quantification of the tennis grip has been achieved in this research using different experimental techniques to analyse different aspects of the tennis grip. Grip pressure distribution profiles during impact have been established using both pressure sensitive film and real-time data acquisition methods. Quantification of grip tightness during impact, together with gripping times, has also been quantified using a strain gauge cantilever system manufactured specifically for this research. The experimental data acquired in this research has provided the base for grip pressure distribution profiles to be established for three stroke types (e.g. Forehand, service and the problematic backhand). The profiles depict the distribution of pressure in the tennis grip in relation to the ball impact, in the time domain. Based on these grip profiles, the research hypothesises hand movements in an attempt to establish muscle contractions (and moreover locations of vibration absorption) specific to stroke types. The research investigates the absorption of racquet vibrations by the player's hand in the time domain. Filtering of accelerometer data allows for the isolation of specific frequencies of interest (i.e. below 200Hz). Logarithmic decrement of racquet vibration has been calculated and related to the grip pressure distributions in the time domain, and the relationship between grip pressure and vibration damping has been modelled. The correlation between grip pressure and the logarithmic decrement has been show to be significant (p less than 0.005) and non-linear. The relationship between the tennis grip and the damping of racquet vibrations has been found to be dependant on both grip pressure and the proximity of grip pressure application in proximity to the handle node. Grip pressure applied to the racquet close to the handle node has a greater damping effect than a similar pressure further away. In addition to these key research findings, the effectiveness of a piezoelectric racquet damping system is also investigated. A comprehensive modal analysis of two tennis racquets is given with further ball impact tests. The ball impact tests showed that the damping system has a 28% difference in racquet vibrations during freely suspended grip conditions. However, under hand-held grip conditions the inclusion of grip damping into the system provides a much greater damping entity (880% greater). Therefore, the effect of the piezoelectric system was deemed to be negligible.

This work is devoted to study efficient numerical methods for solving nonsmooth convex equilibrium problems in the sense of Blum and Oettli. First we consider the auxiliary problem principle which is a generalization to equilibrium problems of the classical proximal point method for solving convex minimization problems. This method is based on a fixed point property. To make the algorithm implementable we introduce the concept of $mu$-approximation and we prove that the convergence of the algorithm is preserved when in the subproblems the nonsmooth convex functions are replaced by $mu$-approximations. Then we explain how to construct $mu$-approximations using the bundle concept and we report some numerical results to show the efficiency of the algorithm. In a second part, we suggest to use a barrier function method for solving the subproblems of the previous method. We obtain an interior proximal point algorithm that we apply first for solving nonsmooth convex minimization problems and then for solving equilibrium problems. In particular, two interior extragradient algorithms are studied and compared on some test problems.