The topic of the thesis is the mechanisms of cellular volume regulation in the rat retina. Müller cells as main macroglial cells of the retina are supposed to play important roles in the regulation of the retinal ion- and osmohomeostasis and, thus, in the regulation of the extracellular space volume. In the first part of the thesis, signaling pathways were determined which are involved in the regulation of the volume of Müller glial cells and bipolar cells, the main second-order cells of the retina, in the healthy rat retina. The topic of the second part of the thesis is the evaluation of gliotic alterations of Müller cells in a transgenic rat model of retinal degeneration (CMV-PKD21/703 HA rats), in order to obtain indications for a pathogenic role of reactive glial cells in the development of retinal degeneration and edema. Various methods were used including immunohistochemical stainings, real-time RT-PCR, patch-clamp recordings, and cell swelling experiments. The data suggest that both neurons and reactive Müller cells may contribute to formation of retinal edema. In contrast to Müller cells, bipolar cells are apparently not capable to regulate the extracellular space volume in the healthy retina. However, reactive Müller cells are impaired in their capability to regulate retinal water and ion homeostasis. Impaired regulation of the extracellular space volume may result in neuronal hyperexcitation and degeneration.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, 2016. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2016-05-04T12:37:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MarianaElenaJacobsen.pdf: 2780121 bytes, checksum: 7cea0dd11bbebf46eb99cd3c629adf9f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-05-04T18:05:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MarianaElenaJacobsen.pdf: 2780121 bytes, checksum: 7cea0dd11bbebf46eb99cd3c629adf9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T18:05:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MarianaElenaJacobsen.pdf: 2780121 bytes, checksum: 7cea0dd11bbebf46eb99cd3c629adf9f (MD5) / A esquizofrenia é um transtorno psiquiátrico altamente debilitante que atinge quase 1% da população mundial e, aproximadamente, a 2 milhões de pessoas no Brasil. É uma doença que apresenta componentes multifatoriais, uma vez que tanto fatores genéticos quanto ambientais já foram associados a ela, embora as causas do aparecimento da enfermidade ainda não estejam esclarecidas. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que os indivíduos esquizofrênicos apresentam uma sensibilidade alterada nas ilusões visuais como a de Müller-Lyer. Foi demonstrado previamente, mediante uma pesquisa de nosso grupo, que os macacos pregos são também sensíveis a essa ilusão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar as possíveis alterações na percepção visual dos macacos Sapajus spp. no teste da Ilusão de Müller-Lyer usando uma droga que simula alguns dos sinais próprios da esquizofrenia. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um script no programa E-prime, que permite a implementação do teste e a manipulação dos estímulos visuais. Foram utilizados cinco animais (três fêmeas e dois machos). Os sujeitos foram treinados para escolher a menor entre duas linhas, independentemente do contexto (i.e., da orientação das setas). Posteriormente, foi determinado o Ponto de Igualdade Subjetiva (PIS) sem setas e com setas, para cada um dos animais. Em seguida, os sujeitos foram testados no PIS correspondente ao longo de 12 dias: 4 dias com administração de veículo, 4 dias com administração de MK-801 e 4 dias pós-teste, sem injeções. Os resultados indicam que, depois da administração de MK-801, os sujeitos aumentaram a quantidade de respostas corretas no teste da ilusão em comparação com a administração do veículo e do pósteste. Esta melhora sugere que o antagonismo de receptores glutamatérgicos NMDA diminui a sensibilidade do macaco-prego à ilusão de Müller-Lyer. Estes resultados, abrem a possibilidade de rastreamento de fármacos antipsicóticos em primatas não-humanos utilizando o MK-801. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that affects almost 1% of global population and 2 million people in Brazil. This disease has multifactorial features, such as genetic and environmental factors. The causes for appearance of schizophrenia in certain subjects have not been determined yet. Recent studies have established that schizophrenic patients have altered sensibility to visual illusions, such as the Müller-Lyer’s illusion. In a study conducted by our group, it was shown that capuchin monkeys are also sensitive to this visual illusion. The objective of the present work is to study the possible alterations in visual perception in the specie Sapajus spp., using a pharmacological model of schizophrenia and testing the Müller-Lyer’s illusion. To achieve that, a script using the program E-prime was developed to test the illusion and to modify certain parameters of the illusion. Five animals were used (three were females and two were males). First, the animals had to be trained to choose the shorter between the two lines with arrows, regardless of the context (i.e., the orientation of the arrows). Later, the Point of Subjective Equality (PSE) was determined for each animal. Finally, the subjects were tested, using their own previously determined PSE, for twelve days: four days with vehicle injections, four days with MK-801 injections and four days post-test without injections. Results indicate that, after the administration of MK-801, the number of correct choices made by the subjects in the task increased compared to vehicle or post-test trials. This suggests that NMDA glutamatergic receptor antagonism decreases sensitivity to Muller-Lyer’s illusion. These results allow for future screening of anti-psychotic drugs in nonhuman primates.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2005 / Bibliografia: f. 97-107 / A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio pode apresentar algumas complicações pulmonares que aumentam o risco de morbi-mortalidade. A atuação da Fisioterapia Respiratória se consagrou na terapêutica destes pacientes e, da mesma forma, suas técnicas e r / The surgery of myocardial revascularization may present some lung complications that increase the morbi-mortality risk. The performance of breathing physiotherapy is the usual proceeding in the therapeutics of these patients, as well as its techniques and

Submitted by Automação e Estatística (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-07-02T22:10:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FrankDuesberg_DISSERT.pdf: 4609176 bytes, checksum: 177b112624afd63e80879bdd8aa1fce9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-07-09T13:31:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FrankDuesberg_DISSERT.pdf: 4609176 bytes, checksum: 177b112624afd63e80879bdd8aa1fce9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-09T13:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FrankDuesberg_DISSERT.pdf: 4609176 bytes, checksum: 177b112624afd63e80879bdd8aa1fce9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Esta pesquisa indaga a possibilidade de uma experiência trágica de um espectador ou do autor no teatro contemporâneo. O objetivo é questionar a possibilidade da concentração do trágico, por exemplo, em um gesto performático. Hans-Thies Lehmann, no seu livro ‘Tragödie und dramatisches Theater’ (2014), reflete sobre a experiência trágica, que envolve vários aspectos, como a estetização de um acontecimento trágico, a cisão dessa estetização e uma reflexão. Foram criados e pesquisados múltiplas reescritas, experimentos e fragmentos reunidos sob o nome de ‘Estrada V’, baseados principalmente na obra ‘A Estrada de Volokolamsk’, de Heiner Müller e nas experiências do presente autor. O foco ficou nas reflexões e práticas em relação ao público e da possibilidade de uma experiência trágica vir a ocorrer. Constatou-se que no mundo moderno, a mística do excesso não precisa ser mais grandiosa, porém exige-se uma aumentada atenção com o comum. O teatro da tragédia contemporâneo é um local de conscientização intensa de perda, onde o sujeito é confrontado com a dissolução inevitável do ser e com uma experiência da própria finitude. Neste contexto, o trágico no teatro contemporâneo investiga o sujeito fragmentado do mundo atual, tocando na antiga e sempre renovada experiência do excesso. O destino fundamental do caráter trágico é seu desejo de investigação por uma verdade maior, em um mundo onde não há certezas e postulados irrefutáveis. Foi verificado que na arte performática a criação do trágico nasce do afeto, estabelecendo uma conexão específica entre o performador e o receptor, permitindo o surgimento de uma experiência trágica. / This research investigates the possibility of a tragic experience of a spectator or the author in contemporary theater. The objective is to question the possibility of the concentration of tragic, for example, in a performance gesture. Hans-Thies Lehmann, in his book 'Tragödie und dramatisches Theater' (2014), reflects on the tragic experience, which involves several aspects, such as the aestheticization of a tragic event, the breakup of this aesthetization and a reflection. Multiple re-writings, experiments and fragments were collected and researched organized under the name of 'Estrada V', based mainly on Heiner Müller's 'The Road of Volokolamsk' and the experiences of the present author. The focus was on reflections and practices of the relationship between stage and the public and the possibility of a tragic experience to occur. It has been found that in the modern world, the mystique of excess need not be grand, but an increased attention to the common is demanded. The theater of contemporary tragedy is a place of intense awareness of loss, where the subject is confronted with the inevitable dissolution of being and with an experience of one's own finitude. In this context, the tragic in contemporary theater investigates the fragmented subject of the present world, touching on the old and always renewed experience of excess. The fundamental destiny of the tragic character is its desire to investigate for a greater truth in a world where there are no certainties and irrefutable postulates. It was verified that in performance art the creation of the tragic arises from affection, establishing a specific connection between the performer and the receiver, allowing the emergence of a tragic experience.

A conquista do ambiente terrestre por caranguejos Brachyura é dependente da obtenção e reserva de água na câmara branquial durante o período de emersão. Uma maneira de se obter água do meio é através de tufos de cerdas hidrofílicas, capazes de captar água do solo por capilaridade. Sabe-se que essas cerdas hidrofílicas estão associadas à abertura de Müller e que a água captada é admitida na câmara branquial graças à diferença de pressão entre a câmara branquial e o meio externo, produzida pelos batimentos do escafognatito. Contudo, as modificações morfológicas esqueletais e apendiculares para a formação da abertura de Müller e a composição das cerdas do tufo não são conhecidos. Com o intuito de elucidar tais lacunas, foram estudados o esqueleto axial, apendicular e a quetotaxia de 22 espécies de caranguejos semiterrestres pertencentes às superfamílias Grapsoidea (Grapsidae, Sesarmidae, Varunidae e Gecarcinidae) e Ocypoidea (Ocypodidae e Ucididae). O estudo do esqueleto axial e apendicular revelou que a abertura de Müller é, na verdade, um canal complexo que pode ser composto por três componentes: o canal pleural, a calha apendicular e o tufo de cerdas. A água presente no substrato é captada pelo tufo de cerdas, é conduzida pela calha apendicular, passa pelo canal pleural para, enfim, ser admitida na câmara branquial. O tufo de cerdas é formado entre a face posterior do coxopodito do pereópode 3 e a face anterior do coxopodito do pereópode 4. Em Sesarmidae, o tufo também ocorre entre os coxopoditos dos pereópodes 2 e 3. Os representantes das superfamílias Grapsoidea e Ocypodoidea diferem quanto à formação do canal de Müller. Os tipos de cerdas presentes nos tufos de cerda associados ao canal de Müller são os mesmos encontrados em outros pereópodes e no bordo da região branquiostegal (cerdas simples, paposas e papo-serradas). A única exceção são as cerdas constritas presentes, exclusivamente, nos tufos de cerdas das espécies da família Ocypodidae. Nos tufos de Grapsoidea, a inserção de cerdas no coxopodito do pereópode 4 ocorre somente na sua porção ventral enquanto, em Ocypodoidea, as cerdas do coxopodito do pereópode 4 se inserem tanto na porção ventral como na porção distal. A calha apendicular pode ser formada entre as coxas dos pereópodes 5/6 ou 6/7, de formato cilíndrico ou semicilíndrico. A função da calha apendicular está associada com a condução da água entre o tufo de cerdas e o canal pleural, embora existam casos de formação do canal de Müller sem a presença da calha apendicular. O canal pleural pode ser aberto ou semitubular, ocorrendo, sempre, entre os pleuritos torácicos 6 e 7 e, em algumas espécies, também entre os pleuritos torácicos 5 e 6. O canal pleural aberto é formado pelo afastamento de dois pleuritos torácicos adjacentes; o canal semitubular é formado pela projeção do pleurito 7 sobre o pleurito torácico 6. Foram encontrados, pelo menos, sete padrões de organização do canal de Müller que variam entre a ausência completa da estrutura até a formação de um canal completo (que apresente tufo de cerdas, calha apendicular e canal pleural, concomitantemente). Ucides cordatus (Ucididae) apresentou modificações esqueletais singulares, bastante diferentes dos demais Ocypodoidea e também de Grapsoidea. As espécies que apresentam maior nível de terrestrialidade (família Gecarcinidae) foram as únicas que não apresentaram canal de Müller ou qualquer adaptação para captação de água do substrato. / The conquest of terrestrial environment by brachyuran crabs depends on the attainment and maintainability of water in the branchial chamber during the emersion period. One way to get environmental water is through tufts of hydrophilic setae, capable of picking up water from the soil by capillarity. It is known that these hydrophilic setae are attached to the Müllers opening and the collected water is admitted into the branchial chamber due to the pressure difference between the branchial chamber and the external environment, produced by the scaphognathite beating. However, the morphological modifications of the axial and appendicular skeleton to form the Müllers opening and the composition of the seta tuft are not known. In order to elucidate such gaps, the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton and the chaetotaxy of 22 species of semiterrestrial crabs belonging to superfamilies Grapsoidea (Grapsidae, Sesarmidae, Varunidae and Gecarcinidae) and Ocypodoidea (Ocypodidae and Ucididae) were studied. The study of the axial and appendicular skeleton revealed that the Müllers opening is actually a complex channel that may be comprised of three components: the pleural channel, the appendicular gutter and the setal tuft. The water is collected from the substrate by the setal tuft and carried through the appendicular gutter. Then it passes through the pleural channel to be finally admitted into the branchial chamber. The setal tuft is formed between the posterior face of the coxopodite of pereopod 3 and the anterior face of the coxopodite of pereopod 4. In Sesarmidae species, a second tuft also occurs between the coxopodites of pereopods 2 and 3. Representatives of the superfamilies Grapsoidea and Ocypoidea differ in the formation of Müllers channel. In Grapsoidea tuft, the setal insertion occurs only in the ventral portion of coxopodite of pereopod 4 while in Ocypodoidea, the insertion of these seta occurs both in the ventral and distal portions of coxopodite of pereopod 4. The types of seta which are present in setal tufts associated with the Müllers channel are the same found in other pereopods and in the edge of branchiostegal region (simple, paposes and paposerrate seta). The only exception is the constricted seta which is present exclusively in the setal tufts of Ocypodidae species. The appendicular gutter may be formed between the coxopodites of the 5/6 or 6/7 pereopods, in cylindrical or semi-cylindrical shape. The function of the appendicular gutter is associated with the water conduction between the setal tuft and the pleural channel, although there are cases in which the formation of Müllers channel happens without the presence of the appendicular gutter. Pleural channel can be opened or semitubular. They always occur between thoracic pleurites 6/7 and, in some species, between the thoracic pleurites 5 and 6 as well. The open pleural channel is formed by the spacing of two adjacent thoracic pleurites; the semitubular pleural channel is formed by the projection of pleurite 7 above pleurite 6. At least seven patterns of organization of the Müllers channel were found, ranging from the complete absence of the structure to the formation of a full channel (presenting setal tuft, appendicular gutter and pleural channel concurrently). Ucides cordatus (Ucididae) showed quite unique skeletal modifications, different from the others Ocypodoidea and also from the Grapsoidea. The species with the highest level of terrestriality (Gecarcinidae family) were the only ones who did not have Müllers channel or any adaptation to water abstraction from the substrate.

This work deals with problems related with detection and measuring of the ionisated radiation. First part of this work is devoted to theoretical problems of detection, particulary to measuring with Geiger Muller tubes. Second part of the work contains proposal of electronical circuit using Geiger Muller tube as well as description of results experimentally acquired while using the detector, which was manufactured according to the proposed scheme. On the basis of those results it appears that proposed apparatus can be used for significant indication range extension.

The Swedish election resulted in that none of the traditional coalitions could form government. A new coalition was formed; the Social democrats and the Green Party formed a government with support from centre-right Liberals and Centre Party. The government relies on a written agreement between the four parties, called 73-punktsprogrammetwhere the parties have listed a numerous of policies which will be tried in the parliament. This is qualitative text-analysis that will use two main theories by Juul Christians, and Müller and Ström. The theories describe party behaviour and what is important to have in mind when entering an agreement like this. This study aims to find which party got the most of their own policies through in 73-punktsprogrammet.This result is then be analysed through the two theories to find why the parties chose to enter the coalition. What was found was that the centre-right parties, especially the Centre Party got the most of their own policies trough in the agreement and that the two government parties had to give up quite a lot in the agreement. Furthermore, the two theories explained to some extent why the parties chose to enter the coalition.

Die vorliegende kumulative Habilitationsschrift von Dr. rer. nat. Antje Grosche umfasst neben einer Einführung in die Physiologie der dominierenden Gliazellen der Netzhaut – der Müllerschen Gliazellen - zehn Originalarbeiten zur Bedeutung von Gliotransmittern für die Volumenregulation der Müllerzellen. Eine effiziente Volumenregulation gilt als Voraussetzung dafür, dass Müllerzellen ihrer Rolle als stabilisierendes Element hinsichtlich des Ionen- und Wasserhaushaltes in der Netzhaut gerecht werden können. Aus Vorarbeiten war bekannt, dass Müllerzellen typische Eigenschaften, wie die hohe Kaliumleitfähigkeit ihrer Membranen und damit einhergehend eine ausgeprägte Fähigkeit zur Volumenregulation, in der pathologisch veränderten Netzhaut verlieren (Pannicke et al., 2004; Wurm et al., 2006b). Diese Reaktion der Müllerzellen auf Netzhautschädigungen wird als gliotische Aktivierung bezeichnet und konnte in der soeben beschriebenen Ausprägung im ersten Abschnitt der vorliegenden Arbeit an Netzhäuten von Patienten mit uvealem Melanom bestätigt werden (Grosche et al., 2012). Weiterhin wurde die Relevanz einer in früheren Arbeiten identifizierten glutamaterg-purinergen Signalkaskade für die Funktion von gliotischen Müllerzellen detailliert untersucht. Im ersten Abschnitt dieser Habilitationsschrift wird nachgewiesen, dass sowohl im Modell für eine akute Schädigung der Netzhaut (Netzhautablösung im Schwein, Wurm et al., 2011), als auch bei einer chronischen Erkrankung (Streptozotocin-induzierter Diabetes in der Ratte, Wurm et al., 2008c) durch Aktivierung besagter Kaskade trotz verminderter Kaliumströme die Volumenregulation der Zellen wieder hergestellt werden kann. Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen war die umfassende Analyse der Expressions-muster und Funktion der an der Volumenregulation beteiligten Rezeptoren (insbesondere P2Y-Rezeptoren) in juvenilen und adulten Müllerzellen. Daten über die Differenzierung von Müllerzellen der Ratte während der ersten drei Postnatalwochen unterstreichen die herausragende Bedeutung von P2Y-Rezeptoren bzw. belegen deren Beteiligung an verschiedenen Müllerzellfunktionen (Volumenregulation, kalziumabhängige Signalwege). Interessanterweise wurden die meisten Effekte von ATP über die Aktivierung von P2Y1-Rezeptoren vermittelt (Wurm et al., 2009a, 2010). Zudem konnte durch Einsatz von P2Y1-Rezeptor-, IP3 Rezeptorsubtyp 2- und A1-Rezeptor-defizienten Mäusen belegt werden, dass ein störungsfreies Wirken der glutamaterg-purinergen Signalkaskade (neben der hohen Kaliumleitfähigkeit der Membranen) auch in unbehandelten Müllerzellen essentiell für deren Volumenregulation ist (Wurm et al., 2009b, 2010; Lipp et al., 2009). Im dritten Themenkomplex wurde der Frage nachgegangen, welche Mechanismen bei der Freisetzung der in die Volumenregulation involvierten Gliotransmitter eine Rolle spielen. So konnte eine exozytotische Ausschüttung von Glutamat bestätigt werden, während die Freisetzung von ATP primär durch Hemichannels (Linnertz et al., 2011; Brückner et al., 2012; Slezak et al., 2012) und die von Adenosin durch Nukleosidtransporter sowie extrazelluläre Degradation von ATP/ADP vermittelt wird (Wurm et al., 2010). Abschließend ordnet das Kapitel „Zusammenfassung und Ausblick“ die neu gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dieser Habilitationsschrift über die Rolle von Gliotransmittern für die Funktionen von Müllerzellen (einschließlich unveröffentlichter Daten aus weiterführenden Experimenten) für zukünftige Forschungsvorhaben ein.

The volume homeostasis of retinal glial cells is mediated by an autocrine purinergic mechanism of ion channel opening which is activated in response to a decrease in the extracellular osmolarity. Here, I show that erythropoietin (EPO) prevents the osmotic swelling of glial somata in retinal slices from control and diabetic rats, with a half-maximal effect at approximately 0.01 nM. The downstream signaling evoked by EPO includes a release of vascular endothelial growth factor from the cells which was blocked by Janus kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 inhibitors. Transactivation of kinase insert domain-containing receptor/fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (KDR/flk-1) evokes a calcium-dependent, exocytotic release of glutamate, followed by activation of group I/II metabotropic glutamate receptors which results in calcium-independent release of ATP and adenosine from the cells. The final step in this cascade is the activation of adenosine A(1) receptors which results in protein kinase A- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-mediated opening of potassium and chloride channels. EPO receptor protein was immunohistochemically localized to the inner retina and photoreceptor inner segments. In isolated glial cells, EPO receptor protein is selectively localized to fibers which traverse the inner nuclear layer in situ. Inhibition of glial swelling might contribute to the neuroprotective action of EPO in the retina under pathological conditions.

Die Funktionsweise des invertierten Aufbaus der Netzhaut im Wirbeltierauge ist ein altes Rätsel der Wissenschaft. Das beim Sehvorgang auf die Netzhaut einfallende Licht muss erst alle Netzhautschichten durchdringen, bevor es die Photorezeptorzellen erreicht, welche sich auf der lichtabgewandten Seite des Gewebes befinden. Die vorgelagerten Gewebsschichten enthalten zahlreiche lichtstreuende Bestandteile und müssten den Sehvorgang der Wirbeltiere theoretisch negativ beeinflussen. Diese Annahme steht jedoch im Widerspruch zu dem beeindruckenden Sehvermögen der meisten Wirbeltiere. Die Müllerschen Radialgliazellen stellen eine Lösung für diesen scheinbaren Widerspruch dar. Aufgrund der auffälligen morphologischen Struktur dieser Gliazellen, welche die gesamte Dicke der Netzhaut säulenförmig durchspannen, wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Müllerzellen nach dem Prinzip der Lichtleitung arbeiten und so das Licht zu den Photorezeptoren transportieren. Diese Theorie konnte jedoch bisher noch nicht bewiesen werden, da die bisherigen experimentellen Messmethoden auf der Basis von isolierten Müllerzellen ungeeignet sind, um diese Funktion im lebenden Gewebe nachzuweisen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beweist erstmalig, dass die Müllerschen Gliazellen als lebende Lichtleiter im Netzhautgewebe funktionieren. Um diese Aufgabe den Müllerzellen eindeutig zuzuordnen, wurde eine neuartige Methode entwickelt, welche gleichzeitig mehrere für den Nachweis unverzichtbare Parameter erfassen kann. Aufgrund einer fluoreszenzbasierten Visualisierung der Müllerzellen in der intakten Netzhaut konnte mit Hilfe eines auf Glasfaseroptik basierenden Aufbaus die Beleuchtung einzelner Müllerzellen erfolgen. Zeitgleich war es möglich, sowohl den Weg des Lichtes von der lichtzugewandten Seite bis zu den Photorezeptoren als auch die Transmission hinter dem Gewebe zu detektieren. Die Komplexität dieses Messverfahrens erlaubte eine detaillierte Charakterisierung des Einflusses der Müllerzelle auf die Streueigenschaften der verschiedenen retinalen Schichten sowie des sich ergebenden Lichtsignals an den Rezeptorzellen. Mittels eines speziellen Analyseverfahrens konnte umfassendes Datenmaterial erhoben und so die Müllerzelle eindeutig als Lichtleiter identifiziert werden. Darauf aufbauend wird in dieser Arbeit außerdem gezeigt, dass alle Müllerzellen gemeinsam und damit in ihrer Gesamtheit mittels ihrer Lichtleitfunktion das an den Photorezeptoren ankommende Lichtmuster beeinflussen, was zu einer verbesserten Bildqualität führt. Dies wird zusätzlich durch morphologische Untersuchungen gestützt, die zeigen, dass die für das Kontrastsehen verantwortlichen Zapfen-Photorezeptorzellen lokal hinter den Müllerzellen angeordnet sind. Demnach ist jeder Zapfen mit einem ihm vorgelagerten Lichtleiter ausgestattet. Zusammenfassend liefert diese Arbeit eine Erklärung, wie trotz des invertierten Aufbaus der Netzhaut die visuelle Information als Grundlage für das Sehen der Wirbeltiere erhalten bleibt.