Orientador: Tirza Aidar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simomura_VivianeLazari_M.pdf: 1530657 bytes, checksum: 6865a98a18aa2bdd0d5b8d5147a4dcc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O reconhecimento e análise das desigualdades em saúde são fundamentais para compreender o complexo processo saúde, doença, cuidado e morte; para a qualificação das informações em saúde e, consequentemente, o suporte de políticas públicas e intervenções sanitárias em busca de equidade. Embora muitos trabalhos se dediquem a compreender como as desigualdades sociais afetam as condições de saúde e mortalidade da população, na literatura brasileira ainda são escassos estudos desenhados especificamente para a população idosa. Este trabalho busca contribuir para a temática, avaliando diferenciais nos níveis e padrões epidemiológicos da mortalidade da população adulta e idosa no contexto da Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC): de alto desenvolvimento econômico e ampla oferta de serviços de saúde - de baixa, média e alta complexidade -, por um lado, mas, por outro lado, de fortes desigualdades sociais. São três as principais perguntas que nortearam a pesquisa: (1) Os diferenciais em favor da menor mortalidade de grupos populacionais que vivem em melhores condições, já amplamente identificada na literatura para a saúde materno infantil e juvenil, se mantêm nas idades adultas e mais avançadas? (2) Caso positivo, tais diferenciais independem das causas de óbito? (3) Há indícios de efeito de sobrevivência refletido na diminuição dos diferenciais nas idades mais avançadas? Para tanto, foram analisadas estimativas de taxas de mortalidade da população com 45 anos e mais, por sexo, grupos etários e principais causas de morte na RMC, no período de 2003 e 2004. Os dados analisados são do sistema de registros de óbitos, georeferenciados segundo local de residência, considerando quatro áreas diferenciadas segundo indicadores de vulnerabilidade social. Os resultados indicam que, para a população de 45 a 59 e de 60 a 69 anos, as áreas mais nobres e consolidadas da RMC apresentam taxas de mortalidade sempre bem abaixo das demais, independente do sexo e, com raríssimas exceções, dos grandes e principais grupos de causas analisados. Intervalos de confiança calculados para razões entre as taxas mostram que os diferenciais são estatisticamente significativos para a mortalidade em geral e que estes diferenciais diminuem nas idades mais avançadas (de 70 a 79 e 80 anos ou mais), indicando a existência de viés de sobrevivência / Abstract: The recognition and analysis of the inequalities in health are important to understand the complex health, disease, care and death process for the qualification of the information in health and, consequently, the support of public policies and sanitary interventions in the search for equity. Although many studies are dedicated to the understanding of how the social inequalities affect the health and mortality conditions of the population, in Brazilian literature studies designed specifically for old population are still scarce. This paper seeks to contribute for the subject, evaluating differentials in the epidemiological levels and patterns of the adult and elder population's mortality in the context of the Campinas Metropolitan Region (CMR): of high economic development and a wide delivery of health services - of low, medium and high complexity, on the one hand, but of high social inequalities on the other. Three main questions guided the research: (1) Do the differentials in favor of the lower death rate of population groups that live in better conditions, already broadly identified in the maternal child and juvenile health literature continue in the adult and older ages? (2) If the answer is yes, are these differentials independent from death causes? (3) Is there evidence of survival effect reflected on the reduction of the differentials in older ages? For this reason, estimates of mortality rates of the population 45 years or more, by gender, age groups and the main death causes in the CMR, in 2003 and 2004 were analyzed. The data analyzed are from the death register system, georeferenced according to the address, considering four differentiated areas according to social vulnerability. The results indicate that, for the population of 45 to 59 and 60 to 69 years, the noblest consolidated areas of the CMR present mortality rates always much lower than the others, regardless of gender and, with very rare exceptions, from the large and main groups of analyzed causes. Confidence intervals calculated for ratio among the rates show that the differentials is statistically significant, and that these differentials are reduced, in the more advanced ages (from 70 to 79 and 80 years or more), indicating the existence of survival bias / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestra em Demografia

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_CassiaSantos_D.pdf: 31743016 bytes, checksum: c7b987ed31d0c93136faef8f50667ef3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A presente tese propõe-se a discussão de articulações sociais e institucionais que permitem a existência e a permanência, na contemporaneidade, de mecanismos sistemáticos de descarte de vidas humanas. A questão central desse estudo consiste em procurar compreender como, em um contexto marcado pela crescente valorização social da vida saudável, com maior tempo e qualidade, convivemos com práticas sistemáticas de descarte e extermínio de vidas humanas, seja pela inoperância dos instrumentos de proteção do Estado, seja pela persistência dos métodos de repressão abusiva de que se vale este mesmo Estado. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se a partir de ocorrências de homicídios, no município de São Paulo, no decorrer dos anos 1990. Com base em uma amostra de processos penais e inquéritos policiais arquivados, analisam-se as generalidades e as recorrências indicativas de que as mortes violentas têm ambiente social definido e atingem alvos preferenciais. Mais do que isso, este estudo aponta para a existência de um ciclo de violência, no qual matar ou morrer decorre muito mais do espaço e das circunstâncias em que se vive, do que de condições subjetivas de infratores e vítimas de um crime / Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to debate social and institutional controversies which contemporaneously allow the existence and permanence of systematic discarding mechanisms of human lives. The focal point of this study consists of trying to comprehend how, within a context distinguished by an increasing social appreciation of a healthy life, filled with more time and quality, we are familiar with systematic practices of discarding and exterminating human lives, be it due to the inoperative State.s protection tools, or to the persisting abusive repression methods, applied by this same State. The research has developed from homicides in the City of São Paulo, during the 1990.s. Based on the analysis of a sample of filed criminal proceedings and police investigations, generalities and recurrences indicate that the violent homicides have a defined social environment and hit preferential targets. More than that, this study points to the existence of a violence circle, in which to kill or to die results much more from the space and the circumstances in which one lives in, than from subjective conditions of the offenders and the victims of a crime / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutora em Sociologia

The evolution of medicine through the development of new technologies for diagnosis and treatment is modifying the health service in a dramatic speed, resulting in increased human longevity and hence the search for quality of life and improves the aesthetic standards. These changes in society and new trends in contemporary medicine also influence medical professionals to develop new attitudes and have an entrepreneurial attitude. Thus, entrepreneurship becomes relevant in the field of professional activity of physicians, emerging new market opportunities into innovative specialties. In that sense, this research sought to identify characteristics, outline the attitudes and entrepreneurial attitude of the medical professional and find out why the same search a new specialty in the field of aesthetic medicine. This is a qualitative study, exploratory and descriptive, focusing on medical professionals who are studying postgraduate medical aesthetics at the Brazilian Institute of Aesthetic Medicine. Study identified important characteristics to compose the profile of a person with the potential to pull the trigger of the process undertaken. It is noteworthy that the features not yet identified in the medical profession may emerge later in pursuit and development of the person as an entrepreneur. / A evolução da medicina através do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para diagnóstico e tratamento vem modificando o cenário da saúde em um ritmo muito acelerado resultando no aumento da longevidade humana e consequentemente na busca por qualidade de vida e melhora dos padrões estéticos. Essas mudanças na sociedade e as novas tendências da medicina contemporânea também influenciam os profissionais médicos a desenvolver novas atitudes e exercer uma postura empreendedora. Diante disso, o empreendedorismo torna-se relevante no campo de atividade profissional dos médicos, surgindo novas oportunidades de atuação em especialidades inovadoras. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa procurou identificar características, delinear as atitudes e postura empreendedora do profissional médico e esclarecer por que o mesmo busca uma nova especialidade, na área de medicina estética. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva, tendo como foco os profissionais médicos que estão cursando pós-graduação em medicina estética no Instituto Brasileiro de Estética Médica. Foi possível identificar características importantes para compor o perfil de uma pessoa com potencial para disparar o gatilho do processo de empreender. Ressalta-se ainda que as características não identificadas nos profissionais médicos podem surgir mais tarde na busca e no desenvolvimento da pessoa enquanto empreendedor.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / According to literature, particularly from data obtained from the World Health Organisation, physical inactivity or sedentarism is one of the leading causes of the major non-communicable diseases, which contributes substantially to the global burden of diseases, death and disability. The burden of mortality, morbidity and disability attributable to non-communicable diseases is currently greatest and is continuing to grow in the developing countries. Most declines in physical activity are during the transition from high school to college or university. The aim of the study was to ascertain perceptions of physical activity, specifically; perceived benefits of, perceived barriers and perceived helpful motivational factors to physical activity among tertiary institution students in Rwanda, and to find out whether demographic and background characteristics have an influence on these perceptions. / South Africa

In order to survive, cells must be able to cope with a variety of environmental stressors. The heat shock response (HSR) is a pro-survival mechanism employed by cells in response to protein denaturing stress, such as heat. Since its discovery in 1960, the heat shock response has been found to be regulated by the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). During periods of increased stress, HSF1 undergoes a multi-step process of activation that involves homotrimerization, DNA-binding, and post-translational regulatory modifications, all of which ultimately function to control the transcription of chaperone genes. These chaperone genes encode molecular chaperone proteins which function to promote survival during stress by restoring protein homeostasis to the cell. Although HSF1 is classically studied for its role in regulating the HSR, HSF1 also has roles in regulating metabolism, development, and longevity. Studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate the HSF1 homolog, HSF-1, as a global regulator of gene expression that has both stress-dependent and -independent functions. Modulating HSF1 activity therefore has implications beyond stress-induced processes, and has been suggested as a promising therapeutic target for diseases of aging and protein dysfunction. We were interested in determining regulators of the HSR using C. elegans as a model to test for effects on proteostasis and longevity. In these studies, we observed the effects of compound treatment (Chapters 1 and 2), genetic manipulation (Chapters 3 and 4), and environmental stimuli (Chapters 5 and 6), on the HSR in C. elegans. In Chapters 1 and 2, we describe our findings that treatment with the DNA synthesis inhibitor Fluorodeoxyuridine, and treatment with coffee and caffeine, enhance the heat shock response and improve proteostasis in aging worms in an HSF-1-dependent manner. In Chapters 3 and 4, we uncovered that negative regulation of the HSR by the cell cycle and apoptosis regulator CCAR2 is conserved in C. elegans, and is mediated by the CCAR2 ortholog, LST-3. We also uncovered that negative regulation of the HSR by LST-3 requires the SIRT1 homolog Sir-2.1, and knockdown of LST-3 via lst-3 RNAi works through Sir-2.1 to enhance stress-resistance, fitness, proteostasis and longevity. In Chapters 5 and 6, we describe the global impact of HSF-1 in regulating transcriptional processes during a heat stress. The profiling of global HSF-1 mRNA and miRNA targets has allowed us to uncover a heat-dependent and -independent role for HSF-1 in regulating gene expression to impact stress-resistance, proteostasis, and longevity. Altogether, these studies demonstrate the impact of compound treatment, genetic manipulation, and environmental stimuli on the heat shock response, while also uncovering global stress-dependent and -independent roles for HSF-1. This work therefore provides insight into various methods of activating the HSR by modulating HSF-1 activity, and uncovering global HSF-1 target genes, which may be useful for designing therapeutic treatment strategies for diseases of protein dysfunction.

No description available.

The first chapter explores the extent to which campaign contributions to politicians in the financial sector can influence the economic performance of the banks. In this paper, I study the relationship between campaign contribution, probability of failure and portfolio investment. I find that there is a significant effect of campaign contributions on the probability of failure and riskier investment portfolio using U.S. state banks. This effect is more pronounced for smaller and less geographically diversified banks. The results are robust for the overall risk taking measure ($Z-score$ and volatility of the return). The result is also robust using the magnitude of contributions. Using bivariate model and Blundell-Bond estimate to control for endogeneity of campaign contributions, I find that the results are robust. Using US legislative data on congressmen from congress.gov, the second chapter (co-authored with Aggey Semenov) investigates the effect of U.S. Congress legislators' non roll--call activity in bill sponsorship and co--sponsorship on campaign contributions from the financial industry. We found that bill sponsorship has positive and significant effect on campaign contributions in both Chambers. Co--sponsorship has positive and significant effect on contributions in the House but not in the Senate. We link this observation to a longer term of senators compare to congressmen; senators have more time to engage in more profitable sponsorship than congressmen. Legislators' efficiency in promoting bills to laws is rewarded by the financial industry. We also conduct robustness checks. Motivated by a large literature on the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), the third chapter (co-authored with Roland Pongou) is assigned to understand whether a leader's longevity in office promotes FDI inflows? We answer this question with a novel dataset on the personal characteristics of African leaders covering the period from 1960 to 2011. We find that political longevity increases FDI inflows. The effect is robust to controlling for leader heterogeneity using leader fixed effects. The results remain unchanged when using plausible instrumental variables for political longevity to address possible endogeneity issues, and when estimating a dynamic model. Importantly, the effect of longevity on FDI inflows is only positive for more democratic regimes. Exploring the mechanism, we find that longevity of leaders improves the rule of laws, bureaucracy, property rights, and infrastructure, and reduces corruption. We also find that unobserved characteristics of leaders such as his ability play a role in its longevity and the improvement of institutions.

This diploma thesis analyzes trends in life expectancy of long-living people in the Czech Republic. Aim of this study is to compare developments in life expectancies for long-living people in the Czech Republic and Austria between 1960-2014, both in terms of predetermined age groups and between both sexes. This work also includes a projection of mortality rates and life expectancy. Projections are calculated for year 2050, specifically for people of 60 years and older, and it is based on mortality projections from the Czech Statistical Office. Values are given for men and women separately. While calculations and estimates show that life expectancy is extending, it impacts most developed countries with the burden of aging population, manifested by overal decline in mortality rates and increasing amount of elderly people. Historically in most societies an 80 year old, or older person was a rarity, but in recent years their number is increasing to the point of being a new normal. This trend is obviously positive, but it does pose a number of challenges for the respective societies, especially for their pension, social security and medical systems.

Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation probabiliste de l’hétérogénéité des populations humaines et de son impact sur la longévité. Depuis quelques années, de nombreuses études montrent une augmentation alarmante des inégalités de mortalité géographiques et socioéconomiques. Ce changement de paradigme pose des problèmes que les modèles démographiques traditionnels ne peuvent résoudre, et dont la formalisation exige une observation fine des données dans un contexte pluridisciplinaire. Avec comme fil conducteur les modèles de dynamique de population, cette thèse propose d’illustrer cette complexité selon différents points de vue: Le premier propose de montrer le lien entre hétérogénéité et non-linéarité en présence de changements de composition de la population. Le processus appelé Birth Death Swap est défini par une équation dirigée par une mesure de Poisson à l’aide d’un résultat de comparaison trajectoriel. Quand les swaps sont plus rapides que les évènements démographiques, un résultat de moyennisation est établi par convergence stable et comparaison. En particulier, la population agrégée tend vers une dynamique non-linéaire. Nous étudions ensuite empiriquement l’impact de l’hétérogénéité sur la mortalité agrégée, en s’appuyant sur des données de population anglaise structurée par âge et circonstances socioéconomiques. Nous montrons par des simulations numériques comment l’hétérogénéité peut compenser la réduction d’une cause de mortalité. Le dernier point de vue est une revue interdisciplinaire sur les déterminants de la longévité, accompagnée d’une réflexion sur l’évolution des outils pour l’analyser et des nouveaux enjeux de modélisation face à ce changement de paradigme. / This thesis deals with the probabilistic modeling of heterogeneity in human populations and of its impact on longevity. Over the past few years, numerous studies have shown a significant increase in geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in mortality. New issues have emerged from this paradigm shift that traditional demographic models are not able solve, and whose formalization requires a careful analysis of the data, in a multidisciplinary environment. Using the framework of population dynamics, this thesis aims at illustrating this complexity according to different points of view: We explore the link between heterogeneity and non-linearity in the presence of composition changes in the population, from a mathematical modeling viewpoint. The population dynamics, called Birth Death Swap, is built as the solution of a stochastic equation driven by a Poisson measure, using a more general pathwise comparison result. When swaps occur at a faster rate than demographic events, an averaging result is obtained by stable convergence and comparison. In particular, the aggregated population converges towards a nonlinear dynamic. In the second part, the impact of heterogeneity on aggregate mortality is studied from an empirical viewpoint, using English population data structured by age and socioeconomic circumstances. Based on numerical simulations, we show how a cause of death reduction could be compensated in presence of heterogeneity. The last point of view is an interdisciplinary survey on the determinants of longevity, accompanied by an analysis on the evolution of tools to analyze it and on new modeling issues in the face of this paradigm shift.

Les polysaccharides sont des composants majeurs des parois cellulaires ayant une structure dynamique et jouant un rôle essentiel dans la croissance des plantes. Les cellules épidermiques du tégument des graines d’Arabidopsis libèrent un halo de mucilage polysaccharidique lors de leur imbibition. Le mucilage séminal s'est avéré être un excellent système modèle pour l’étude de la production, des propriétés des polysaccharides et de leurs interactions. Le premier objectif de ma thèse était de valoriser la variabilité naturelle existant entre accessions d’Arabidopsis pour identifier de nouveaux gènes contrôlant la production de mucilage. Une analyse de génétique d’association a permis l’identification d’une amine oxidase et d’une glycosyltransferase putatives dont j’ai confirmé l’implication dans la biosynthèse des pectines du mucilage.J’ai également associé une famille de protéines aux interactions entre polysaccharides. De part ses propriétés d’hydrogel, le mucilage joue un rôle adaptatif et influence la physiologie de la graine. Il permet la rétention d’eau autour de celle-ci et pourrait ainsi influencer sa longévité. Le deuxième objectif de ma thèse était d’utiliser des mutants impactés dans la production de mucilage pour déterminer si ce dernier influence la longévité des graines après un traitement d’hydratation contrôlée appelé ‘priming’. Les graines ne libérant pas de halo de mucilage à l’imbibition ont une meilleure longévité en lien avec une diminution réduite d’acide salicylique. Mes résultats participent à une compréhension intégrée de la production de mucilage à plusieurs niveaux : écologiques, génétiques et physicochimiques. / Polysaccharides are the major component of cell walls that are dynamic structures playing a fundamental role in plant growth. On imbibition, the epidermal cells of the Arabidopsis seed coat release a mucilage hydrogel formed of polysaccharides. This has proved to be an excellent model system for the study of cell wall polysaccharide production, properties and interactions. The first objective of my thesis was to exploit natural variation between Arabidopsis accessions to identify genes controlling mucilage polysaccharide production. A genome wide association study identified genes encoding proteins with putative functions as either an amine oxidase or glycosyltransferase and these were confirmed to contribute to the synthesis of mucilage pectin. I also found that a family of small proteins, whose function is undetermined, are likely to modulate the interaction of mucilage polymers. Mucilage is also an adaptive trait that may influence various aspects of seed physiology. Recent results indicate that this hydrogel plays a role in the retention of water around the seed and could influence their lifespan. A second objective of my thesis was to use mutants showing altered mucilage production to determine its contribution to seed lifespan after a controlled hydration treatment called ‘priming’. Seeds that do not release mucilage on imbibition retained longevity better after priming. I highlighted that the steady state levels of salicylic acid in primed seeds were influenced by mucilage and correlated negatively with their longevity. My results contribute to our genetic, physicochemical and ecophysiological understanding of mucilage production by seeds.