為瞭解寂寞的消費者在消費動機上的呈現，且不同寂寞消費動機與消費行為間的對應關係，以及探討消費行為是否能夠持續有效地改善消費者因寂寞程度所造成的負面感受，本研究目的有三：一、深入探究消費者因應寂寞感的消費動機；二、瞭解不同消費動機與各類消費行為的對應關係；三、寂寞消費者藉由消費行為而產生的情緒是否能夠有效的持續。 本研究先以深入訪談的方式，探究消費者在面對寂寞時的消費動機，以及其消費行為；之後透過問卷調查以量化資料分析寂寞消費動機之類型，並瞭解消費者的消費動機與消費類型之關係，且比較消費者在逛街當下與結束消費後回到家一陣子的消費情緒差異。在深入訪談方面，透過人際網絡轉介合適的受訪者，計進行六次深入訪談，每次訪談時間約為一至一小時半。在問卷調查方面，分別進行兩種施測方式，其中一部分針對正在逛街的消費者進行施測，以得知消費當下的情緒；另一部分則請消費者帶回家填答並郵寄給研究者，以得到消費者在結束消費回到家一陣子後的情緒。共計回收有效樣本數為550份。 研究結果發現：消費者因應寂寞所產生的消費動機確如深入訪談所得之寂寞消費動機類型，包括：一、為了能夠增加人際互動的「追求人際接觸動機」，二、為了能夠完全沈浸在活動中，獲得自我某種特定感受的「追求個人感受動機」，三、為了能夠改變或是離開平日一成不變的人、事、物之「逃離人際環境動機」，四、為了暫時遺忘或是躲避自己內心煩惱、不愉快的「逃離個人心境動機」。此結果除證實過去學者所指出的追求人際接觸動機、追求個人感受動機外，另外，亦驗證由深入訪談所發現逃離面中的逃離人際環境動機與逃離個人心境動機，且高度寂寞感的消費者在逃離個人心境的消費動機明顯較低度寂寞感者更強，在追求人際接觸動機方面則較低度寂寞感者為弱；在消費行為與消費動機兩者關係方面，消費者每月去KTV、PUB、看電影、逛街等娛樂性的支出，受到追求人際接觸動機以及逃離個人心境動機的影響，選購服飾、飾品等置裝性支出則受到四類型消費動機的影響，而在與朋友一起用餐的聚餐性花費則是受到追求人際接觸動機的影響；在時間類別方面的消費中，消費者平日出門逛街的頻率則受到追求個人感受動機與逃離個人心境所驅策，而平日出門花費的時間則受到追求人際接觸動機的影響。最後，本研究發現消費行為無法持續有效的改善高度寂寞消費者的情緒，亦即在不同消費間隔時間下，低度寂寞的消費者，其正在逛街與回到家一陣子後的正向或是負向情緒沒有明顯的差異；然而高度寂寞的消費者，不但整體正向情緒、負向情緒都較低度寂寞的消費者不佳，且高度寂寞的消費者在回到家一陣子後的情緒相較在逛街當下更明顯地低落許多。 本研究在對寂寞消費動機的類型上，首先指出寂寞消費動機包括「追求–逃離」、「人際–個人」兩大寂寞消費動機元素，共可分為四類消費動機，可作為日後研究寂寞感學者之參考；且在消費類別的分類上亦發現與各類寂寞消費動機之關連性，並依此對廠商提出實務上的建議，最後，本研究指出消費行為無法持續有效的改善消費者因寂寞程度所帶來的負面影響，作為消費者選擇因應寂寞感之行動參考。 / The purpose of this study is to realize the diversity of lonely consumers’ shopping motivations and the relationships between their lonely shopping motivations and shopping behaviors. This study also aims to discuss whether negative emotions of lonely consumers can be effectively changed by their shopping behaviors. Hence, this study has three goals: first, to explore in depth the shopping motivations of lonely consumers; second, to identify the relationships between different shopping motivation types and shopping behaviors; and third, to know the difference of the consumers’ shopping emotions in different time points, i.e. during and after their shopping behaviors. The research process of this study is composed of two steps, each employing a different research method. The first step uses in depth interviews to investigate consumers’ shopping motivations when feeling lonely. These in depth interviews were held with six compatible consumers introduced through friends. The second step uses questionnaires to analyze the types of lonely shopping motivations and to discover the relationships between shopping motivations and shopping behaviors. This step utilizes a sample of 550 consumers. All of respondents were reported in two different contexts. Around three fifth of the respondents (331) filled out on the spot during respondents’ shopping process in order to assess his/her emotion at the moment; 219 respondents were asked to bring back the questionnaire and complete at home after shopping so as to determine their post-shopping emotion after a period of time. Results of the sample of 550 consumers show that consumers have four types of lonely shopping motivations, which are the same as the results of the in depth interviews. These motivations include seeking interpersonal contacts, seeking personal feelings, escaping interpersonal environments, and escaping personal moods: the motivation of seeking interpersonal contacts means that consumers want to be in contact with people via interpersonal activities, the motivation of seeking personal feelings refers to consumers wanting to find some specific feelings by involving themselves into activities, the motivation of escaping interpersonal environments indicate that consumers want to change their daily routines, and the motivation of escaping personal moods suggests that consumers want to forget their troubles or the bad moods. Moreover, this study discovers a new set of motivations besides the seeking motivations already pointed out by the academics—the escaping motivations. Consumers with high degree of loneliness are stronger in the motivation of escaping personal moods and weaker in the motivation of seeking interpersonal contacts than consumers with low degree of loneliness. Results also reveal the relationships between lonely shopping motivations and shopping behaviors: the monthly costs of discretion activities such as going to KTVs, pubs, movies, etc. are affected by the motivations of seeking interpersonal contacts and escaping personal moods, whereas the monthly costs for clothing are affected by four kinds of lonely shopping motivations, and the monthly costs of dining with friends are affected by the motivation of seeking interpersonal contacts. Other than costs, the frequency of shopping is affected by motivations of seeking personal feelings and escaping personal moods; the average spending time on the street is also affected by the motivation of seeking interpersonal contacts. Furthermore, comparison of consumer emotions during and after shopping reveals that positive shopping emotions are stronger during shopping than when at home after shopping, but negative shopping emotions are the same for both groups. If consumers have a high degree of loneliness, emotions during shopping are worse than those at home after shopping. However, there is no significant difference for consumers with a low degree of loneliness in their emotions during shopping and at home after shopping. This reveals that shopping behaviors cannot sustainably improve the emotions of consumers with high degrees of loneliness. To sum up the result of this study, when consumers feel lonely they have four types of shopping motivations, including seeking and escaping. This result can be an important framework for the future researches. Moreover, businesses can take the relationships between lonely shopping motivations and shopping behaviors into consideration when designing marketing plans. Finally, consumers should know that the shopping behaviors cannot sustainably ameliorate the negative effects of loneliness.

Although institutional care has started to be outmoded in the developed countries with development of different models of care, it still has a considerable place in the developing countries such as Turkey. This is because, changes in the demographic structure, extended family, and urban development of Turkey has brought about several aging problems leading older adults to end up in institutions. Loneliness was one of the significant reasons given in the Social Inquiry Survey of Applicants of Darulaceze Old-Age Institution and the basis for a micro level analysis in this study. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to determine the predictors of loneliness, including age, the state of living alone, functional independence, education, and gender. Analysis of the results indicated that these predictors have significant effects on the loneliness predominantly defined by social factors rather than medical factors. In addition, the meso and macro level analyses were employed to control the micro level analysis and see a general picture of institutional care. Thus, an academic example of diagnosing the main reasons behind the institutional care was presented to understand the context of aging in Turkey.

À la fin du Moyen Âge, la parenté constitue une structure sociale, cellule de base sur laquelle s’édifie la société. Dans ce contexte, quelle place trouvent les personnes seules, parfois isolées ? Qui sont ces personnes seules, comment vivent-elles leur solitude dans le cadre urbain de Montpellier ? Comment leur situation est-elle perçue par les autres ? C’est à travers une étude sociodémographique des personnes seules et l’analyse de leurs réseaux de sociabilité que l’on parvient à comprendre la manière dont elles s’insèrent dans la société aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Différentes formes de solitude se manifestent dans la ville, des solitudes spécifiques à l’âge et au sexe des individus, qui entraînent des réponses et réactions adaptées au cas de chaque personne. Souvent pauvres et vulnérables, les personnes seules de Montpellier sont des acteurs importants de la société urbaine tardomédiévale souvent oubliés par l’historiographie. / At the end of the Middle Ages, kinship is a social structure, the basic unit on which society is built. In this context, how people living alone, sometimes isolated, fit in the urban society? Who are these people and how do they live their loneliness in the city of Montpellier? How is their situation perceived by others? It is through a sociodemographic approach and an analysis of their social networks that we are able to understand how they fit into the urban society, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Loneliness occurs in different ways in the city, ways that depend on age and gender of the individuals. Identifying those lonelinesses lead us to understand the responses and reactions toward each situation. Often poor and vulnerable, people living alone take an important part in the late medieval urban society of Montpellier, a part often forgotten by historians.

Bakgrund: Ensamhet och social isolering är ett utbrett problem bland många äldre personer och kan bidra till hälsorisker och för tidig död. I takt med att befolkningen blir allt äldre förväntas ensamhet och social isolering öka vilket kommer att kräva större behov av vård och omsorg. Trots att sjuksköterskan och övrig hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal känner till de negativa effekterna av ensamhet och social isolering är det lågt prioriterat inom äldreomsorgen. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hur äldre personer över 65 år upplever ensamhet och social isolering. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes med resultat från elva kvalitativa artiklar inhämtade från databaserna CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, PubMed och PsycINFO. Artiklarnas resultat färgkodades för att identifiera likheter och skillnader och som tematiserades i sex teman. Resultat: I resultatet framkom sex teman; Känslor av ensamhet, Social ensamhet och brist på samhörighet, Förlust av partner och närstående, Fysiska hinder och förluster, Ensamhet kopplat till tid och rum och Ensamhet som en känsla av frihet. Äldres subjektiva upplevelse av ensamhet och social isolering är unik med en bred variation av känslor kopplade till olika livshändelser. Somliga uttryckte smärtsamma känslor som medförde lidande medan andra uppgav positiva känslor av frihet. Diskussion: Ensamhet och social isolering kan leda till allvarliga konsekvenser, det är därför viktigt att hälso- och sjukvården fångar upp utsatta äldre genom preventivt och hälsofrämjande arbete. Katie Erikssons teori om att lindra lidande har använts som en fördjupad del i resultatdiskussionen som stöd för sjuksköterskans arbete i att förstå och bemöta ensamma och socialt isolerade äldre personer. En holistisk människosyn är av betydelse för att lindra lidande samt att beakta de äldres grundläggande behov som är meningsfullhet och gemenskap. Sjuksköterskan har i sin profession ett ansvar att främja äldres hälsa och sociala behov vilket kan möjliggöras genom ökade kunskaper som kan införas i vården av äldre. / Background: Loneliness and social isolation are a widespread problem among older people and may contribute to bad health and premature death. As the population grow older loneliness and social isolation are expected to become an increasing problem in society and will require greater need for care. Although nurses and other healthcare professionals are aware of the negative effects of loneliness and social isolation it is low prioritized. Aim: The aim was to illustrate how older people over 65 years experiences loneliness and social isolation. Method: A literature review was performed with results from eleven qualitative articles collected from the databases CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, PubMed and PsycINFO. The results of the articles were color-coded to identify similarities and differences that were sorted into six themes. Results: The result showed six themes; Feelings of loneliness, Social loneliness and lack of affinity, Loss of partner and close relatives, Physical barriers and losses, Loneliness linked to time and space and Loneliness as a sense of freedom. Older people’s experiences of loneliness and social isolation is subjective and unique and wide-ranging emotionally linked to different life events. The older people expressed painful feelings and suffering while others stated positive feelings of freedom. Discussion: Since loneliness and social isolation can lead to serious consequences, it is important that the health care system identify older people at risk through preventive and health promotive work. Katie Eriksson's theory of relieving suffering has been used as an in-depth part of the performance discussion as support for the nurse's work in understanding and responding to lonely and socially isolated elderly people. A holistic view of humanity is of importance for alleviating suffering and for considering the basic needs of the elderly, which are meaningfulness and solidarity. The nurse responsibility is to prevent older people from bad health and social discomfort through realizing what knowledge is needed and how to apply it.

Loneliness – the feeling that manifests when one perceives one’s social needs are not being met by the quantity or especially the quality of one’s social relationships – is a common but typically short-lived and fairly harmless experience. However, recent research continues to uncover a variety of alarming health effects associated with longterm loneliness. The present study examines the psychological mechanisms underlying how persons scoring high in trait loneliness perceive their social environments. Evaluations of transient facial expression morphs are analyzed in R using dynamical systems methods. We hypothesize that, consistent with Cacioppo and Hawkley’s sociocognitive model, subjects scoring high in loneliness will exhibit hypervigilance in their evaluations of cold and neutral emotions and hypovigilance in their evaluations of warm emotions. Results partially support the socio-cognitive model but point to a relationship between loneliness and a global dampening in evaluations of emotions. Keywords: loneliness, perceived social isolation, social dynamics, emotion recognition. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

O presente trabalho tem como campo de investigação experiências clínicas da pesquisadora como acompanhante terapêutica (at). Pela apresentação destas, busca descrever o fenômeno da empatia ou sentir com (Einfühlung) experiência de vivenciar o outro. Aquilo que inicialmente aparece na reflexão clínica como contratransferência ou identificação projetiva conceitos da psicanálise começa a ganhar contornos distintos e exigir uma nova compreensão para aquilo que se apresenta como base para Acontecimentos terapêuticos. Tais Acontecimentos fundam possibilidades de ser e constituem pessoa e comunicação, gerados numa relação cuja base é a empatia. Assim, esse percurso clínico e investigativo caminha para a apropriação de fundamentos éticos revelados pelas experiências empáticas. O método utilizado neste trabalho é a hermenêutica e o referencial teórico clínico é a psicanálise, onde a faculdade de sentir com aparece originariamente na obra de Ferenczi, ganha corpo na obra de Winnicott e aparece como ética na obra de Gilberto Safra. Além da psicanálise, há o diálogo com as formulações de Edith Stein, cuja pesquisa fenomenológica sobre a estrutura da pessoa humana e sobre a empatia contempla a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, sem restringi-lo à dimensão psíquica ou física. Através da apresentação das vivências empáticas na clínica, a pesquisadora percorre os aspectos que se mostraram mais originários para compreensão da empatia: o corpo, a comunicação, a estética, a alma. Por fim, busca reunir os sentidos apreendidos pela vivência e reflexão da empatia em duas experiências fundamentais: experiência de mutualidade e de solitude. Assim, a investigação dos fundamentos da experiência de sentir com acaba por revelar aspectos fundamentais do encontro terapêutico e possibilita a apropriação de uma ética clínica ao acompanhamento terapêutico (AT). A posição de acompanhante é condição para a empatia, que por sua vez é condição para a ética clínica geral. Dessa forma, o AT revela-se como base para clínica do Acontecimento / This study shows an investigation based on our clinical practice as therapeutic companion. Taking some clinical experiences into account, we intend to describe the empathy phenomenon (Einfühlung) i.e. the experience of foreign consciousness in the therapeutic accompaniment. In this work, the well-known psychoanalytic concepts of counter transference and projective identification, seen from a slightly distinct point of view, claim to a different interpretation to the basis of therapeutic Events. Such Events inaugurate possibilities of being, constituting person and communication both generated in an empathy-based relationship. Having said that, this clinical and investigative journey leads us to the use of ethical issues formerly revealed by empathy experiences. In this work, hermeneutics was used as the methodological reference and psychoanalysis as the clinical theoretical basis, where the faculty of Einfühlung firstly appears in the work of Ferenczi, gets matured in Winnicotts, and appears like ethics in Safras. Besides psychoanalysis, Edith Steins investigations are also taken into account, whose phenomenological research related to the empathy and to the structure of the human being , considering the complexity of such phenomenon, does not reduce it to a psychological or biological dimension. Throughout our empathically clinical experiences, the originate aspects found in the process of empathy were: the body, the communication, the esthetics, the soul, and two fundamental intersubjective experiences: mutuality experience and solitude. The investigation of the core elements involved in the experience of empathy reveals fundamental aspects of the therapeutic meeting and provides the appropriation of a clinical ethics to the therapeutic accompaniment. The role of the companion is to achieve empathy, condition for clinical ethics. Through this process, the therapeutic accompaniment reveals itself as basis for the clinic Event

O presente trabalho tem como campo de investigação experiências clínicas da pesquisadora como acompanhante terapêutica (at). Pela apresentação destas, busca descrever o fenômeno da empatia ou sentir com (Einfühlung) experiência de vivenciar o outro. Aquilo que inicialmente aparece na reflexão clínica como contratransferência ou identificação projetiva conceitos da psicanálise começa a ganhar contornos distintos e exigir uma nova compreensão para aquilo que se apresenta como base para Acontecimentos terapêuticos. Tais Acontecimentos fundam possibilidades de ser e constituem pessoa e comunicação, gerados numa relação cuja base é a empatia. Assim, esse percurso clínico e investigativo caminha para a apropriação de fundamentos éticos revelados pelas experiências empáticas. O método utilizado neste trabalho é a hermenêutica e o referencial teórico clínico é a psicanálise, onde a faculdade de sentir com aparece originariamente na obra de Ferenczi, ganha corpo na obra de Winnicott e aparece como ética na obra de Gilberto Safra. Além da psicanálise, há o diálogo com as formulações de Edith Stein, cuja pesquisa fenomenológica sobre a estrutura da pessoa humana e sobre a empatia contempla a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, sem restringi-lo à dimensão psíquica ou física. Através da apresentação das vivências empáticas na clínica, a pesquisadora percorre os aspectos que se mostraram mais originários para compreensão da empatia: o corpo, a comunicação, a estética, a alma. Por fim, busca reunir os sentidos apreendidos pela vivência e reflexão da empatia em duas experiências fundamentais: experiência de mutualidade e de solitude. Assim, a investigação dos fundamentos da experiência de sentir com acaba por revelar aspectos fundamentais do encontro terapêutico e possibilita a apropriação de uma ética clínica ao acompanhamento terapêutico (AT). A posição de acompanhante é condição para a empatia, que por sua vez é condição para a ética clínica geral. Dessa forma, o AT revela-se como base para clínica do Acontecimento / This study shows an investigation based on our clinical practice as therapeutic companion. Taking some clinical experiences into account, we intend to describe the empathy phenomenon (Einfühlung) i.e. the experience of foreign consciousness in the therapeutic accompaniment. In this work, the well-known psychoanalytic concepts of counter transference and projective identification, seen from a slightly distinct point of view, claim to a different interpretation to the basis of therapeutic Events. Such Events inaugurate possibilities of being, constituting person and communication both generated in an empathy-based relationship. Having said that, this clinical and investigative journey leads us to the use of ethical issues formerly revealed by empathy experiences. In this work, hermeneutics was used as the methodological reference and psychoanalysis as the clinical theoretical basis, where the faculty of Einfühlung firstly appears in the work of Ferenczi, gets matured in Winnicotts, and appears like ethics in Safras. Besides psychoanalysis, Edith Steins investigations are also taken into account, whose phenomenological research related to the empathy and to the structure of the human being , considering the complexity of such phenomenon, does not reduce it to a psychological or biological dimension. Throughout our empathically clinical experiences, the originate aspects found in the process of empathy were: the body, the communication, the esthetics, the soul, and two fundamental intersubjective experiences: mutuality experience and solitude. The investigation of the core elements involved in the experience of empathy reveals fundamental aspects of the therapeutic meeting and provides the appropriation of a clinical ethics to the therapeutic accompaniment. The role of the companion is to achieve empathy, condition for clinical ethics. Through this process, the therapeutic accompaniment reveals itself as basis for the clinic Event

Este trabalho se propõe a analisar duas obras do escritor português António Lobo Antunes, tendo em vista algumas instâncias narrativas, que, a nosso ver, sobressaem na obra do autor. As obras são Ontem não te vi em Babilónia, romance publicado em 2006, e O arquipélago da insónia, de 2008. Os dois romances compõem o ciclo de produção mais recente do autor, no qual as experimentações formais e estéticas são mais intensas do que nos romances anteriores. Além disso, as obras apresentam convergências temáticas já explicitadas por uma leitura atenta de seus títulos. Ontem não te vi é a representação de um tempo de espera, um tempo de frustração; Babilónia é Babel, símbolo maior da incomunicabilidade para o Ocidente. Já arquipélago é um conjunto de ilhas, reunião marcada pelo isolamento e pela incomunicabilidade; insónia é, igualmente, uma espera frustrada por algo que não vem, no caso, o sono, que nos romances será metáfora para a morte. O trabalho privilegiará, portanto, a análise do espaço, a partir do símbolo da casa; do tempo, insone e de morte; e do texto, que se apresenta, essencialmente, por uma enxurrada discursiva. Assim, pretende-se entrar no universo antuniano e, como parece ser o desejo do autor, desvendar a nós mesmos e a nosso tempo / This work proposes an analysis of two novels by the portuguese writer António Lobo Antunes, taking into consideration narrative instances that, from our point of view, are highlighted in the authors work. The books are Ontem não te vi em Babilônia, novel that was published in 2006, and O arquipélago da insônia, published in 2008. The novels make up the authors most recent production cycle, in which the formal and aesthetic experiences are much more intense than in his previous novels. Besides that, these works show thematic convergences that appear in careful reading of the books titles: Ontem não te vi is the representation of time passing, time of frustration; Babilônia is Babel, the biggest symbol of incommunicability for the West. Arquipélago is a group of islands, a gathering that is noticeable for its isolation and incommunicability; Insônia is equally a frustrated wait for something that never arrives, in this case, sleep, which is a metaphor for death in his novels. Therefore, this work is going to focus on the analysis of space, taking into consideration the house as a symbol; time, as death and sleepless; and the text, that is, basically, presented as a discursive overflow. This way, we will enter in Lobo Antunes universe and, what seems to be the authors desire to reveal ourselves and our time

This study examined the role of hope in understanding the link between loneliness and negative affective conditions (viz., anxiety and depressive symptoms) in a sample of 318 adults. As expected, loneliness was found to be a significant predictor of both anxiety and depressive symptoms. Noteworthy, hope was found to significantly augment the prediction of depressive symptoms, even after accounting for loneliness. Furthermore, we found evidence for a significant Loneliness × Hope interaction effect in predicting anxiety. A plot of the interaction confirmed that the association between loneliness and anxiety was weaker among high, compared to low, hope adults. Some implications of the present findings are discussed.

This study examined loneliness and future orientation as predictors of suicidal risk, namely, depressive symptoms and suicide ideation, in a sample of 228 college students (54 males and 174 females). Results of regression analyses indicated that loneliness was a significant predictor of both indices of suicidal risk. The inclusion of future orientation was found to significantly augment the prediction model of both depressive symptoms and suicide ideation, even after accounting for loneliness. Noteworthy, beyond loneliness and future orientation, the Loneliness × Future Orientation interaction term was found to further augment both prediction models of suicidal risk. Consistent with the notion that future orientation is an important buffer of suicidal risk, among lonely students, those with high future orientation, compared to low future orientation, were found to report significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Some implications of the present findings for studying both risk and protective factors associated with suicidal risk in young adults are discussed.