O desenvolvimento técnico da eletrônica, a contínua redução do tamanho dos receptores GNSS, associada à diminuição do consumo de energia, transformaram estes produtos em alguns circuitos integrados ou apenas pequenos chips do tamanho de um botão de uma camisa. Desta forma pode-se promover a sua integração com inúmeros dispositivos eletrônicos. A associação com os telefones celulares foi principalmente impulsionada pelo mandato de aprimoramento dos serviços 911 (E911) da Federal Communications Commission (FCC) nos Estados Unidos, exigindo que todas as operadoras de telefonia móvel daquele país fornecessem a localização com boa precisão das chamadas de emergência. Esta necessidade estimulou a produção dos chips em larga escala e, portanto, a diminuição do custo e a sua popularização. Desta maneira quase que em sua totalidade, os telefones celulares são hoje fabricados com receptores GPS, o que torna estes dispositivos uma das fontes mais baratas de se obter o Geoposicionamento. Acontece que existe uma lacuna na literatura quanto à precisão e a exatidão das coordenadas fornecidas por estes equipamentos. O presente trabalho visa, através de testes estatísticos e da comparação com outros receptores GPS e métodos, quantificar estes valores e propor uma metodologia para melhorar tal posicionamento. Para conseguir o objetivo, a estrutura do Sistema Operacional do telefone foi modificada de tal modo que fosse possível o acesso às observáveis do chipset do GPS embarcado e convertidos para o padrão RINEX de arquivamento de dados brutos. Os testes foram executados com o equipamento original e com o equipamento modificado com a instalação de uma antena externa e mostraram que com a utilização da medida de fase da portadora o equipamento pode fornecer o posicionamento com uma precisão média de 0,069m, com o desvio padrão de 0,047m e erro planimétrico de posicionamento máximo de 0,218m e mínimo de 0,004m. / The technical development of electronics, the continuous reduction in the size of GNSS receptors, allied with the energy consumption decrease, transformed these products into some integrated circuits or in small Chips as small as size of a button of a shirt. In this way one can promote its integration with countless electronic devices. The association with cell phones was mainly driven by the mandate to enhance services 911 (E911) of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States, requiring that all mobile carriers of that country provide all the emergency calls location with good accuracy. So as to fulfill this necessity, the production of Chips in a large scale has been stimulated and therefore the decrease in cost and its popularity. In this way almost in its entirety, cell phones are now manufactured with GPS receivers, which makes these devices one of the cheapest sources to obtain the geopositioning. It turns out that there is a gap in the literature about how precise and accurate the coordinates provided by these equipments can be. This thesis aims through statistical tests and comparison with other GPS receivers and methods, quantify these values and propose a methodology to improve such positioning. To achieve the objective, the structure of the phone\'s operating system was modified in such a way that it was possible to access the embedded GPS Chipset observables and then converted into the RINEX standard raw data file. The tests were carried out with the original equipment and with the modified ones, with an external antenna installation which showed that using the phase measure of the carrier, the equipment can provide a positioning with an average accuracy of 0, 069m, with a default deviation of 0, 047m and a maximum planimetric positioning error of 0, 218m and a minimum of 0, 004m.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-07-19T14:36:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 emelygirondossantos.pdf: 3291816 bytes, checksum: a0298032a50de012389ebc9c05890aa0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-07-23T15:38:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 emelygirondossantos.pdf: 3291816 bytes, checksum: a0298032a50de012389ebc9c05890aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T15:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 emelygirondossantos.pdf: 3291816 bytes, checksum: a0298032a50de012389ebc9c05890aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-18 / O presente trabalho tem por princípio básico o ensino de Eletricidade, especificamente o tema “Eletrostática”, através da atividade prática/experimental em sala de aula. Baseados nas principais ideias de Vygotsky, produzimos um kit didático utilizando materiais de baixo custo e de fácil acesso, observando o propósito de sua reprodução e aplicação pelos professores de Física e de Ciências no país, se assim o desejarem. Este kit didático contém material para construção de instrumentos com foco na realização de experiências que facilitem a aprendizagem de alguns tópicos como cargas elétricas de sinais diferentes, atração e repulsão elétrica, conservação de carga elétrica, estudo de condutores e isolantes, entre outros. A aplicação do produto efetuou-se em uma turma de 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental e em uma turma do 3º ano do Ensino Médio de duas escolas do município de Juiz de Fora – MG durante as aulas de Física. Ao longo da aplicação, observamos o grande interesse dos estudantes em montar os instrumentos e participar das atividades por se diferenciar das aulas expositivas tradicionais. Outro benefício observado foi a melhor compreensão dos conteúdos trabalhados. Analisamos a aplicação do kit, os questionários e textos livres escritos pelos estudantes, bem como suas participações durante os experimentos em sala de aula. Com esta análise pudemos evidenciar que atividades práticas têm um papel muito importante no processo de aprendizagem do aluno por auxiliar na conexão entre a abstração de conceitos e os fenômenos vistos no decorrer da prática experimental. Os materiais que compõem o kit e a montagem dos instrumentos utilizados estão descritos no Capítulo 4, enquanto que os experimentos realizados estão relatados no Apêndice B desta dissertação. O projeto, de maneira geral, nos mostrou a importância em se buscar novas estratégias e metodologias que possam servir como suporte no ensino de Física e de Ciências, dando aos estudantes a oportunidade de testar fenômenos pouco observados. / The present work has for basic principle the teaching of Electricity, specifically the theme “Electrostatics”, through practical/experimental activity at the classroom. Based in the main ideas of Vygotsky, we produced a didactic kit using materials which have low cost and easy access, aiming its reproduction and application by the teachers of Physics and Science in Brazil, if they wish. This didactic kit contains materials for the construction of instruments with focus on the realization of experiences which facilitate the learning of some topics such as electric charges of opposite signs, electric attraction and repulsion, conservation of electric charge, study of conductors and insulators, etc. The didactic kit was applied in a class of the ninth grade of an Elementary School and in a class of the third year of another High School in the city of Juiz de Fora – MG during the Physics classes. Through the application of the kit, we noticed the great interest of the students in assembling the instruments and participating in the activities, as it is different from the traditional expositive classes. Another benefit observed was the better understanding of the subject matter presented in the classroom. We analyzed the application of the kit, the questionnaires and free texts written by the students, together with their participation in the experiments during the classes. With this analysis we concluded that practical activities have a very important role in the learning process of the students as they help to establish the connection of the abstract concepts with the real phenomena observed during the experiments. The materials that compose the kit and the assembly of the instruments used are described in Chapter 4, while the experiments realized are described in Appendix B of this Masters dissertation. The project, in general, showed us the importance to search new strategies and methodologies which could serve as a support in the teaching of Physics and Science, giving the students the opportunity to test phenomena rarely observed.

Building performance simulation (BPS) tools are significant and helpful during all design stages, especially during the early ones. However, there are obstacles to the full implementation and use of such tools, causing them not to become an effective part of the design process. In order to overcome this barrier, this research is presented, with the creation of regression models (meta-models) that allow to predict the discomfort by heat and/or by cold in a Brazilian low-cost house (LCH) in three distinct bioclimatic zones in Brazil, represented by the cities of Curitiba/PR, São Paulo/SP and Manaus/AM. The focus of this work was to analyze the impact of solar incidence and shading devices on thermal comfort by applying the meta-models. The method consisted in a) collecting data from projects referring to the type of building aforementioned to aid in the creation of the base model; b) definition of the key parameters and their ranges to be varied; c) simulations run on EnergyPlus using the Monte Carlo method to randomly create parameters combinations within their defined ranges; d) regression analysis and metamodels elaboration, followed by their validation with reliability tests; and lastly, e) a case study, consisting in applying the meta-models to a standard LCH to verify the impact of shading devices in a unit in regards to thermal comfort and the their potential as support tool in the design process. In general, all R2 values for the meta-models were above 0.95, except for the ones for São Paulo and Curitiba for discomfort by heat, 0.74 and 0.61, respectively. In regards to the case study, the meta-models predicted a decrease of approximately 50% in discomfort by heat for Manaus when a given combination of orientation, quantity and size of the devices was used. For the remaining locations, the meta-models predicting discomfort by heat and by cold require further investigation to properly assess some unexpected predictions and the meta-models sensitivity to the parameters related to shading devices. / Ferramentas de simulação computacional são importantes e uteis durante todas as etapas de projeto, especialmente durante as iniciais. No entanto. Há obstáculos para a completa implementação e uso de tais ferramentas, fazendo com que não sejam uma parte efetiva do processo de projeto. Para superar esta barreira, esta pesquisa é apresentada, com a criação de modelos de regressão (meta-modelos) que permitem a predição do desconforto por frio e/ou por calor em uma habitação de interesse social (HIS) no Brasil em três zonas bioclimáticas, representadas pelas cidades de Curitiba/PR, São Paulo/SP e Manaus/AM. O foco deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto da incidência solar e das proteções solares no conforto térmico utilizando os meta-modelos. O método consistiu em a) coletar dados referentes ao tipo de edifício mencionado para auxiliar na criação do modelo de base; b) a definição dos parâmetros chave e suas faixas de variação; c) simulações no EnergyPlus usando o método de Monte Carlo para aleatoriamente combinar valores de parâmetros dentro de suas faixas; d) análise de regressão e elaboração dos meta-modelos, seguida da validação dos mesmos por testes de confiabilidade; e por fim, e) um estudo de caso, consistindo na aplicação dos meta-modelos a uma HIS padrão para verificar o impacto das proteções solares em uma unidade em relação ao conforto térmico da mesma, assim como o potencial dos meta-modelos em serem utilizados como uma ferramenta de auxílio nas fases iniciais de projeto. No geral, todos os valores de R2 foram acima de 0.95, exceto para os meta-modelos de São Paulo e Curitiba para desconforto por calor, com 0.74 e 0.61, respectivamente. Em relação ao estudo de caso, os meta-modelos previram uma queda de aproximadamente 50% no desconforto por calor para Manaus, dada uma combinação entre orientação, quantidade e dimensão das proteções. Para as demais localidades, os meta-modelos prevendo desconforto por frio e por calor requerem maiores estudos para avaliar predições inesperadas e a sensibilidade dos meta-modelos em relação aos parâmetros de proteções solares.

Antalet flygresor har ökat markant i världen de senaste decennierna. Detta har medfört en ökning av flygets koldioxidutsläpp som därmed har gett en ökad påverkan på klimatet. Forskning angående människors syn på och uppfattning om flyget är relativt ny och forskning rörande ämnet är mer förekommande idag än för ett decennium sedan. Tidigare undersökningar är dock i stort sett eniga om att människor, både miljömedvetna och icke-miljömedvetna personer, inte tänker ändra på sina flygvanor och flyga mindre på grund av flygets klimatpåverkan. Denna studie undersöker klimatengagerade personers flygvanor och vad de har för syn på flyget och flygets påverkan på klimatet. Resultatet i studien skiljer sig från tidigare forskning genom att de klimatengagerade personerna i undersökningen antingen försöker begränsa sina flygresor eller inte längre flyger alls på grund av den klimatpåverkan en flygresa innebär. The low-cost hypothesis har använts som ett teoretiskt ramverk för att undersöka om det finns ett attitude-behavior gap. Det framkom att the low-cost hypothesis endast delvis kan appliceras och att det finns ett litet attitude-behavior gap hos de respondenter som flyger. Det finns inget attitude-behavior gap hos respondenterna som inte flyger. Det framkom även att sociala normer till viss del påverkar valet att flyga eller inte flyga.

Dans ce travail de thèse, un spectromètre FT-Raman a été développé dans l'intention de mesurer les substances dangereuses de manière propre et durable permettant à l'utilisateur un cout d'utilisation réduit (approche low cost). Dans ce but, le système FT- Raman a été développé en utilisant une combinaison originale de composants conventionnels d'optoméchatronique avec laquelle nous proposons une méthode d'évaluation du spectre. Ce système FT-Raman proposé n'inclut aucun composants spécialisé coûteux et permet la détection de la diffusion Raman et le suivi du chemin optique. Le dispositif a été testé lors d'analyses d'une série de composants chimiques standards largement utilisés dans la spectroscopie Raman (certains d'entre eux sont connus pour leur impact négatif sur la santé et l'environnement). Les résultats du spectre obtenus avec notre dispositif ont confirmé les valeurs signalées par le spectre Raman standard. Une comparaison des spectres avec des appareils commercialisés mesurant le FT-Raman a été également faite, et les résultats indiquent que notre combinaison de composants conventionnels et l'application de notre méthode d'évaluation peuvent être utilisées dans certaines surveillances d'applications demandant un haut degré de précision et la résolution sans toutefois présenter la charge financière que l'achat d'un instrument classique de mesure pourrait représenter. / In this doctoral research project, a Fourier Trasform Raman spectrometer (FT-Raman spectrometer) instrument has been developed with the intention to perform the monitoring of certain materials having a contaminating and harmful nature, in a clean and sustainable manner, and without significantly affecting the financial aspect of the user (low-cost approach). For this purpose, the proposed FT-Raman system has been developed by using an original combination of conventional hardware (optomechatronics) parts and a method that we propose for spectral evaluations. In this FT-Raman system that we propose no specialized and costly hardware parts for optical path compensation, Raman scattering detection, optical path tracking, etc. have been used. The proposed FT-Raman device has been tested by analyzing a series of chemical components widely used in Raman spectroscopy as standard reference materials (some of them are also known due to their negative impact on health or on environment). The resulting spectra obtained using our proposed device have greatly agreed with the values of the standard Raman spectra. A comparison with spectral outputs from state-of-the-art FT-Raman devices has been also performed. These results indicate that our ``flexible" combination of conventional hardware parts and the applied evaluation method that we propose can be used in certain monitoring applications requiring a high degree of frequency accuracy and spectral resolution, without having the burden of a considerable expenditure that such a non-dispersive "classical" instrument might represent.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Aqueous ion-intercalation batteries (AIB’s) have the potential to provide both high power for hybrid-electric transport, and low cost bulk energy storage for electric grid supply. However, a major setback to AIB development is the instability of suitable ionintercalation anode material in aqueous electrolyte. To counter this problem, the use of activated carbon (AC) (a supercapacitor anode) paired against the low cost ionintercalation cathode spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) provides a stable alternative. This thesis comprises two novel areas of investigation concerning: (1) the development of the AC/LMO cell for high power applications, and (2) the introduction of PbSO4 as a high capacity alternative anode material paired against LMO for low cost bulk energy storage. The study on AC/LMO explores the electrode combination’s practical specific energy and power capability at high P/E (power to energy ratio) of 50:1 suitable for hybrid electric vehicle batteries. To study the relationship between electrode material loading density, active material performance, and current collector mass contribution, a specially designed cell was constructed for galvanic cycling of different thicknesses of electrode. Between a loading density range of 25 – 100 mg, ~50 mg of total active material between two 1 cm2 current collectors produced the highest 50:1 P/E ratio values of 4 Wh/kg and 200 W/kg, constituting a 4-fold reduction of the active material values of thin films at 50:1 P/E. The cycling potentials of the individual electrodes revealed that doublings of electrode film loading density increased the LMO electrode’s polarization and voltage drop to similar levels as doublings in applied current density. However, by increasing the charging voltage from 1.8 V to 2.2 V, 6 Wh/kg and 300 W/kg was obtainable with minimal loss of energy efficiency. Finally a large-format cell of a calculated 3 Ah capacity at 50:1 P/E was constructed and tested. The cell produced ~60% of the anticipated capacity due to a suspected high level of resistance in the electrode contact points. The overall conclusion to the study was that AC/LMO holds promise for high power applications, and that future use of higher rate capability forms of LMO offers a promising avenue for further research. v The second part of this thesis presents the development of a novel cell chemistry, PbSO4/LMO, that has yet to be reported elsewhere in existing literature. The cell uses aqueous pH 7, 1 M, Li2SO4 electrolyte, and forms an electrode coupling where the PbSO4 anode charge/discharge is analogous to that in Pb-acid batteries. The average discharge voltage of the cell was 1.4 V and formed a flat charge/discharge plateau. The use of a low cost carbon coating method to encapsulate PbSO4 microparticles had a marked improvement on cell performance, and compared to uncoated PbSO4 improved both rate capability and specific capacity of the material. The active materials of the carbon-coated PbSO4/LMO cell produced a specific energy 51.1 Wh/kg, which, if a 65% yield is possible for a practical cell format, equals 38.4 Wh/kg, which is 15 Wh/kg higher than AC/LMO bulk storage cells at 23 Wh/kg, but lower than Pb-acid batteries at ~25-50 Wh/kg. Interestingly, the specific capacity of PbSO4 was 76 mAh/g compared to 100 mAh/g in Pb-acid cells. The predicted cost of the cell, providing a 65% value of the active material specific energy for a practical cell can be realized, is on par with Pb-acid battery technology and, importantly, uses 2.3 × less Pb/kWh. The cycling stability achieved thus far is promising, but will require testing over comparable cycle life periods to commercial batteries, which could be anywhere between 5 – 15 years.

This research investigates political risk in the context of service offshoring and the corresponding impact on risk management decisions. The first stage of the study uses the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT), to explore key post-contract political risks experiences within offshore outsourcing activities. Twelve key political risks affecting offshore outsourcing decisions are identified, and the moderating effect of offshoring activity types (BPO, ITO or KPO) on political risk exposure and impact perceptions is highlighted. The research also explores the conditioning effect of industry specific exposure to political risk and enhances the explanatory ability of the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) constructs, offering a re-operationalization of the political risk component of external uncertainty. The second stage of the research introduces a series of hypotheses between offshoring flows and political risk profiles, and applies multiple regression to analyse political risk affecting offshore activities in low cost countries across contract-based offshoring engagements and FDI. The findings highlight that political risk is a genuine business concern for offshore contract-based outsourcing modalities, and identify concerns with Intellectual Property protection, Quality of Bureaucracy and Corruption as key considerations affecting location decisions in low-cost countries. The research further suggests a positive relationship between strong country level institutional and regulatory systems and high knowledge content in offshoring engagements. From a practical perspective, the research highlights the need for managerial tools to determine diversified firm and industry specific political risk impact on global service outsourcing engagements. The key practical contribution is the development of differentiated political risk typologies that can capture the nuances of external risks in offshoring, allowing for more accurate risk assessment of offshoring decisions.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre l’IM2NP et la société Tagsys, dans le cadre du projet PACID-TEXTILE. L'objectif de la thèse est de créer un tag RFID UHF packagé, très robuste et qui puisse facilement s’intégrer de manière discrète dans les produits textiles. L’idée est de concevoir deux antennes couplées et adaptées aux puces choisies pour l’application. Ces deux antennes sont conçues afin de favoriser le couplage entre elles. La première entité est packagée afin de protéger la puce de l’environnement d’utilisation. Dans une première partie, l’antenne primaire est caractérisée. Le packaging fait l’objet d’études particulières pour répondre aux contraintes de robustesses liées aux domaines du textile (blanchisserie, produit chimique). Une seconde partie du travail vise à caractériser le fil conducteur de manière à en établir une modélisation la plus fidèle possible pour pouvoir être utilisé par les outils de simulation et de conception d’antennes. Des essais de résistances du fil sont également réalisés.Enfin, une troisième partie traite de la conception d'antennes. Les tags conçus doivent avoir une portée minimale de 4m, résister à la déformation et à l'empilement. Ces tags sont soumis à différents tests pour établir leurs performances. A l’aide des moyens de caractérisations disponible au laboratoire IM2NP (plate forme de pré certification RFID), un « Benchmarking » est réalisé sur les différents tags en vue de proposer une étiquette répondant au mieux aux exigences du cahier des charges. / This thesis is part of a collaboration between the company Tagsys and IM2NP, under the PACID-TEXTILE project. The aim of the thesis is to create a robust UHF RFID tag antenna that can be easily and discreetly integrated into textile products.The idea is to design two antennas electromagnetically coupled and adapted for selected chips. Both antennas are designed to facilitate the coupling between them. The first antenna is packaged in a robust material in order to protect the chip from laundry cycles. The second antenna is made up by electro-thread. The first part of the work is to characterize the packaged antenna and packaging material. The second part is to measure the conductivity of the used thread, to establish the most accurate model possible. Tests of wire resistance are also made. Toughness of each wire is also tested.The third part deals with the antenna design. The tags are designed to have a minimum range of 4m. They have to resist deformation and stacking. These tags are subjected to various tests to determine their performance. Using resources available in the laboratory IM2NP (RFID platform), a "Benchmarking " is carried on different tags to find the best that meet the requirements of the specifications.

Le repérage (localisation topologique) des capteurs dans un réseau sans fil ouvre la porte à de nombreuses applications. Les techniques actuelles basées sur la puissance du signal reçu restent peu fiable compte-tenu de la stabilité des mesures dans le circuit. Des techniques plus précises inspirées des radars ont été proposées mais cela nécessite un type de radio adaptée qui s'avère trop couteuse, autant en termes d'implémentation qu'en termes de consommation électrique. Cependant, une des difficultés majeure de l'adaptation de ces techniques de localisation aux réseaux de capteurs sans fil reste leur inadéquation avec leur faible coût de réalisation et la faible consommation électrique requise pour ces dispositifs autonomes. En particulier, les étages radio et de génération d'horloge des modems ZigBee introduisent une grande incertitude sur la fiabilité des mesures. Les algorithmes digitaux très complexes demandent à être tout particulièrement étudiés et améliorés afin de ne pas dépasser un budget de consommation extrêmement réduit tout en tentant d'atteindre une complexité d'implémentation aussi faible que possible.Les travaux de cette thèse se concentrent sur 2 principaux objectifs: l'élaboration d'un circuit digital étant capable de calculer de temps d'arrivée en temps réel, et l'élaboration de prototypes permettant le positionnement d'un noeud. La principale contrainte, est l'utilisation d'un seul canal ZigBee de la norme 802.15.4. Ce travail a permi d'appréhender les problèmes liés à la mesure de distance et envisager l'adaptation de ces techniques aux contraintes spécifiques des réseaux de capteurs sans fil et du type de radio utilisée. / Tracking sensors in a wireless network leads to many applications. However, current techniques based on the received signal strength are unreliable given the stability of measurements. More accurate techniques inspired from radars have been proposed but they require an expensive radio. However, one of the most difficult aspects regarding the localization in a wireless sensor network remains their inadequacy with their low-cost and low-power characteristics. For example, clock generation of ZigBee modems introduce strong uncertainties regarding the reliability of measurements. Demanding digital algorithms must be carefully studied and improved in order not to exceed requirements defined by industrials. In other words, the purpose is to design an implementation as cheap as possible while keeping a minimum accuracy. The work of this thesis focuses on two main objectives: the development of a digital circuit capable of calculating time of arrivals, and the development of prototypes for a future positioning feature. The main constraint is the use of a single channel from the ZigBee 802.15.4 standard. This work enabled to understand issues regarding the distance measurements and adapt them given wireless sensor network constraints.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the changes to marketing strategy of airline companies in Europe due the proliferation of low-cost carriers in Europe. The thesis is divided into three parts. In the theoretical part the marketing strategy framework is established by reviewing the latest literature on marketing theory and its application to the airline industry. The second chapter provides the historical background and shows the specifics of the airline industry in order to determine when the proliferation of low-cost carriers in Europe occurred. It also analyzes the impact the proliferation had on the business operations of the network carriers by looking at the changes to different elements of the marketing mix. Finally the third chapter summarizes the authors research on consumer behavior in the airline industry. The research was conducted through a quantitative questionnaire and it investigates consumers perception of price and brand awareness.