In Feldstudien konnte häufig mittels der Low–Cost Hypothese gezeigt werden, dass normatives Verhalten von den dafür aufzuwendenden Kosten abhängt. Doch hängt die Durchsetzung einer Norm ebenfalls von der Höhe der Kosten ab? Die Gültigkeit der Low – Cost Hypothese bei diesen kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung ist bislang im Feld wenig erforscht. In unserer Studie wird die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen anhand nachbarschaftlicher Kontrollen analysiert. Es werden Daten einer postalischen Befragung von 631 Personen in Leipzig aus dem Jahr 2001 ausgewertet: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Befürwortung sozialer Kontrollen und der Bereitschaft, soziale Kontrollen tatsächlich an sich zu erdulden, wird mit steigenden Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen schwächer. Zudem lässt sich die Logik der Low – Cost Hypothese auf andere soziologische Konstrukte übertragen: Die Wirkung von Kriminalitätsfurcht und Autoritarismus ist umso weniger handlungsrelevant, je höher die Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen sind. Diese Befunde demonstrieren die Gültigkeit der Low–Cost Hypothese im Zusammenhang mit kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung.:Einleitung; Die Übertragung der Low – Cost Hypothese auf die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen; Datenbasis und Operationalisierung; Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick / In field studies, there is evidence that the occurrence of normative behaviour is dependent on its costs. This effect is known as the low cost hypothesis. However, is the enforcement of social norms as well dependent on its costs? So far, there has been little research on the validity of the low – cost hypothesis for so called second order collective goods. In our work, the enforcement of social norms is studied by means of analyzing social control in neighbourhoods. We use data of a mail survey conducted in 2001 in Leipzig, Germany, with 631 respondents: Correlations between approval of social control and willingness to tolerate social control personally decrease with increasing costs to tolerate these control activities. Additionally, the logic of low – cost is transferable to other sociological constructs: The effect of fear of crime and authoritarianism is the less relevant for tolerating social control activities, the higher the costs for these control activities. These empirical findings confirm the low cost hypothesis for the production of second order collective goods.:Einleitung; Die Übertragung der Low – Cost Hypothese auf die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen; Datenbasis und Operationalisierung; Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa embarked on an ambitious program to rehouse the informally housed poor. These initiatives were formerly called the RDP and later the BNG programmes. This was aimed at improving the living conditions of the urban poor and consequently their health and poverty status. These low-cost houses were quickly augmented by backyard shacks in almost all settlements. The present study is an epidemiological assessment of the health and sanitation status of inhabitants of specific low cost housing communities in the City of Cape Town as contrasted with those occupying ‘backyard dwellings’ on the same premises. The study was undertaken in four low-cost housing communities identified within the City. A health and housing evaluation, together with dwelling inspections were carried out in 336 randomly selected dwellings accommodating 1080 inhabitants from Tafelsig, Masipumelela, Driftsands and Greenfields. In addition, the microbiological pollution of surface run-off water encountered in these settlements was assessed by means of Escherichia coli levels (as found by ColilertTM Defined Substrate Technology) as an indication of environmental health hazards. The study population was classified as ‘young’ - 43% of the study population was aged 20 years or younger. Almost a third of households were headed by a single-parent female. In all four communities combined, 47.3% of households received one or other form of social grant. At the time of inspection 58% of the toilets on the premises were non-operational, while all the houses showed major structural damage - 99% of homeowners reported not being able to afford repairs to their homes. In 32% of dwellings one or more cases of diarrhoea were reported during the two weeks preceding the survey. Five percent of the participants willingly disclosed that they were HIV positive, while 11% reported being TB positive (one of them Multiple Drug Resistant TB). None of the HIV positive or TB positive persons was on any treatment. The E. coli levels of the water on the premises or sidewalks varied from 750 to 1 580 000 000 organisms per 100 ml of water - thus confirming gross faecal pollution of the environment. Improvements in health intended by the re-housing process did not materialise for the recipients of low-cost housing in this study. The health vulnerability of individuals in these communities has considerable implications for the health services. Sanitation failures, infectious disease pressure and environmental pollution in these communities represent a serious public health risk. The densification caused by backyard shacks also has municipal service implications and needs to be better managed. Policies on low-cost housing for the poor need realignment to cope with the realities of backyard densification so that state-funded housing schemes can deliver the improved health that was envisaged at its inception. This is in fact a national problem affecting almost all of the state funded housing communities in South Africa. Public health and urban planning need to bridge the divide between these two disciplines in order to improve the health inequalities facing the urban poor. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is besig met 'n ambisieuse program om diegene wat in informele behuising woon te hervestig. Hierdie inisiatiewe is voorheen die HOP en tans die “BNG” programme genoem. Hierdie hervestigingsprogramme is gemik daarop om die lewensomstandighede van die stedelike armes en dus hulle gesondheid- en armoedestatus te verbeter. Hierdie laekoste huise is algou in byna alle nedersettings aangevul deur krotwonings in die agterplase. Die huidige studie is 'n epidemiologiese beoordeling van die gesondheid en sanitasiestatus van inwoners van spesifieke laekoste behuisingsgemeenskappe in die Stad Kaapstad in vergelyking met diegene wat krotwonings op dieselfde erwe bewoon. Die studie is onderneem in vier laekoste-behuising gemeenskappe geselekteer in die stadsgebied. 'n Gesondheid- en behuisingevaluasie tesame met 'n inspeksie van elke woning is uitgevoer in 336 ewekansig geselekteerde wonings wat 1080 inwoners gehuisves het. Die woonbuurte was Tafelsig, Masipumelela, Driftsands en Greenfields. Mikrobiologiese besoedelingsvlakke van oppervlak-afloopwater in hierdie gemeenskappe is bepaal deur middel van die bepaling van Escherichia coli vlakke (met behulp van ColilertTM Gedefinieerde Substraat Tegnologie) as aanduiding van gesondheidsgevare in die omgewing. Die studiepopulasie is as ‘jonk’ geklassifiseer - 43% was 20 jaar of jonger. Amper een-derde van die huishoudings het 'n enkelouer-vrou aan die hoof gehad. In al vier gemeenskappe gesamentlik het 47.3% van die huishoudings die een of ander vorm van maatskaplike toelae ontvang. Tydens inspeksie is 58% van die toilette op die erwe as "nie-funksioneel" bevind, terwyl al die huise substansiële strukturele skade getoon het - 99% van die huiseienaars het gerapporteer dat hulle nie herstelwerk aan hulle huise kan bekostig nie. In 32% van die wonings is daar een of meer gevalle van diarree gedurende die voorafgaande twee weke voor die opname gerapporteer. Vyf persent van die deelnemers het vrywillig gerapporteer dat hulle HIV positief was terwyl 11% gerapporteer het dat hulle TB positief was (een was Veelvuldige Middelweerstandige TB). Nie een van die HIV positiewe of TB positiewe persone was op enige behandeling nie. Die E. coli vlakke van die water op die erwe of sypaadjies het gewissel vanaf 750 to 1 580 000 000 organismes per 100 ml water - wat erge fekale besoedeling van die omgewing bevestig het. Die verbetering in gesondheid wat deur die hervestigingsproses voorsien is, het nie gematerialiseer vir die ontvangers van die laekoste-behuising in hierdie studie nie. Die kwesbaarheid van die gesondheid van die individue in hierdie gemeenskappe hou groot implikasies vir gesondheidsdienste in. Sanitasiefalings, infektiewe siektedruk en omgewingsbesoedeling hou groot openbare gesondheidsrisiko in. Die verdigting wat deur agterplaaskrotte meegebring word asook die gevolge vir munisipale dienste benodig beter bestuur. Beleide oor laekoste-behuising vir armes kort herbeplanning om die realiteite wat saamgaan met verdigting deur agterplaaskrotte te kan hanteer sodat die verwagte verbetering in gesondheid kan materialiseer. Hierdie is inderwaarheid 'n nasionale probleem wat omtrent alle staatsbefondste laekoste-behuising gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika affekteer. Openbare gesondheid en stadsbeplanning behoort die skeiding tussen hierdie twee dissiplines te oorbrug om sodoende die ongelyke gesondheidstatus van die stedelike armes aan te spreek.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Please see accompanying Errata document to be viewed with original document. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current housing backlog facing the informal residents of South Africa is daunting. With current research showing that the backlog is not shrinking fast enough, the stakeholders of the formal and informal housing sector are facing an immense challenge. Most houses constructed after 1994 utilised conventional brick and mortar construction, with alternative means of building homes taking up a negligible share in the total housing supply. The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of container-based homes as an alternative to brick and mortar homes in South Africa’s low-cost housing supply according to the triple constraints of project management i.e. cost, time and quality. Social acceptance and environmental sustainability are also analysed as two secondary parameters that will influence container-based projects. These parameters form the basis of the three pillars of sustainability, i.e. economic, societal and environmental parameters, which indicates the feasibility of a new design implementation. Two test cases for the feasibility study were designed. The first case considers a modular single-storey residential home, equivalent to standard “Breaking New Ground” housing solutions. The second test case considers a multi-storey, medium-density residential building, capable of housing multiple families .The test cases represent possible container-based solutions, with traditional brick and mortar construction (single and multi-storey) acting as the control solution. The three sustainability parameters act as benchmarks of each solutions’ feasibility, with the control solution acting as the counter-performance example. The comparison of the economic parameter relies on the cost of each design case, its construction time and the quality of the end-product. The bills of quantities were measured against a conventional building type, and it was found that a single-storey solution will prove more costly than a small brick and mortar home. However, the multi-storey solution proves to be feasible when compared to a concrete three-storey structure. Regarding time, the construction of an Intermodal Steel Building Unit (ISBU) home is up to 3 times faster compared to a conventional house. The end-product quality will depend on the quality system used by the contractor and its correct implementation; thus it is not an important dividing factor when comparing conventional versus Alternative Building Technology (ABT) systems. The societal parameter of an ISBU solution rests on its acceptance by the beneficiaries. Traditionally, resistance has met ABT home implementation, as stakeholders consider them as inferior products. A comprehensive survey was carried out in an informal settlement to test this statement. The results show that the majority of beneficiaries prefer conventional homes, unless the ABT home resembles its conventional counterpart. The environmental sustainability of a new product relies primarily on the carbon footprint of the materials and methods used. This was tested by comparing the impact of an ISBU solution with a conventional solution. The “upcycling” (as opposed to recycling) of used containers provides a large environmental benefit when comparing it to newly constructed brick for conventional homes, and thus the impact is lower. The findings of the study show that a single-storey solution utilising containers proves ineffective, as it is more expensive per square meter than a conventional home. However, a multi-storey container solution is feasible, as it is lower in cost (than comparative conventional solutions), faster to construct, allows for higher density expansion of settlements and is more environmentally friendly. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die enorme behuisingsagterstand van informele nedersetters in Suid-Afrika skep 'n geweldige uitdaging vir die rolspelers in die formele behuisingsektor. Huidige navorsing toon dat hierdie agterstand nie vinnig genoeg verminder nie, en baie mense verkeer in nood. Die meerderheid van huise wat opgerig is sedert 1994 maak gebruik van konvensionele baksteen en sement konstruksie, terwyl alternatiewe maniere van konstruksie 'n nietige aandeel het. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die bruikbaarheid van skeepshouer-gebaseerde huise te bepaal in teenstelling met konvensionele baksteen en sement huise, spesifiek vir die lae-koste behuisingsgeval in Suid-Afrika. Dit word uitgevoer volgens die "drietallige beperking" beginsel van projekbestuur, naamlik koste, tyd en kwaliteit parameters. Addisioneel word die sosiale aanvaarbaarheid sowel as die omgewingsvriendelikheid van die konsep getoets teen konvensionele maniere van konstruksie. Hierdie parameters vorm saam die “drie pilare van volhoubaarheid”, wat betrekking het tot ekonomiese-, sosiale- en omgewings-aspekte. Twee toetsgevalle is ontwerp volgens argitektoniese en tegniese standaarde sowel as gemeenskap benodigdhede. Die eerste geval is ontwerp as 'n enkel-verdieping huis, met behulp van modulêre skeepshouers. Die tweede geval is 'n meertallige-verdieping, medium-digtheid residensiële gebou wat verskeie families kan huisves. Die toetsgevalle modelleer verskeie skeepshouer oplossings, terwyl konvensionele konstruksie oplossings dien as beheer gevalle. Elke geval word volgens die drie volhoubaarheids beginsels getoets, met die beheer gevalle wat dien as die teen-prestasie voorbeelde. Die vergelyking van die ekonomiese parameter berus op die koste van elke ontwerp, sy konstruksietyd en die eindproduk kwaliteit. Die lys van hoeveelhede is gemeet teen dié van ʼn konvensionele huis, en daar is bevind dat die enkelverdieping skeepshouer-geval veel duurder sal wees. Die meertallige-verdieping geval aan die ander kant, maak gebruik van baie kostebesparings metodes, en lyk uitvoerbaar. Die tyd-aspek wys dat die konstruksie m.b.v. “Intermodal Steel Building Units” (ISBUs) tot en met 3 keer vinniger te wees teenoor ʼn konvensionele huis. Die eindproduk kwaliteit hang af van die tipe kwaliteit stelsel wat die kontrakteur gebruik, sowel as die korrekte toepassing van hierdie stelsel; dus is dit nie ʼn skeidende faktor tussen alternatiewe en konvensionele boumetodes nie. Die gemeenskaplike aspek van die gebruik van alternatiewe konstruksie berus op die aanvaarding van die huisbewoners. Gemeenskappe het tradisioneel nie ʼn hoë dunk van Alternatiewe Bou-Tegnologie (ABT) behuising nie, aangesien hulle dit as swak kwaliteit bestempel. Om hierdie stelling te toets is ʼn opname uitgevoer in ʼn informele nedersetting. Die resultate wys dat die meerderheid inwoners die konvensionele opsie verkies. Daar is wel bevind dat die inwoners ʼn ISBU huis sal oorweeg indien dit ʼn visuele ooreenkoms toon met ʼn konvensionele huis. Die omgewingsvolhoubaarheid van ʼn nuwe produk berus hoofsaaklik op die koolstof-voetspoor van die materiale en boumetodes wat gebruik is. Hierdie aspek is getoets deur ʼn ISBU oplossing se omgewings-impak te meet teen dié van ʼn konvensionele huis. Die “upcycling” voordeel wat skeepshouers gebruik gee ʼn groot voordeel teenoor die konstruksie van konvensionele huise, siende dat min nuwe materiale gebruik word. Dus is die totale omgewings impak laer as die van ʼn konvensionele huis. Die bevindinge van die navorsing wys dat ʼn enkelverdieping ISBU oplossing onprakties is in terme van koste per vierkante meter, aangesien dit veel duurder as ʼn konvensionele metode is. Die meertallige-verdieping geval is wel uitvoerbaar, aangesien dit ʼn laer koste tot gevolg het, vinniger gebou word, hoër-digtheid behuising bevorder en meer omgewings-vriendelik is.

研究動機、目的與方法 前美國麻省理工學院媒體實驗室主席尼古拉斯．尼葛洛龐帝博士為了解決第三世界貧窮兒童的教育問題，宣布要設計、製造、推展一百美元筆記型電腦的構想，這個舉動引爆國際社會的關注，更在全球電腦產業間投下一顆震撼彈。 本研究以OLPC（One Laptop Per Child）「人人百元電腦基金會」為研究對象，由非營利組織的角度觀察，運用CORPS非營利組織模式，確認OLPC基金會的非營利組織屬性，分析其願景、運作及現況，並探討OLPC基金會的創新過程、創新表現、對電腦產業的衝擊，及其對非營利組織與社會整體的貢獻與影響。本研究省視創新對非營利組織的意義與價值，並提供相關理念與具體作法，以作為非營利組織創新發展的參考。 研究發現： 一 非營利組織組織OLPC基金會呈現多元創新的風貌： 1 產品創新-設計與開發超低價兒童電腦產品。 2 定價議題創新-製造百元美金的價格為目標。 3 銷售方式創新-以國家為推展單位，以合作協助替代市場競爭。 4 通路創新-產品流通派送價值鍊改變。 5 組織創新-組織功能由開發研究到社會服務。 6 教育創新-開發電腦軟體以及內容改良傳統教育結構。 7 經營模式創新-以非營利組織結合政府帶動企業發展。 二 OLPC基金會的創新貢獻： 1 在非營利組織方面：開啟國際間政府、企業與非營利組織之間跨部門參與的協力合作經營模式，並彰顯非營利組織的特質。 2 在產業方面：激發企業的想像力，促使企業進一步運用科技、整合資源，推動人類社會文明的進步。 3 在整體社會方面：推動革新傳統的教育思維和方法，建立知識共享平台，改善人文環境的品質與社會的發展潛能。 研究結論： 一 本研究以CORPS非營利組織模式分析，瞭解OLPC基金會是同時具有「公益型」與「專業型」的非營利組織，其願景宏偉和專業技術是其成功的主要關鍵，而無私分享則凸顯非營利組織的崇高精神。 二 在其公益使命的善因引導下，結合政府與企業的共同推展社會事業，其核心能力在於專業的科技技術與專業知識，以及敏感的社會觀察力。 三 OLPC基金會呈現多元創新風貌，涵蓋以下主要特點： 1 新經營模式:結合政府與企業以及本身的能力; 2 產品創新:觀念領先、突破限制、考量成本; 3 公益而後獲利:善因引導，以達成改變社會而努力; 4 知識創新與傳播擴散:善用資訊分享與參與。 四 OLPC基金會的成效與影響： 1非營利組織方面-高願景，新典範，合作共營的新境界。 2社會方面- 縮短數位落差，開放全球參與，改變社會觀念與價值。 3產業方面- 觸動新產品開發，開創低價新市場。 / This research is the case study of the OLPC （One Laptop Per Child） Foundation. Under CORPS model, which shows the OLPC Foundation is a Philanthropic Type and is also a Professional Type organization. OLPC Foundation has hers unique NPO attributes for public welfare. There are 7 aspects of OLPC innovations: 1 Product aspects: First to design and produce low-cost children computers. 2 Price Issue aspects: Setting 100 US dollars as market price. 3 Market Promotion aspects: Nations are the promotion units for fitting big scale sales. 4 Supply Chains aspects: Changing the products delivery system. 5 Organization aspects: Functions vary products research to social services. 6 Education aspects: Designing free software and content for better education. 7 Operation System aspects: Associating with the governments and enterprises to reach the mission. OLPC Foundation shows her contributions and influences in 3 ways: 1 For Non-profit Organization: OLPC Foundation creates a new way for cooperating with governments for social services. She shows the noble spirit and vitality of Non-profit Organization. 2 For Industry: OLPC Foundation creates a new manufacture field for low-cost computers. She is leading them to work benefits for children and young generations. 3 For Society: OLPC Foundation creates a better way to share knowledge and educate children with computers in the future. She is a pioneer for our human society. Most of all the OLPC Foundation devotes itself to a grand vision, using technology, willing to share knowledge to the public. She is expanding her influence and is an outstanding NPOs.

Dans cette thèse, nous démontrons des travaux sur la synthèse à faible coût des matériaux de cathode et l'anode pour les piles lithium-ion. Pour les cathodes, nous avons utilisé des précurseurs à faible coût pour préparer LiFePO4 et LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4 en utilisant une méthode hydrothermale. Tout d'abord, des matériaux composites (LiFePO4/C) ont été synthétisés à partir d'un précurseur de Fe2O3 par une procédé hydrothermique pour faire LiFePO4(OH) dans une première étape suivie d'une calcination rapide pour le revêtement de carbone. Deuxièmement, LiFePO4 avec une bonne cristallinité et une grande pureté a été synthétisé en une seule étape, avec Fe2O3 par voie hydrothermale. Troisièmement, LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4 a été préparé en utilisant Fe2O3 et MnO comme des précurseurs de bas coûts au sein d'une méthode hydrothermale synthétique. Pour les matériaux d'anode, nous avons nos efforts concentré sur un matériau d'anode à faible coût α-Fe2O3 avec deux types de synthèse hydrothermales, une a base de micro-ondes (MAH) l’autre plus conventionnelles (CH). La nouveauté de cette thèse est que pour la première fois le LiFePO4 a été préparé par une méthode hydrothermale en utilisant un précurseur Fe3+ (Fe2O3). Le Fe2O3 est un précurseur à faible coût et en combinant ses coûts avec les conditions de synthèse à basse température nous avons réalisé une réduction considérable des coûts de production pour le LiFePO4, menant ainsi à une meilleure commercialisation du LiFePO4 comme matériaux de cathode dans les piles lithium-ion. Par cette méthode de préparation, le LiFePO4/C procure une capacité de décharge et une stabilité de cycle accrue par rapport une synthétisation par la méthode à l'état solide pour les mêmes précurseurs Les résultats sont résumés dans deux articles qui ont été récemment soumis dans des revues scientifiques. / In this thesis, low cost syntheses of cathode and anode materials for lithium ion batteries will be presented. For cathode materials, low cost precursors were used to prepare LiFePO4 and LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4 using low temperature hydrothermal method. Initially, a LiFePO4/C composite material was synthesized from a Fe2O3 precursor using a hydrothermal method to prepare LiFePO4(OH) in a first step followed by a fast calcination and carbon coating. Secondly, LiFePO4 with good crystallinity and high purity was synthesized, in one step, with nanometric sized Fe2O3 by a hydrothermal method. Thirdly, LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4 was prepared using low cost Fe2O3 and MnO as precursors within a hydrothermal synthetic method. For anode materials, a low cost anode material α-Fe2O3 was prepared using two hydrothermal synthetic methods, microwave assisted (MAH) and conventional hydrothermal (CH). The novelty of the thesis is for the first time LiFePO4 has been prepared using a low cost Fe3+ precursor (Fe2O3) by a hydrothermal method. Low cost precursors and low temperature synthesis conditions will greatly reduce the synthetic cost of LiFePO4, leading to greater commercialization of LiFePO4 as a cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The as-prepared LiFePO4/C product provided enhanced discharge capacity and cycling stability compared to that synthesized using a solid state method with the same precursors. The results were summarized within two articles that were recently submitted to peer reviewed scientific journals.

Reporting of sustainability has gained an increasing importance over the past years and companies have begun to take greater responsibility for society. One major reason why sustainability has been recognized is because of the increased climate change in the world. The airline industry, which is seen as an important part of today's tourism, have had a major impact on the social, economic and natural surroundings, which is an contributing factor to today's climate change and air pollution. Airlines can be divided into two categories, low-cost airlines and traditional airlines. These two airlines separates each other by their business ideas and strategies, where low-cost airlines target price-sensitive travelers while traditional airlines are known to have a larger price advantage over the low-cost airlines. Different strategies can lead to separation of the sustainability reports, as companies work in different ways, which has consequences for how they report their sustainability. This is a problem as companies take different social responsibilities. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how sustainability reporting differs between airlines that use different business strategies, by comparing two low-cost airlines with two traditional airlines. The authors first examined already existing theory that has been collected and compared to the companies' sustainability reports. The conclusions of this study have shown big differences between low-cost airlines and traditional airlines reporting of sustainability. An important reason for this is based on the airlines' strategies, where the low-cost airlines apply a low-cost strategy and try to gain competitive advantages by having the industry's lowest costs, while the traditional airlines have a strategy to make the flight as comfortable as possible for the travelers, where high quality and service is important priorities for creating customer satisfaction. The different strategies between the airlines mean that they prioritize different things, which are reflected in their sustainability reports. All airlines have shown clear initiatives to achieve a more sustainable world, but in this study, the traditional airlines have always done a little extra in all the three perspectives.

O desenvolvimento de fontes de energia renováveis tem se tornado cada vez mais necessário e, nesse contexto, os biocombustíveis têm um importante papel. Este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a produtividade de biomassa e de lipídios da microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana, em cultivos de baixo-custo visando à produção de biodiesel. Um sistema de cultivo foi concebido com materiais acessíveis e os experimentos testaram o efeito de diferentes exposições das células ao claro-escuro, sob irradiância de 800?E m-2 s-1. Foram testadas três profundidades de cultivo (2, 4 e 8 cm) e duas taxas de aeração (0,25 e 1,00 L min-1 por L de cultivo). A penetração de luz nos cultivos e o rendimento de biomassa seca foram monitorados diariamente. Altos rendimentos de biomassa e lipídios foram alcançados. Os valores máximos foram observados no experimento com 4 cm de profundidade e maior taxa de aeração: 13,83 g m-2 d-1 de produtividade de biomassa e 20,50% de teor lipídico, resultando em uma produtividade lipídica de 2,84 g m-2 d-1. Estes resultados indicam o potencial da utilização de N. gaditana para aplicação em cultivos de larga escala, uma vez que o rendimento lipídico observado foi superior ao da soja, principal matéria-prima vegetal para produção de biodiesel. O sistema de cultivo desenvolvido pode ser inserido em um processo de scaling up em cultivos abertos de grande escala. / The development of renewable energy sources has becoming an increasing necessity and, in this context, biofuels have an important role. This study aimed to optimize the productivity of biomass and lipids of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana in a low-cost system, focusing biofuel production. A culture system was designed with low-cost and accessible materials and the experiments tested the effect of different degrees of exposition of cells to light-dark, under 800?E m-2 s-1 irradiance. Three different culture depths (2, 4 e 8 cm) and two aeration ratios (0.25 e 1.00 L min-1 per L of culture) were tested. Light penetration into the cultures and the dry biomass yield were monitored daily. High yields of biomass and lipids were attained in the experiment with 4 cm depth and the high aeration ratio: 13.83g m-2 d-1 of biomass productivity and 20.50% lipid content, resulting in a lipid productivity of 2.84 g m-2 d-1. These results indicate the potential of N. gaditana for application in large-scale cultivation, since its lipid yield is higher than the soybean, the main feedstock plant for biodiesel production. The culture system developed can be inserted in a process of biomass scaling up for large-scale open microalgae cultures.

Com o intuito de contribuir para preencher a lacuna existente na historiografia sobre os engenheiros e arquitetos atuantes no campo da construção civil, procura-se resgatar a discussão sobre habitação popular no âmbito dos periódicos de engenharia e de publicações editadas em São Paulo entre 1916 e 1931. Assim, toma-se como escopo o tratamento dado à questão da habitação popular entre o Concurso para projetos de Habitações Proletárias Econômicas, de 1916, e o I Congresso de Habitação, realizado no início de 1931. Estes dois acontecimentos são momentos nos quais engenheiros e arquitetos travaram discussões importantes em torno de uma proposta de habitação econômica. Entre as questões discutidas estão as inovações espaciais, que são influenciadas por questões de conforto, higiene e economia, concomitantemente à discussão tecnológica, que perpassa as questões da racionalização dos materiais de construção, das técnicas construtivas e de urbanismo. Discute-se também a atuação do engenheiro-arquiteto Bruno Simões Magro, útil para se entender a complexidade do tema da habitação econômica e como esse tipo de profissional, dito engenheiro arquiteto, atuou na questão da habitação popular / With the intention of contributing towards filling the historical gap existent in our knowledge of the activities of engineers and architects in the field of the construction, a discussion on popular housing in engineering periodicals and in publications edited in São Paulo between 1916 and 1931 is resuscitated. With this aim, the treatment given to the subject of popular housing between the I Contest for projects of Cost-Saving Proletarian Housing, of 1916, and the I Housing Congress, accomplished in the beginning of 1931, were taken as a basis. These two events are moments in which engineers and architects had important discussions around a proposal of cost-saving housing. Amongst the subjects discussed, space innovations are discussed as influenced by questions of comfort, hygiene and economy, side by side with technological discussion that permeates the subjects of rationalization of construction materials, construction techniques and urbanization. In addition, the performance of the engineer-architect Bruno Simões Magro is useful to understand the complexity of the theme of the low-cost housing, and how this type of professional, known as engineer-architect, acted in questioning of popular housing

Le logement est l’un des besoins fondamentaux de l’homme, comme la nourriture et le vêtement. Or, les régions métropolitaines de Jakarta et de Surabaya font face à une crise du logement. La pénurie de logements a atteint 1, 02 million dans le « Grand Jakarta » et 46 058 dans le « Grand Surabaya » en 2015. Cette étude décrit le déséquilibre entre la demande et l’offre de logements dans ces deux régions métropolitaines, et les efforts des différents acteurs (publics et privés) à trois époques différentes : « l’Ordre Ancien », « l’Ordre Nouveau », et « la Réforme/ Démocratie décentralisée » pour résoudre ce problème. Cette étude cherche en outre à lister les difficultés rencontrées par tous les acteurs dans la construction de logements décents et abordables depuis l’ère de « la démocratie décentralisée ». Enfin, cette étude examine la stratégie de coopération multi-acteurs qui a été adoptée pour réduire la pénurie de logements depuis « la Réforme ». Cette stratégie semble prometteuse car les acteurs partagent leurs rôles de sorte que la mise en œuvre des projets de construction de logements bon marché devient plus réalisable, notamment dans les grandes régions urbaines. / Housing is one of the basic needs, like food and clothing. However, the metropolitan areas of Jakarta (Jabodetabek) and Surabaya (Gerbangkertosusila) are dealing with a huge housing shortage. In 2015, the number of housing needs has reached 1, 02 million in the "Greater Jakarta" and 46.058 in the "Greater Surabaya". Due to this issue, the study firstly describes the imbalance between supply and demand of low-cost housing in these two metropolitan areas, and then the attempts of the various actors involved (public and private) to solve this problem since the nation’s independence era until the presents days (“Old Order”, “New Order”, and the “Reform/ Democratic decentralisation”). Secondly, this study explores different factors that interfere the supply of affordable housing during the era of "democratic decentralisation”. Finally, this study examines several multi-actors cooperation strategies that were adopted lately to reduce the housing shortage. These strategies seem promising because each actor are capable of sharing their roles so that the implementation of low-cost housing development projects can become more feasible, especially if they will be implemented in the large urban areas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Idomar Cerutti.pdf: 3056980 bytes, checksum: 1f558a41e8107db9e91550dc01470a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-23 / The use of geo-referenced information in precision farming has increased greatly in the last decade. Furthermore, the decrease in the cost of GPS reception equipment has made possible their use by people who did not previously have access to this technology. This research aims to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the GPS receptor model Gstar GS-87, to understand its applicability for information systems embedded in agricultural systems. This research is part of the Agrobot project, which is being developed at the Laboratory of Automation and Control, State University of Ponta Grossa. An embedded computer Friendly ARM, model Mini6410 was used, with operating system Linux version 2.6.38. Static absolute surveys were conducted at three geodesic marks: Castro (96005), UEPG Campus (91643) and Pilar UFPR 1000.Several kinematic surveys were also carried out to compare the GPS coordinates collected by GPS receptor Gstar GS-87, with data collected by Geodetic GPS receptor Leica GX-1230. The static surveys from this research show that the GS-87 demonstrated a dimensional accuracy of +/- 8.19 m, with standard deviation of 11.43 m, and bi-dimensional accuracy +/- 13.78 m with a standard deviation of 14.26 m. In relation to kinematic surveying the receiver had an accuracy of +/- 3.70 m with a standard deviation of 1.88 m. A time difference of 15 sec between the data collected for both receptors was observed. Also was observed that the GPS receptor Gstar GS-87 recorded changes of coordinates properly when it was on the move with a speed equal to or greater than 9 km/h. It can be argued that the GPS receiver Gstar GS-87 can be used in an embedded information system, where the need for precision and accuracy are consistent with the data presented in this study. / O uso de informações georreferenciadas na agricultura de precisão tem crescido muito na última década. Além disso, o decréscimo do custo dos equipamentos de recepção GPS tem tornado possível o seu uso por produtores agrícolas que estavam distantes de tal tecnologia. Esta pesquisa objetiva avaliar a precisão e acurácia de receptor GPS modelo Gstar GS-87, para compreender sua aplicabilidade em sistemas de informação embarcado com sistema agrícolas. A pesquisa é parte do projeto Agrobot, que está sendo desenvolvido no Laboratório de Automação e Controle da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. Foi utilizado computador embarcado Friendly ARM modelo Mini6410, com sistema operacional Linux versão 2.6.38. Foram realizados três levantamentos absolutos estáticos nos marcos geodésicos Castro (96005), UEPG Campus (91643) e UFPR Pilar 1000, bem como diversos levantamentos absolutos cinemáticos para comparar as coordenadas coletadas pelo receptor GPS Gstar GS-87, com os dados coletados pelo receptor GPS geodésico Leica GX-1230. Como resultado da pesquisa, em levantamentos absolutos estáticos, pode-se afirmar que o receptor apresenta acurácia idimensional de +/-8,19 m, com desvio padrão de 11,43 m e precisão bidimensional +/- 13,78 m com desvio padrão de 14,26 m. Em levantamentos absolutos cinemáticos o receptor tem uma precisão de +/- 3,70 m, com desvio padrão de 1,88 m. Também se observou uma diferença de tempo de 15 seg entre os dados coletados por ambos os receptores. Ainda foi observado que o receptor GPS Gstar GS-87 registrava adequadamente alterações de coordenadas quando estava em deslocamento com velocidade igual ou superior a 9 km/h. É possível afirmar que o receptor GPS Gstar GS-87 pode ser utilizado em sistemas de informação embarcado, onde a necessidade de precisão e acurácia sejam compatíveis com os dados apresentados nesta pesquisa.