Dans les pays de l’OCDE, le vieillissement démographique et la prévalence croissante de maladies chroniques induisent un accroissement marqué des effectifs de personnes âgées dépendantes. Répondre à la préoccupation sociétale concernant l’accompagnement des personnes en incapacité dans un contexte de pression sur les finances publiques constitue un défi majeur pour les politiques publiques. Comment les dispositifs publics visant à financer les soins de longue durée affectent les aides formelles et informelles reçues par les personnes en situation d’incapacité ? La distribution des aides médico-sociales et des restes-à-charge est-elle équitable ? Comment améliorer l’efficience et l’équité des dispositifs publics ? Cette thèse apporte un éclairage sur ces questions en mobilisant les outils conceptuels de la microéconomie et les méthodes de l’économie appliquée. Elle rassemble quatre investigations empiriques menées à partir de données françaises et néerlandaises récentes. Les 3 premiers chapitres traitent du cas français. Le chapitre 1 étudie la distinction faite entre adultes handicapés et personnes âgées dépendantes. Il évalue l’effet de la « barrière des 60 ans » sur les aides formelles et informelles reçues. Les chapitres 2 et 3 se focalisent sur le dispositif-phare destiné aux personnes âgées dépendantes, l’Allocation personnalisée d’autonomie (APA). Le chapitre 2 estime les élasticités prix et revenu de la demande d’aide à domicile des bénéficiaires de l’APA. Le chapitre 3 évalue l’équité dans l’utilisation des aides et des restes-à-charge dans le cadre de l’APA. Le chapitre 4 évalue l’équité horizontale dans l’utilisation de soins de longue durée aux Pays-Bas. Les subventions sur l’aide à domicile induisent des ajustements dans la consommation d’aide via des effets de revenu et de substitution, ce qui a des implications pour l’efficience de ces dispositifs. Des iniquités sont détectées dans les deux pays. / Dans les pays de l’OCDE, le vieillissement démographique et la prévalence croissante de maladies chroniques induisent un accroissement marqué des effectifs de personnes âgées dépendantes. Répondre à la préoccupation sociétale concernant l’accompagnement des personnes en incapacité dans un contexte de pression sur les finances publiques constitue un défi majeur pour les politiques publiques. Comment les dispositifs publics visant à financer les soins de longue durée affectent les aides formelles et informelles reçues par les personnes en situation d’incapacité ? La distribution des aides médico-sociales et des restes-à-charge est-elle équitable ? Comment améliorer l’efficience et l’équité des dispositifs publics ? Cette thèse apporte un éclairage sur ces questions en mobilisant les outils conceptuels de la microéconomie et les méthodes de l’économie appliquée. Elle rassemble quatre investigations empiriques menées à partir de données françaises et néerlandaises récentes. Les 3 premiers chapitres traitent du cas français. Le chapitre 1 étudie la distinction faite entre adultes handicapés et personnes âgées dépendantes. Il évalue l’effet de la « barrière des 60 ans » sur les aides formelles et informelles reçues. Les chapitres 2 et 3 se focalisent sur le dispositif-phare destiné aux personnes âgées dépendantes, l’Allocation personnalisée d’autonomie (APA). Le chapitre 2 estime les élasticités prix et revenu de la demande d’aide à domicile des bénéficiaires de l’APA. Le chapitre 3 évalue l’équité dans l’utilisation des aides et des restes-à-charge dans le cadre de l’APA. Le chapitre 4 évalue l’équité horizontale dans l’utilisation de soins de longue durée aux Pays-Bas. Les subventions sur l’aide à domicile induisent des ajustements dans la consommation d’aide via des effets de revenu et de substitution, ce qui a des implications pour l’efficience de ces dispositifs. Des iniquités sont détectées dans les deux pays.In OECD countries, population ageing and the increasing prevalence of some chronic diseases cause a substantial increase in the number of the disabled elderly. Responding to both the societal concern for ensuring appropriate longterm care (LTC) to the disabled and the pressure on public spending is a major challenge for public policies. How do public LTC schemes affect the use of formal and informal care by the disabled? Are there socio-economic disparities in the use of formal care? Is the allocation of LTC services and of the out-of-pocket payments incurred by the disabled elderly equitable? Which features of LTC policies could be changed to make them more efficient and more equitable? My research sheds light on these questions, using conceptual tools from microeconomics and methods in applied economics. It brings together four empirical investigations led in the contexts of France and the Netherlands, which have contrasting LTC systems. I make use of recent administrative and survey microdata. The first three Chapters focus on French policies. Chapter 1 studies the distinction that is made between the handicapped adults and the dependent elderly in access to public LTC support. It assesses the effect of the “age 60 threshold” on the formal and informal care received by individuals with a disability. Chapters 2 and 3 concentrate on the main scheme accessible to the disabled elderly, the Allocation personnalisée d’autonomie (APA). Chapter 2 estimates the income and price elasticities of formal home care demand by APA beneficiaries. Chapter 3 assesses equity in the use and financing of home care within the APA scheme. Chapter 4 lands in the Netherlands and assesses income-related horizontal equity in LTC use. Home care subsidies trigger adjustments in the use of care through both substitution and income effects. This has implications for the efficiency of such policies. Some inequity is detected in both countries.

Dans un contexte de vieillissement rapide de la population, cette thèse explore les liens existants entre santé et modes de prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes et s'intéresse à la question du financement de la dépendance.La satisfaction des besoins d'aide des personnes âgées dépendantes constitue un objectif central de politiques publiques. Le Chapitre 1 estime l'effet de l'aide informelle (i.e. familiale) et de l'aide formelle (i.e. professionnelle) à domicile sur la santé mentale des personnes âgées dépendantes en France. Les résultats montrent que l'aide informelle réduit le risque de dépression et que l'aide formelle peut améliorer la santé mentale générale.De récentes études reconnaissent qu'aider un proche dépendant a des effets négatifs sur la santé des aidants et soulignent l'importance de les soutenir. Le Chapitre 2 s'intéresse à l'effet du soutien social sur la santé des aidants informels. Il montre que l'aide formelle et le soutien informel réduisent les problèmes de santé mentale associés à l'activité d'aide.Enfin, étant donné la pression financière et fiscale qui pèse sur les systèmes publics, le Chapitre 3 étudie dans quelle mesure les Européens seraient capables de financer leurs périodes de dépendance sur la base de leurs revenus et de leur patrimoine financier et immobilier. Il s'intéresse également au rôle du prêt viager hypothécaire. Les simulations soulignent que seule une faible proportion des individus serait capable de financer l'ensemble de ses dépenses de dépendance. Par ailleurs, le patrimoine immobilier pourrait jouer un rôle important dans le financement de la dépendance. / In the context of a rapidly aging population, this doctoral dissertation explores the relationship between health and long-term care arrangements and addresses the issue of the financing of long-term care.Meeting the needs of dependent elderly is an important objective of public policy. Chapter 1 estimates the effects of both informal (i.e. family) care and formal (i.e. professional) home care on the mental health of French dependent elderly. The results highlight that informal care decreases the risk of depression and that formal care can improve general mental health.Recent studies acknowledge that providing informal care has adverse health effects and emphasize the importance of supporting caregivers. Chapter 2 examines the effect of social support on caregivers' health. It shows that formal care and informal support limit the negative consequences of caregiving on mental health.Finally, given the increasing financial and fiscal pressure on public systems, Chapter 3 investigates to what extent Europeans elderly are able to pay for their periods of long-term care needs on the basis of their income, financial assets and home equity. It also studies the role of reverse mortgages. The simulations stress that only a small proportion of individuals would be able to finance totally their long-term care expenses and that housing assets may play an important role in long-term care financing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nuno de Noronha da Costa Bispo.pdf: 633926 bytes, checksum: fba4e0c29be6015341a6ccad6478b3ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Despite the large number of healthy elderly people, old age is also followed by an overall decline in health conditions, especially among institutionalized elderly people. The general objective of this anthropological research is to verify the impact of diseases on the everyday life of institutionalized elderly people and their present and future consequences. The investigation took place at Asilo São Vicente de Paulo de Londrina, a nursing home with 37 residents. Data were collected through observations and interviews and analyzed through the description of the observations and the hermeneutic-dialectical method. Results showed loss of autonomy and personal control. Based on the participants comments, the study detected a perception of the sickening body, mobility loss, lack of freedom, physical dependence to carry out routine activities, occupation reduction and isolation, difficulty to sleep and hopelessness in regards to the future. In its final considerations, the study highlights the importance of the anthropological investigation in a Long-term Care institution for the elderly / Apesar de haver um grande número de pessoas idosas saudáveis, a velhice também é acompanhada pelo declínio geral das condições de saúde, especialmente entre idosos institucionalizados. Verificar o impacto das doenças na vida cotidiana em pessoas idosas institucionalizadas e seus desdobramentos no presente e no futuro foi o objetivo geral desta pesquisa antropológica. O campo de investigação desenvolveu-se no Asilo São Vicente de Paulo de Londrina, com 37 residentes. Na metodologia utilizou-se para a coleta de dados a observação e a entrevista, que foram analisados através da descrição da observação e pelo método hermenêutico-dialético. Nos resultados observou-se a perda da autonomia e do controle pessoal. Nas falas dos participantes, constatou-se a percepção do corpo que adoece, o acometimento da mobilidade, a perda da liberdade, a dependência física nas atividades do cotidiano, a diminuição da ocupação, o isolamento, a dificuldade para dormir e a esperança no futuro. Nas considerações finais, foi destacada a importância da investigação antropológica em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos

This study is a Time 4 (T4) follow-up interview of ninety-three caregivers of persons who experienced a first stroke between 2 to 4 years (mean = 36 months) prior to the T4 interview. The first wave of data collection occurred within two months after the stroke. The second and third waves occurred six and twelve months, respectively, after the first interview. The caregivers were identified by the person with stroke as being the person closest to him/her who would be responsible for care after the stroke. Data were gathered at all four interviews using reliable and valid measures for depressive symptomatology (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), psychological well-being (IPWB; Berkman, 1971), and caregiver burden (Zarit, 1980). The contribution of social support to caregiver well-being was also investigated. Additional areas of investigation at T4 included coping strategies (F-Copes; McCubbin, Larsen, and Olson, 1981), caregiver adjustment, and the respondents' perception of themselves as "caregivers". The mean scores of depressive symptomatology, perceived burden, negative well-being, and positive well-being did not change significantly over the four points in time. However, the percentage of the sample having CES-D levels of 16 and above (indicating potential diagnosis of clinical depression) decreased by ten percent between T1 and T4. About ten percent of the respondents who were at risk for clinical depression at T4 reported high levels of depressive symptoms at all four interviews. Respondents who specifically thought of themselves as "caregivers" (sixty-two percent) were significantly more likely to report high levels of depressive symptoms, to experience high levels of strain and caregiver burden, and to be caring for persons who were more severely impaired by the stroke than those who did not. Caregiver characteristics contributed more to the variance in depressive symptoms and psychological well-being than did characteristics of the stroke. However, depressive symptomatology and perceived burden were significantly associated with both the functional capacity of the person with stroke and with an index of stroke severity comprised of communication impairments and negative personality/behavior changes since the stroke. The findings from this study have implications for stroke management programs, caregiver intervention planning, and health care policy.

My diploma thesis "Long term care and non-formal caretakers caring for clients" deals with persons who provide long-term and non-formal care for seniors in the home environment. This diploma thesis is divided into two parts, one for theory and one for the research. The theoretical part deals with the long-term care and with a number, type, economic status of non-formal caretakers. There is also a brief passage about the care benefit in the context of long-term care. One chapter deals with services that might be useful for the non-formal caretakers. The aim of the research part is to identify the most severe difficulties that the non-formal caretakers face. There are two main questions in the research part, " What barriers let to the termination of the care of the non-formal caretakers?" and "What are the dilemmas of the non-formal caretakers when deciding the transfer to a social institution?" There is also a description of the method and techniques of a structured interview and its analysis. The research showed that the most severe difficulties are the lack of finances for the home-care, limited or unsuitable spaces for the long-term care, restrictions of the free time, health problems of the care-takers and high physical and psychological demands. The main reasons responsible for the ending of the care are high demands, health problems of the caretakers, and fears of the future. Another dilemma that has been proven is the necessity of choosing between career and providing of non-formal care.

Falls are a serious issue for the elderly living in long-term care facilities, as falls contribute to signi�cant health problems such as increased dependence, loss of autonomy, confusion, immobilization, depression, restriction in daily activities, and, in some cases, death. An estimated 424,000 fatal falls in elderly patients residing in long-term facilities occur annually in the United States costing $34 billion in direct medical costs. One way to reduce falls among elderly patients in long-term care is to assess for fall risk frequently and implement evidence-based strategies to prevent falls. Patients in this project site facility had been assessed for fall risk via the Briggs Fall Risk Assessment Tool with implementation of fall risk iinterventions only upon admission or when there was a fall. The purpose of this project was to assess whether changing to weekly use of the Briggs Fall Risk Assessment Tool with implementation of fall risk interventions by nursing staff could decrease fall rates in the elderly in long-term care in Harris County, Texas. The model of prevention served as the conceptual framework for this project. Thirty participants (20 females and 10 males) between the ages of 65-115 participated in the program. Pre-implementation data were collected for 1 month and post-implementation data were collected for 1 month. The total number of falls reported weekly was counted before and after the weekly implementation of the Briggs Fall Risk Assessment Tool. The number of falls decreased from 12(70.6%) before the implementation of the assessment tool to 5(29.4%) falls afterwards. A fall prevention program in long-term care may affect social change positively by reducing fall risk in long term care by reinforcing the importance of increased awareness of risk of falls to implement fall prevention strategies

根據衛生署資料顯示，民國八十六年時，台灣地區六十五歲以上老年人口保險總數占總保險人口的8.95%，然而醫療費用卻占總醫療費用的27.09%，此現象跟台灣社會邁入高齡化之後，疾病型態慢性化的傾向有密切關係。在此情形之下，除了醫療服務需求，更迫切的是後續性的長期照護需求。個人長期照護的支出中，約有85%~90%是屬於生活照顧的部分，只有10%~15%屬於醫療照護的支出。全民健保財務之推估基礎，原係以急性醫療保健服務為主，長期照護服務給付歸由理論上屬急性醫療性質之全民健保給付略顯牽強，因此，長期照護服務建立其自給自足的財務體系有其必要性。 目前世界各地人口老化的趨勢使得長期照護的需求逐漸增加，不少國家為平衡公共部門、區域社會與家計間費用負擔，已紛紛建立長期照護服務體系。歸納已被採行的財源籌措方式，計有1.強制性健康保險(statutory health insurance)；2.租稅融通支應社會福利；3.儲金帳戶制度(saving account)；4.自付額(out-of-pocket payments)；5.宗教慈善團體。或者可由以上五類為基準，進行不同程度的搭配採行。現階段我國可行之財源籌措方式可分為以下數類：1.以社會保險方式辦理：2.以社會福利方式辦理：3.以商業保險方式辦理：4.以國民年金搭配其它方式辦理。 本研究首先對長期照護費用進行估算，推估方式將採取分別估算我國長期照護人數以及每人每年長期照護費用，在結合兩者得出1999年至2041年之長期照護費用估計，並觀察長期照護費用占該年度GDP比例。在2001年(民國90年)長期照護費用約為246億元，占該年GDP的0.23%；在2040年為8,791億元，占GDP的0.73%。 本論文討論的長期照護財源籌措方式包括社會保險、租稅融通、國民年金給付自付部分長期照護費用、年金及社會保險結合以及其它方式等。在社會保險方式之下，觀察被保險人、保險對象以及有酬就業者的主要工作收入負擔長期照護保險費用的程度和能力。其中保險對象在40、45和50歲以上負擔的三個方案，將分別在15、10和5年後，達到每月負擔1,000元左右。 租稅融通方式當中，將觀察長期照護經費占總稅收、社會福利支出以及歲出預歲的比例，以及各稅目的負擔情況，以了解政府經濟財政對長期照護經費的負擔能力。發現長期照護以社會福利方式開辦，採取稅收方式融通長期照護費用，加徵的稅額將占總稅收的1.5%左右(以1997,1998資料計算)；並且會使總稅收占GDP比例增加0.23%-0.24%。 以國民年金給付來自付部分長期照護費用方式當中，本研究發現，國民年金的調整條件符合「至少達到每月平均消費水準50%」的方案中，該國民年金給付對於長期照護費用的支應具降低總費用負擔6%至28%的效果。 另外，研究發現以國民年金結合社會保險方式，65歲以上被保險人之保險費，以國民年金給付來支付，則所支付的長期照護保險費總額，占國民年金的總額比例為1/5至1/20之間呈現遞減的狀態。顯示此方式對國民年金而言具可負擔性及可行性，並且可達到政府以移轉支付來補助長期照護保險費，減輕年輕保險對象之保險費用負擔的效果。

This project explored the values considered by elderly people, their younger relatives, and health professionals in decisions about residential long - term care, aiming to contribute to the literature on prospectively held values. The mixed methods design utilised a medical record review of 60 frail elderly hospital patients, a stratified survey of 3,015 adults in the South Australian community, and interviews with 36 stakeholders ( 10 elderly people, 10 younger relatives, and 18 health professionals ). The medical record review confirmed that the hospital patients and their outcomes resembled those described internationally. It was used to develop a hypothetical vignette, used in the later studies. Survey responses suggested that when considering a hypothetical long - term care decision, community members put the elderly person ' s physical health and safety first. Situational variables ( the elderly person ' s autonomy, environmental adaptation, and caregiver burden ) appeared secondary, albeit less so with increasing age of the respondent. Thematic analysis of the interviews demonstrated that elderly stakeholders considering a hypothetical decision were more likely to mention autonomy values, and less likely to mention safety values, than were relatives or health professionals. However, elderly stakeholders were also more likely to suggest restrictive solutions, such as residential placement and proxy decision - making. This finding raised methodological issues concerning ' third person ' vignettes, in that respondents might be responding as proxy decision - makers, rather than as if the hypothetical decision applied to themselves. The project confirmed that, in this context, prospectively held values resembled the retrospectively described values identified by McCullough, Wilson, Teasdale, Kolpakchi and Shelly ( 1993 ). Hence, the retrospective literature could be applied. The project supported the importance and complexity of psychosocial predisposing factors when applying the Andersen Behavioral Model ( Andersen, 1995 ) to long - term care decisions. Additionally, the Ecological Theory of Aging ( Nahemow, 2000 ) and the MacArthur Model of Successful Aging ( Andrews, Clark, & Luszcz, 2002 ) were found to be relevant to long - term care decisions for individuals and populations. It was concluded that both clinically, and at a policy level, discussions of long - term care could be more effective if they focussed on maintenance of elderly people ' s autonomy and control, rather than on their physical health and safety. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, 2006.

The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the problem of population ageing in terms of the cessation of professional activity (and especially premature labour market withdrawals) and non-medical care needs of persons who are dependent or have lost their autonomy, in order to provide the various public and private administrations active in these fields with some food for thought.

The purpose of this study was to explore what makes the interorganizational referral process effective and efficient from the perspectives of acute care referral senders and post acute care referral receivers. The referral process was conceptualized as the classic communication model involving a sender, receiver, information, a communication channel and contextual factors such as formalization and relationships. The hypotheses proposed that the relationships between each of the variables information usefulness, communication channel richness, and degree of formalization affected each of perceived referral process effectiveness and efficiency through the variable ‘relational coordination’. Key informants who either sent referrals from acute care settings or who received them in post acute care inpatient settings were asked to discuss each variable. These results were combined with those of a literature review to develop questionnaires containing a scale with acceptable Chronbach alpha for each. Surveys were disseminated through networks and associations involved in acute and post acute stroke and hip fracture care and in discharge planning and Long Term Care. Useable responses included 114 surveys from referral senders and 171 from referral recipients. Baron and Kenny’s four step test for mediation was used to test the hypotheses. For senders, each of channel richness (adjR2 = 10% p= 0.001), information usefulness (adjR2 = 16% p= 0.000), and formalization (adjR2 = 10% p= 0.000) were significantly related to perceived effectiveness. For channel richness, the relationship with perceived effectiveness was partially mediated by relational coordination (adjR2 = 19% p= 0.001). This was also the case for the relationship between information usefulness and perceived effectiveness (adjR2 = 0.20; p=000). For receivers, channel richness is related to perceived effectiveness through relational coordination (adjR2 = 12% p= 0.003). This was also the case for information usefulness (adjR2 = 13% p= 0.000). In neither group were any of the variables significantly related to efficiency. We may conclude that in the referral process, channel richness and information usefulness are related to perceived effectiveness for both senders and receivers. These may provide an important return on investment if chosen as an areas for referral process improvement, if accompanied by concurrent investments in relational coordination.