Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-10-11T21:09:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Santana, Augusta Coelho.pdf: 2413318 bytes, checksum: 2268f89859f58a34fcf14e4106f86ac9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2017-02-15T19:04:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Santana, Augusta Coelho.pdf: 2413318 bytes, checksum: 2268f89859f58a34fcf14e4106f86ac9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T19:04:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santana, Augusta Coelho.pdf: 2413318 bytes, checksum: 2268f89859f58a34fcf14e4106f86ac9 (MD5) / A problemática dessa dissertação se insere no contexto da questão ambiental global, da contraditória relação de dominação do homem frente à natureza. Em função da crescente deteriorização das condições de vida no Planeta várias iniciativas começaram a surgir, a partir dos anos 1970, como o Protocolo de Kyoto, firmado na década de 90, que introduziu o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, o MDL - com o objetivo de reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), como uma das alternativas para diminuir tais emissões e ajudar no combate às mudanças climáticas. No Brasil, as iniciativas de redução de emissão de GEE, estão alinhadas com a postura do governo assumida na Política Nacional de Mudança do Clima, no intuito de ampliar sua matriz pelo uso de fontes alternativas de energia. Esse estudo buscou apresentar uma compreensão crítica das práticas usadas para conter as emissões dos gases causadores do efeito estufa, abordando a sistemática dos créditos de carbono na agroindústria canavieira, que tem diversificado a matriz energética brasileira com a produção de bioetanol e co-geração de energia. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral examinar a contribuição do instrumento crédito de carbono para redução de emissão de GEE na agroindústria canavieira à luz da economia de baixo carbono. A pesquisa foi qualitativa teórica e exploratória de caráter bibliográfico e documental e realizada por meio de análise de conteúdo. Os dados secundários foram obtidos através dos Documentos de Concepção do Projeto (DCPs) de co-geração com bagaço de cana de açúcar, através dos sites da United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) e do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI). Dessa forma, para compreender o funcionamento desse mecanismo, foram identificados vinte e sete projetos de co-geração com bagaço registrados na UNFCCC. Com relação aos projetos analisados verificou-se, que o setor sucroalcooleiro prevê a redução anual de cerca de 550.000 tCO2e . Para os padrões de uma economia de baixa emissão de carbono, os investimentos em eficiência energética mostraram-se insuficientes, observado no baixo número de projetos de co-geração de energia com bagaço. A pesquisa sinalizou a limitação e fragilidade desse instrumento frente aos desafios da questão ambiental. A transformação do carbono em mercadoria possível de negociação no mercado financeiro mostrou-se vulnerável e limitado. / The problem of this dissertation is in the context of global environmental issues, the contradictory relationship of man front of the domination of nature. Due to the increasing deterioration of the living conditions on the planet several initiatives began to emerge from the 1970s, such as the Kyoto Protocol, signed in the 90s, which introduced the Clean Development Mechanism, CDM - in order to reduce GHG emissions, as an alternative to reduce such emissions and help fight climate change. In Brazil, the GHG emission reduction initiatives are aligned with the government's stance taken in the National Climate Change Policy, in order to expand the energy matrix by the use of alternative energy sources. This study aimed to present a critical understanding of the practices used to curb emissions of gases causing the greenhouse effect, addressing the systematic carbon credits in the sugarcane industry, which has diversified Brazilian energy matrix with the production of bioethanol and cogeneration. Thus, this study has the general objective to examine the carbon credit instrument's contribution to GHG emission reduction in the sugar cane industry in light of the low carbon economy. The research was theoretical and exploratory qualitative of bibliographic and documentary character and conducted through content analysis. Secondary data were obtained from the Project Design Documents (PDDs) cogeneration with sugarcane bagasse, through the websites of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI). Thus, to understand the functioning of this mechanism, we identified 27 cogeneration projects bagasse registered in the UNFCCC. Regarding the projects examined it was found that the sugar and ethanol industry provides the annual reduction of approximately 550.000 tCO2e. This observed in the low number of cogeneration projects with bagasse. Energy efficiency investments proved insufficient to the standards of a low-carbon economy, shown in the low number of cogeneration projects with bagasse. The survey signaled the limitations and fragility of carbon credit to the challenges of environmental issues. The transformation of carbon possible commodity trading in the financial markets proved vulnerable and limited.

A partir de uma perspectiva crítica, esta pesquisa analisa a maneira pela qual os programas políticos para mudanças climáticas e atividades compensatórias de gases de efeito estufa tornam-se realidade no território brasileiro. A pesquisa faz uma análise crítica da constituição de uma economia de baixo carbono na Amazônia, mais detidamente sobre seus desdobramentos em questões agrárias nos estados da Amazônia Legal, além de apresentar dois casos ilustrativos sobre projetos de carbono envolvendo florestas no estado do Pará. Busca-se, assim, discutir as coexistências e antagonismos nas relações que se estabelecem entre as atividades regulares de comunidades rurais seus usos econômicos e formas de convivência com a floresta amazônica (especificamente madeira e agricultura) , e a introdução dos atuais projetos de desmatamento evitado. Diante da complexidade na qual se apresenta o atual contexto das mudanças climáticas, a pesquisa se vale de uma análise que se apropria de conceitos fundamentais para geografia contemporânea, como acumulação por espoliação, desenvolvimento geográfico desigual e produção da natureza. Com isso, apresenta-se, ao longo da tese, as questões centrais a respeito de como a floresta amazônica passa a ter novos valores de uso e troca no contexto das mudanças climáticas e como sua ressignificação passa a representar novas estratégias de acumulação de capital. / From a critical perspective, this research examines the ways in which political programs on climate change and compensatory activities of greenhouse gases become reality in Brazil. The research analyzes the establishment of a low carbon economy in the Amazon, more specifically on its consequences on land issues in the Amazonian states, and present two illustrative cases of carbon projects involving forests in the state of Pará. It discusses about the coexistences and antagonisms in relations established between the regular activities of rural communities - their economic uses and ways of living together with the Amazon rainforest (specifically wood and agriculture) - and the introduction of the current projects \"deforestation avoided\". On the complexity that presents the current context of climate change, the research relies on an analysis from fundamental concepts for contemporary geography, as \"accumulation by dispossession\", \"uneven geographical development\" and \"production of nature\". Thus, it presents, along the thesis, the central question about how the Amazon forest is replaced by new use-value and exchange in the context of climate change and how their resignification comes to represent new strategies of accumulation of capital.

The thesis deals with the issue of the formulation of new requirements to the development of new product with regard to the development of carbon-free economy and product safety improvement. The first part of the thesis describes the state of art of science and technique in the field of process management and the life cycle of a machine tool with emphasis placed on the machine tool development. The second part of the thesis includes a research of legislative requirements concerning machine safety and environmental aspects of the design of the machine to be manufactured. The practical part focuses on an analysis of key processes of the company with emphasis placed on safety and environmental friendly design processes with suggestions concerning improvement of processes with implemented sub-processes necessary for the identification and verification of safety. The thesis describes method implementation of ecodesign processes, which are presented on processes of company and demonstrated on product of drill. The thesis has practical implications for the introduction of automated sub-process of the identification and verification of safety requirements and integration of product development process in realization of ecodesign to company’s products.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to point out European Union´s goals such as low carbon economy, mainly future increasing the use of renewable sources as a potential source of energy. Slovak republic has due to its position in central Europe, rich in natural healing sources of water, which are considered as the most perspective sources of renewable energy in this country. The problem was solved as energy, economic and environmental analysis of Balneotherapy at Slovak Heath Spa Piešťany a.s. This analyzation was provided by real experimental measurement of temperature and flow rate and computational simulation of technological devices in opened natural healing water system. Experimentally measured data were afterwards use for elaboration conceptual design of new technological devices in order to increase efficiency of collection energy from potential renewable source of energy. The research shows that with help of new design technological devices connected to existing ones will be possible to cool down temperature of hot natural healing water from 67 °C to 21 °C, which decrease operation costs of Balneotherapy for more than 1 414 € per day. By Slovak republic entering to European Union it was necessary to accept global goals of low carbon economy. This diploma thesis provides an attention on potential energy in natural healing sources of water as renewable source of energy and helps Slovak Health Spa Piešťany to decrease amount of green-house gases released to atmosphere by efficient increasing the use of energy potential in natural healing source of water.

The thesis deals with the issue of the formulation of new requirements to the development of new product with regard to the development of carbon-free economy and product safety improvement. The first part of the thesis describes the state of art of science and technique in the field of process management and the life cycle of a machine tool with emphasis placed on the machine tool development together with requirements and recommendations of ISO 9001:2016 – Quality Management Systems – Requirements. The second part of the thesis includes a research of legislative requirements concerning machine safety and environmental aspects of the design of the machine to be manufactured. The practical part focuses on an analysis of key processes of the company of TOS KUŘIM – OS, a.s. with emphasis placed on safety and environmental friendly design processes with suggestions concerning improvement of processes with implemented sub-processes necessary for the identification and verification of safety. A sub-process that allows for the manufacture of machines able to meet requirements of environmental friendly design is implemented to the processes. The thesis has practical implications for the introduction of automated sub-process of the identification and verification of safety requirements and implementation of the product development in the framework of future environmental friendly design development requirements to the products of TOS KUŘIM – OS, a.s.

Special Economic Zones have been a popular instrument for fostering economic growth. The SEZ's main aim is to attract foreign investors into the country, thus providing necessary capital for economic development. Diploma thesis focuses on application of this approach in China and provides analysis of origin, economic situation and future prospects of these areas. At first, the concept of special economic zone is theoretically defined for the further usage in chinese context. Thesis also offers a comparison with export processing zones and SEZs in India to provide a broader perspective of the concept of special economic zones in the world. Hereafter, the development and performance of SEZs in chinese provinces Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan are presented. Furthermore, the current challenges for the zones to face are identified. Those challenges will be crucial for zones to cope with in order to keep up the pace with today's trend of liberalisation and international cooperation in the worldwide economy.

This Master Thesis deals with the issue of transition to low-carbon energy in the European Union, with an example of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The topic is divided into three parts. Firstly, the energy sector in the EU is described in the context of environmental targets, institutional framework, international Paris agreement and electricity price factors. Secondly, the British concept of transition to low-carbon energy is described, following a similar line from the first chapter. Last but not least, the third section uses the data and information provided in the first two sections to create a complex picture. Compatibility of the British concept with the EU policies is discussed, furthermore the meaning of Paris agreement for the British model is described, then the consequences of the British concept on the electricity prices are shown, finally the challenges for the British energy sector are considered. The main contribution of this thesis is statistical comparison of energy in the EU and UK and finding the connection between international events (Paris agreement), regional priorities (EU), national political representation and national interest groups in terms of creating energy policy in the UK.

In the climate change discussion, there is a broad consensus about the importance of support from the financial industry when it comes to supporting changes towards a more sustainable society. However, investments in the society supporting a transition towards a low-carbon economy are still waiting to become unlocked. This thesis aims to provide an understanding of a possible sustainability transition towards a low-carbon economy within the Swedish financial industry. To fully understand a possible change, this study has investigated the dynamics of the financial industry from the perspective of a member-owned bank in Sweden. Hence this study seeks to explore a fundamental and comprehensive change, the theoretical framework of socio-technical transition and the multi-level perspective is used. This contributes to a vast mapping of the financial industry and a better understanding of the dynamics of social change and innovation, such as a low-carbon economy transition. To gain in-depth knowledge, a case study was performed. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews and data from the case company’s customer database. The carbon footprint of the case company bank’s loan portfolio was calculated and analysed through a sensitivity analysis. This was done in the aim to gain deeper insights about how actions from a bank could contribute to a low-carbon economy. The empirical findings in this thesis showed that a bank does have the ability and power to contribute to a lower carbon footprint in a bureaucratic and stable regime as the financial industry. However, this responsibility could be hard to put at a single actor. As the financial industry has a strong carbon lock-in, the approach has to be long-term. The actions that could enable a sustainability transition within the financial industry seems to be a collection of many different transition pathways. By remaining the landscape pressure and the development of niche innovations, a long-term sustainability transition seems imaginable. By collecting the forces of regulatory work along with collaboration among incumbent actors and increasing development of new low-carbon financial products, there is positive movement. With patience and an attitude change, the financial industry can see a sustainability transition in the horizon. / I diskussionen om klimatförändringar finns det en enighet om vikten av stöd från finansbranschen när det gäller förändringar mot ett mer hållbart samhälle. Investeringar i samhället som stöder en övergång till en koldioxidsnål ekonomi väntar dock fortfarande på att slå igenom. Denna uppsats har som syfte att förstå en möjlig hållbarhetsövergång till en koldioxidsnål ekonomi inom den svenska finansbranschen. För att förstå en möjlig förändring har denna undersökning granskat finansbranschens dynamik utifrån en svensk medlemsägd banks perspektiv. Då denna uppsats strävar efter att utforska en grundläggande och omfattande förändring, så har det teoretiska ramverket för socio-teknisk övergång och multi-nivåperspektivet används. Detta bidrar till en omfattande kartläggning av finansbranschen samt en bättre förståelse för dynamiken i socialförändring och innovation, så som en övergång till en mer koldioxidsnål ekonomi. För att få fördjupad kunskap inom ämnet så har en case-studie utförts. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data har samlats in genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer och data från case-företagetskunddatabas. Koldioxidavtrycket i case-företagets utlåningsportfölj beräknades och analyserades genom en känslighetsanalys. Detta gjordes i syfte att få djupare insikter om hur åtgärder från enbank skulle kunna bidra till en koldioxidsnål ekonomi. De empiriska resultaten i denna studie visade att en bank har förmågan och kraften att bidra till ett lägre koldioxidavtryck i en byråkratisk och stabil regim som finansindustrin. Detta ansvar kan dock vara svårt att lägga på en enskild aktör. Eftersom finansbranschen idag har investeringar i koldioxidtunga aktiviteter måste tillvägagångssättet vara långsiktigt. De åtgärder som kan möjliggöra en hållbar övergång inom finansbranschen verkar vara en samling av många olika övergångsbanor. Genom att ha fortsatttryck från landskaps-nivån och en fortsatt utveckling av nisch-innovationer verkar en långsiktig hållbarhetsövergång tänkbar. Genom en enad kraft, samarbete mellan etablerade aktörer och ökad utveckling av nya finansiella produkter med låg koldioxidutsläpp, verkar en förändring möjlig. Med tålamod och en attitydförändring kan finansindustrin se en hållbarhetsövergång i horisonten.

This dissertation focuses on public diplomacy efforts targeted at persuading other countries to strengthen their domestic and international climate change policies. While previous research on climate diplomacy has addressed the global negotiations extensively, the role of embassies and the interplay between diplomats, their partners and the instruments and storylines they employ, has so far not received the scholarly attention it deserves. This is despite the fact that such behind-the-scenes outreach is one of the most promising tools available to engage other states. The dissertation aims to fill this literature gap by examining climate public diplomacy conducted by embassies and consulates of four EU states: the UK, Germany, Sweden and Denmark. The European Union, and these states in particular, were chosen because they have sought to portray themselves as leaders in tackling climate change while undertaking extensive climate diplomacy. The United States and China were chosen as target states since they have been the main focus of EU climate diplomacy, due to their position as the two largest aggregate contributors to climate change. The dissertation addresses public diplomacy in the field of climate change applied to both the federal/national and subnational levels of governance of these states. The main research question tackled by this dissertation is: What role do embassies and consulates play in climate diplomacy, and how effective is this diplomacy? In answering this, the research focuses on identifying environmental discourses and framings of climate change employed by embassies/consulates for different audiences, and assesses the impact of these frames. A central finding was a strong trade and growth orientation of climate diplomacy. The diplomatic network identified industry, especially fossil-fuel intensive businesses, as allies. Some companies that were embassy partners supported climate denial behind the scenes.

The study set out to understand and demonstrate the role the ICT sector could play as a critical enabler in the transition and progress towards an energy– efficient, low carbon economy. More specifically, the study of sustaining ICT for sustainability has twofold intent: (2) to investigate the direct footprint of ICT sector and explore how it can be tackled through adopting sustainable design–based solutions; and (2) to highlight the enabling potential of ICT sector to mitigate climate change and massively improve energy efficiency across the economy, identifying and quantifying the global ICT impacts and opportunities in the context of energy and carbon emissions savings. To achieve the aim of this study, a pertinent and extensive literature review covering theoretical, empirical, and critical scholarship was performed to investigate the phenomenon. The study draws on a variety of sources to survey the unsustainability of ICT sector pertaining to energy–intensive consumption and explore potential solutions through espousing environmental design practice, and also to examine the role of ICT in delivering energy–efficient solutions through its products and services. Validity was ensured through using quality academic and industry literature as well as relevant studies carried out by a range of eminent researchers, experts, and stakeholders (i.e. NGOs, research centers). Findings highlight the unsustainability of ICT sector regarding energy– intensive consumption and concomitant GHG emissions associated with its products and services. Of the whole lifecycle, the use phase of ICT is the most critical. Data centers and telecom networks devour energy. Planned obsolescence entrenched in software design shorten upgrade cycle, which makes software utilities a planet killer as to energy consumption. Alternative sustainable design–based solutions entail using renewable energy and most efficient energy required over ICT’s life cycle – de–carbonization strategy. Also, digitization is an effective strategy for ICT sector to slash energy use per unit. To reduce the footprint of data centers and telecom networks, design solutions vary from hardware and software to technological improvements. Designing out built–in obsolescence in software technology is a key factor in the energy equation. As for the enabling role of ICT, the findings are highly illuminating. The ICT sector must step up its efforts in reducing its direct footprint in order to claim a leadership role in an energy–efficient, low carbon economy. Although the ICT sector’s own emissions will increase because of global growing demand for its products and services, the real gains will come from its enabling potential to yield substantial energy efficiency improvements and emissions reductions across the economy. The sheer scale of the climate change challenge presents smart development mitigation opportunities for ICT sector to deliver environmentally sustainable solutions. The largest identified opportunities are: dematerialization; intelligent transport and logistics; intelligent buildings; smart power supply; and efficient industrial processes and systems. This study provides a novel approach into sustainable design in ICT, underlining unsustainable design practices in ICT sector. Review of the literature makes an advance on extant reviews by highlighting the synergic relationship between ICT design, sustainability, and the economy. / +46 704 35 21 35