Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-130). / Sponsored by NASA. NAGW-21 / Terrence W. Fong. / M.S.

More than two years ago the cooperative training program between the United States Department of State and the Extension Service of the United States Department of Agriculture for Latin-American students on Extension work aroused the interest of Dr. P.W. Tsou, Resident Representative in the United States of the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Upon the request of Dr. Tsou, Director M. L. Wilson of the United States Extension Service extended this cooperative training program to Chinese students. It was agreed that Dr. Tsou should select a small group of Chinese students whose expenses were to be paid either by the State Department of the United States or by the Chinese Government. The Division of the Field Studies and Training of the Extension Service of the United States Department of Agriculture was to be responsible for working out the training program with the trainees. The Chinese students selected were those who had come to the United States before December 8, 1941, who had some practical experience connected with rural life in China, were interested in rural living and planned to return to China to work with rural people. The author was chosen as one of the trainees, her financial support being supplied by the United States Department of State from the President's emergency fund during the war period. The training program on Extension work for foreign students was under the auspices of the Division of Field Studies and Training in the United States Department of Agriculture. It consisted of three parts. The preliminary training was in the Federal Extension Office at Washington, D.C. Before beginning the fieldwork the author, with other foreign students, was given two months of general training in the Federal Extension Office under the supervision of Dr. Fred P. Frutchey, in charge of the Foreign Student Program. During this two month period the author spent about one fourth of the time in classes in which general information on Extension organization, the policy and administration of Extension Service, the methods of teaching, and the general set-up of the Federal Extension System were discussed. The second fourth of the time was spent in conferences with subject-matter specialists of the Federal Extension Staff on methods and plans of work, and materials for the teaching of the various subject-matter fields. The rest of the time was spent with the Parent Education Specialist discussing and studying the programs and plans for Parent Education work in the United States, and becoming acquainted with the history and development of the Extension System in the United States, as well as in reading the reports of state and county Extension workers. A period of seven months was spent in six states divided as follows: two months each in Alabama, Iowa and New York, and one month in the three states Illinois, Ohio, and Vermont. In each of these six states the investigator was under the guidance of either the State Home Demonstration Leader or the District supervisors. The activities at the State Extension Office were planned: 1. To acquaint the investigator with Extension personnel at the State Office and the extension program in the State, its development and history. Special attention was given to the home demonstration work and the training of workers for this field. 2. To arrange conferences with the district supervisors, State 4-H Club Leaders, subject-matter specialists, and the Extension editor or publicity personnel. 3. To arrange field trips with district supervisors and subject-matter specialists, especially those dealing with "Family Life Education" as well as "Foods and Nutrition." Opportunities to observe their work with the county home agents and the local leaders were provided. 4. To arrange visits to the Home Economics Department of the Land-Grant College in the respective states in order to learn its relationship with the Extension Service in training home agents and rendering special types of service. 5. To acquaint the investigator with the work of the Experiment Station and its relationship to the Extension Service. 6. To provide opportunities to read the Extension bulletins and reports of agents and specialists. In each state certain counties were selected for special study. All counties selected had outstanding extension programs directed by experienced county agents. In each county the activities of the investigator were varied, but on the whole she: 1. Studied the daily activities of the county agents and observed their methods of working and teaching among rural people, and their relationships with both farm people and their co-workers in the office. 2. Discussed with county agents the organization, functions, and history of county Extension work, agricultural situations of the county, their methods of working with rural people, 4-H Club and older youth programs in the county, methods of developing and using volunteer leaders, development of their particular county Extension programs and plans of work, ways and means of office management, their relationships with other agencies in the county, their problems and the solutions for them, methods of training new agents and local leaders, and their objectives of Extension work. 3. Attended all the meetings held and observed the agents in their work. 4. Visited result demonstrations, 4-H Club projects, farms and homes, as well as meetings held by local leaders and other agencies in the counties. 5. Read and studied the circular letters, news stories, radio talks, reports and records written by county agents. The fourth part of this training program was the taking of a two months' short course in Extension Education in the Federal Extension Office at Washington, D.C. The methods used for study were listening, observing, asking questions, reading, discussing, and "learning by doing" under the instruction of subject-matter specialists and other members of the Extension Staff. / Master of Science

Os receptores canabinoides do tipo 1 (CB1) e vaniloides de potencial transitório 1 (TRPV1) presentes no córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv) modulam de maneira oposta a resposta emocional condicionada (REC) no modelo do medo condicionado contextual (MCC). Enquanto a ativação de receptores CB1 reduz as respostas comportamental e cardiovascular da REC, a ativação de TRPV1 aumenta tais parâmetros. Além destes receptores, receptores de glutamato do tipo NMDA e o sistema nitrérgico no CPFMv estão envolvidos na modulação da REC. Possivelmente, tanto a resposta modulada pelo receptor CB1 quanto pelo TRPV1 estão ligadas à modulação da liberação de glutamato e produção de óxido nítrico (NO). Outro neurotransmissor que também possui papel importante na REC é a acetilcolina (ACh) e que provavelmente atua via NO e eCBs. O favorecimento desta neurotransmissão no CPFMv aumenta a REC por meio da ativação de receptores muscarínicos M3. É descrito que a ativação de receptores muscarínicos induz a produção de NO, o qual pode aumentar a liberação de glutamato e, assim, aumentar a REC. Além disso, a ativação de receptores muscarínicos também podem induzir a produção de endocanabinoiodes (eCBs), como a anandamida (AEA), neuromoduladores que podem influenciar a liberação de glutamato, via CB1 ou TRPV1 e, consequentemente, podem afetar a REC. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se um antagonista CB1 (NIDA41020) e um agonista TRPV1 (capsaicina) atuam através da via NMDA/NO e se o aumento dos níveis de ACh modula a neurotransmissão gluatamatérgicapor meio de eCBs e NO. Ratos wistars com cânulas direcionadas para o CPFMv foram submetidos ao protocolo de medo condicionado ao contexto. No dia seguinte, cateter de polietileno foi implantado na artéria femoral para posterior registro cardiovascular. 24h após, as drogas foram administradas no CPFMv e o tempo de congelamento e a resposta autonômica foram avaliados durante a reexposição ao contexto. Tanto o NIDA quanto a capsaicina aumentaram a expressão da REC, independentemente de a administração ser na porção PL ou IL. A resposta do antagonismo de CB1 parece depender da ativação de TRPV1 e a resposta do antagonismo TRPV1 depende da ativação de CB1. O aumento da REC induzida por antagonista CB1 ou agonista TRPV1 foi prevenida com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA ou inibidor da enzima nNOS. A administração de um sequestrador de NO ou de um inibidor da enzima guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs) preveniu apenas a resposta do antagonismo CB1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo agonista TRPV1 foi prevenido com a microinjeção de antioxidante/sequestrador de radicais livres. Desta maneira, os resultados demonstram que no CPFMv o receptor CB1 modula a expressão da REC através da via NMDA/NO/GCs e o receptor TRPV1 através da via NMDA/NO/Estresse nitrosativo. Além disso, a administração de um inibidor da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) aumentou a REC, sendo este efeito prevenido com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA, inibidor da nNOS, sequestrador de NO, inibidor da GCs e antagonista de receptores TRPV1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo antagonista CB1 e agonista TRPV1 não foi prevenido pela administração local prévia de antagonista de receptores M3. Este resultado indica que a resposta promovida pela ACh modula a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica possivelmente através da produção de NO e ativação de TRPV1pela AEA e que os eCBs não modulam a transmissão colinérgica no CPFMv. Portanto, podemos sugerir que a re-exposição ao contexto aversivo aumenta os níveis de ACh no CPFMv e, assim, ativa receptores M3 que, por sua vez, induzem a produção de eCBs, possivelmente AEA, e NO. O NO atuaria pré- sinapticamente aumentando a liberação de glutamato, e a AEA ativaria receptores TRPV1 pós-sinápticos que ativaria mecanismos de estresse nitrosativo decorrentes da produção do NO. / CB1 and TRPV1 receptors present in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) have been related in the modulation of defensive behavior, as fear conditioning response. In contextual fear conditioning, CB1 and TRPV1 antagonism increase and decrease, respectively, the behavior and autonomic response during the reexposure to aversive context. CB1 and TRPV1 activation lead to decrease and increase of glutamate release, respectively. Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter in vmPFC involve in cardiovascular and behavioral response. NMDA activation can promote nitric oxide (NO) production, and this mediator could regulate the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic signaling. Another important neurotransmission related to REC and eCBs/NO is Acetylcholine (ACh). AChE inhibitor in vmPFC increase conditioned response expression through M3 receptor activation. Muscarinic activation leads to NO production and this event can increase the glutamate release. Moreover, muscarinic activation also can induce endocannabinoid (eCBs) production and modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Thus, NO and eCBs production by muscarinic activation probably affect conditioned response through glutamate release. Our aim in this study was to investigate if CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism promote an increase in conditioned response by NMDA/NO pathway. In addition, AChE inhibitor inject in vmPFC modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by NO and eCBs. Male wistars rats with guide cannulas invmPFC were submitted to contextual fear conditioning. 1 day after conditioning, a polyethylene catheter was implanted in the femoral artery for cardiovascular recording. Following 24h, drugs were administrated in vmPFC and freezing behavior and autonomic response was recorded during context reexposure. CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism increased the expression of conditioned emotional response and the response was not different when injected in PL or IL subareas. The response of CB1 antagonism depends on TRPV1 activation and response of TRPV1 antagonism depends on CB1 activation, demonstrating the relation of these receptors. The effect induced by CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism were prevented by an NMDA antagonism and preferential neuronal NO synthase inhibitor. In case of CB1 antagonism, NO scavenger and a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (sGC) also prevented this response, but not response induced by TRPV1 agonism. Effect of TRPV1 agonism was prevented by administration of antioxidant/free radical scavenger. In addition, inhibition of AChE in vmPFC increased the conditioned response and this effect was prevented by NMDA antagonist, nNOS inhibitor, NO scavenger, sGC inhibitor and TRPV1 antagonist. CB1 antagonist and TRPV1 agonist increased conditioned response and M3 antagonist was not able to prevent this effect. Our results demonstrated that the response promoted by ACh modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission through NO and TRPV1 activation (by AEA). Moreover, endocannabinoid system did not affect cholinergic neurotransmission. Therefore, we suggest that reexposure to aversive context increase ACh concentration in vmPFC and thus induce activation of the M3 receptor. M3 receptor promote NO and eCBs production. NO act in pre-synaptic terminalenhancing glutamate release and AEA activate the TRPV1 receptor in the postsynaptic terminal that act by nitrosative stress in NO pathway.

Neste trabalho aços rápidos ao molibdênio AISI M3:2 obtidos por diferentes processos de fabricação, submetidos ao mesmo procedimento de tratamento térmico, foram avaliados no que concerne às propriedades mecânicas de resistência à ruptura transversal e dureza. Os materiais em questão constaram dos aços rápidos comerciais Sinter 23 obtido por metalurgia do pó, o aço rápido VWM3C obtido pelo processo convencional e o aço rápido M3:2 obtido por uma técnica de metalurgia do pó que consiste de compactação uniaxial a frio de pós atomizados a água com e sem a adição de uma pequena quantidade de carbono na forma de grafite (0,3% em massa) e sinterização a vácuo com fase líquida. Esses aços rápidos foram avaliados através da comparação de suas propriedades. O aço rápido M3:2 foi sinterizado a vácuo podendo vir a se constituir numa alternativa economicamente mais viável do que o aço rápido MP Sinter 23 obtido por uma técnica de sinterização por compactação isostática a quente e com propriedades similares ao aço rápido processado pela rota convencional. A caracterização do aço rápido sinterizado a vácuo consistiu de medidas de densidades do compactado e após a sinterização. A sinterização produziu uma microestrutura aceitável e densidades próximas da densidade teórica desse aço rápido. A resistência à ruptura transversal foi avaliada através de ensaios de flexão em três pontos e a dureza através de medidas de dureza Rockwell C e Vickers. Os aços rápidos foram avaliados no que tange à microestrutura por uma técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Estabeleceu-se assim uma relação entre a microestrutura e a resistência à ruptura transversal desses aços após o tratamento térmico. Uma técnica de difração de raios X foi utilizada para a determinação das fases presentes e detecção da austenita retida. A contribuíção desse trabalho consiste na avaliação da relação microestrutura / propriedades mecânicas desses aços rápidos bem como na viabilização do aço rápido sinterizado a vácuo. / In this work AISI M3:2 high speed steels obtained through different techniques of manufacturing, submitted to the same heat treatment procedure were evaluated by measuring their mechanical properties of transverse rupture strength and hardness. Sinter 23 obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), VWM3C obtained by the conventional route and a M3:2 high speed steel obtained by cold compaction of water atomized powders and vacuum sintered with and without the adition of a small quantity of carbon were evaluated after the same heat treatment procedure. The vacuum sintered M3:2 high speed steel can be an alternative to the more expensive high speed steel produced by hot isostatic pressing and with similar properties presented by the conventional one. The characterization of the vaccum sintered M3:2 high speed steel was performed by measuring the densities of the green compacts and after the sintering cycle. The sintering produced an acceptable microstruture and densities near to the theoretical. The transverse rupture strength was evaluated by means of three point bending tests and the hardness by means of Rockwell C and Vickers tests. The technique of scanning electronic mycroscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the microstruture and to establish a relation with the property of transverse rupture strength. The structure was determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the retained austenite was detected to all the conditions of heat treatment. The main contribution of this work is to establish a relation between the microstructure and the mechanical property of transverse rupture strength and to evaluate the AISI M3:2 vacuum sintered high speed steel as an alternative to the similar commercial high speed steels.

Os receptores canabinoides do tipo 1 (CB1) e vaniloides de potencial transitório 1 (TRPV1) presentes no córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv) modulam de maneira oposta a resposta emocional condicionada (REC) no modelo do medo condicionado contextual (MCC). Enquanto a ativação de receptores CB1 reduz as respostas comportamental e cardiovascular da REC, a ativação de TRPV1 aumenta tais parâmetros. Além destes receptores, receptores de glutamato do tipo NMDA e o sistema nitrérgico no CPFMv estão envolvidos na modulação da REC. Possivelmente, tanto a resposta modulada pelo receptor CB1 quanto pelo TRPV1 estão ligadas à modulação da liberação de glutamato e produção de óxido nítrico (NO). Outro neurotransmissor que também possui papel importante na REC é a acetilcolina (ACh) e que provavelmente atua via NO e eCBs. O favorecimento desta neurotransmissão no CPFMv aumenta a REC por meio da ativação de receptores muscarínicos M3. É descrito que a ativação de receptores muscarínicos induz a produção de NO, o qual pode aumentar a liberação de glutamato e, assim, aumentar a REC. Além disso, a ativação de receptores muscarínicos também podem induzir a produção de endocanabinoiodes (eCBs), como a anandamida (AEA), neuromoduladores que podem influenciar a liberação de glutamato, via CB1 ou TRPV1 e, consequentemente, podem afetar a REC. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se um antagonista CB1 (NIDA41020) e um agonista TRPV1 (capsaicina) atuam através da via NMDA/NO e se o aumento dos níveis de ACh modula a neurotransmissão gluatamatérgicapor meio de eCBs e NO. Ratos wistars com cânulas direcionadas para o CPFMv foram submetidos ao protocolo de medo condicionado ao contexto. No dia seguinte, cateter de polietileno foi implantado na artéria femoral para posterior registro cardiovascular. 24h após, as drogas foram administradas no CPFMv e o tempo de congelamento e a resposta autonômica foram avaliados durante a reexposição ao contexto. Tanto o NIDA quanto a capsaicina aumentaram a expressão da REC, independentemente de a administração ser na porção PL ou IL. A resposta do antagonismo de CB1 parece depender da ativação de TRPV1 e a resposta do antagonismo TRPV1 depende da ativação de CB1. O aumento da REC induzida por antagonista CB1 ou agonista TRPV1 foi prevenida com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA ou inibidor da enzima nNOS. A administração de um sequestrador de NO ou de um inibidor da enzima guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs) preveniu apenas a resposta do antagonismo CB1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo agonista TRPV1 foi prevenido com a microinjeção de antioxidante/sequestrador de radicais livres. Desta maneira, os resultados demonstram que no CPFMv o receptor CB1 modula a expressão da REC através da via NMDA/NO/GCs e o receptor TRPV1 através da via NMDA/NO/Estresse nitrosativo. Além disso, a administração de um inibidor da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) aumentou a REC, sendo este efeito prevenido com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA, inibidor da nNOS, sequestrador de NO, inibidor da GCs e antagonista de receptores TRPV1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo antagonista CB1 e agonista TRPV1 não foi prevenido pela administração local prévia de antagonista de receptores M3. Este resultado indica que a resposta promovida pela ACh modula a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica possivelmente através da produção de NO e ativação de TRPV1pela AEA e que os eCBs não modulam a transmissão colinérgica no CPFMv. Portanto, podemos sugerir que a re-exposição ao contexto aversivo aumenta os níveis de ACh no CPFMv e, assim, ativa receptores M3 que, por sua vez, induzem a produção de eCBs, possivelmente AEA, e NO. O NO atuaria pré- sinapticamente aumentando a liberação de glutamato, e a AEA ativaria receptores TRPV1 pós-sinápticos que ativaria mecanismos de estresse nitrosativo decorrentes da produção do NO. / CB1 and TRPV1 receptors present in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) have been related in the modulation of defensive behavior, as fear conditioning response. In contextual fear conditioning, CB1 and TRPV1 antagonism increase and decrease, respectively, the behavior and autonomic response during the reexposure to aversive context. CB1 and TRPV1 activation lead to decrease and increase of glutamate release, respectively. Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter in vmPFC involve in cardiovascular and behavioral response. NMDA activation can promote nitric oxide (NO) production, and this mediator could regulate the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic signaling. Another important neurotransmission related to REC and eCBs/NO is Acetylcholine (ACh). AChE inhibitor in vmPFC increase conditioned response expression through M3 receptor activation. Muscarinic activation leads to NO production and this event can increase the glutamate release. Moreover, muscarinic activation also can induce endocannabinoid (eCBs) production and modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Thus, NO and eCBs production by muscarinic activation probably affect conditioned response through glutamate release. Our aim in this study was to investigate if CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism promote an increase in conditioned response by NMDA/NO pathway. In addition, AChE inhibitor inject in vmPFC modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by NO and eCBs. Male wistars rats with guide cannulas invmPFC were submitted to contextual fear conditioning. 1 day after conditioning, a polyethylene catheter was implanted in the femoral artery for cardiovascular recording. Following 24h, drugs were administrated in vmPFC and freezing behavior and autonomic response was recorded during context reexposure. CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism increased the expression of conditioned emotional response and the response was not different when injected in PL or IL subareas. The response of CB1 antagonism depends on TRPV1 activation and response of TRPV1 antagonism depends on CB1 activation, demonstrating the relation of these receptors. The effect induced by CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism were prevented by an NMDA antagonism and preferential neuronal NO synthase inhibitor. In case of CB1 antagonism, NO scavenger and a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (sGC) also prevented this response, but not response induced by TRPV1 agonism. Effect of TRPV1 agonism was prevented by administration of antioxidant/free radical scavenger. In addition, inhibition of AChE in vmPFC increased the conditioned response and this effect was prevented by NMDA antagonist, nNOS inhibitor, NO scavenger, sGC inhibitor and TRPV1 antagonist. CB1 antagonist and TRPV1 agonist increased conditioned response and M3 antagonist was not able to prevent this effect. Our results demonstrated that the response promoted by ACh modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission through NO and TRPV1 activation (by AEA). Moreover, endocannabinoid system did not affect cholinergic neurotransmission. Therefore, we suggest that reexposure to aversive context increase ACh concentration in vmPFC and thus induce activation of the M3 receptor. M3 receptor promote NO and eCBs production. NO act in pre-synaptic terminalenhancing glutamate release and AEA activate the TRPV1 receptor in the postsynaptic terminal that act by nitrosative stress in NO pathway.

Neste trabalho aços rápidos ao molibdênio AISI M3:2 obtidos por diferentes processos de fabricação, submetidos ao mesmo procedimento de tratamento térmico, foram avaliados no que concerne às propriedades mecânicas de resistência à ruptura transversal e dureza. Os materiais em questão constaram dos aços rápidos comerciais Sinter 23 obtido por metalurgia do pó, o aço rápido VWM3C obtido pelo processo convencional e o aço rápido M3:2 obtido por uma técnica de metalurgia do pó que consiste de compactação uniaxial a frio de pós atomizados a água com e sem a adição de uma pequena quantidade de carbono na forma de grafite (0,3% em massa) e sinterização a vácuo com fase líquida. Esses aços rápidos foram avaliados através da comparação de suas propriedades. O aço rápido M3:2 foi sinterizado a vácuo podendo vir a se constituir numa alternativa economicamente mais viável do que o aço rápido MP Sinter 23 obtido por uma técnica de sinterização por compactação isostática a quente e com propriedades similares ao aço rápido processado pela rota convencional. A caracterização do aço rápido sinterizado a vácuo consistiu de medidas de densidades do compactado e após a sinterização. A sinterização produziu uma microestrutura aceitável e densidades próximas da densidade teórica desse aço rápido. A resistência à ruptura transversal foi avaliada através de ensaios de flexão em três pontos e a dureza através de medidas de dureza Rockwell C e Vickers. Os aços rápidos foram avaliados no que tange à microestrutura por uma técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Estabeleceu-se assim uma relação entre a microestrutura e a resistência à ruptura transversal desses aços após o tratamento térmico. Uma técnica de difração de raios X foi utilizada para a determinação das fases presentes e detecção da austenita retida. A contribuíção desse trabalho consiste na avaliação da relação microestrutura / propriedades mecânicas desses aços rápidos bem como na viabilização do aço rápido sinterizado a vácuo. / In this work AISI M3:2 high speed steels obtained through different techniques of manufacturing, submitted to the same heat treatment procedure were evaluated by measuring their mechanical properties of transverse rupture strength and hardness. Sinter 23 obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), VWM3C obtained by the conventional route and a M3:2 high speed steel obtained by cold compaction of water atomized powders and vacuum sintered with and without the adition of a small quantity of carbon were evaluated after the same heat treatment procedure. The vacuum sintered M3:2 high speed steel can be an alternative to the more expensive high speed steel produced by hot isostatic pressing and with similar properties presented by the conventional one. The characterization of the vaccum sintered M3:2 high speed steel was performed by measuring the densities of the green compacts and after the sintering cycle. The sintering produced an acceptable microstruture and densities near to the theoretical. The transverse rupture strength was evaluated by means of three point bending tests and the hardness by means of Rockwell C and Vickers tests. The technique of scanning electronic mycroscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the microstruture and to establish a relation with the property of transverse rupture strength. The structure was determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the retained austenite was detected to all the conditions of heat treatment. The main contribution of this work is to establish a relation between the microstructure and the mechanical property of transverse rupture strength and to evaluate the AISI M3:2 vacuum sintered high speed steel as an alternative to the similar commercial high speed steels.

Uppsatsens titel: Penningmängd och huspriser - Finns det något samband? Ämne: Företagsekonomi, Kandidatuppsats, 15 hp Inlämningsdatum: 2009 – 05 – 29 Författare: Gunnar Levin, Viktor Sundling Handledare: Sven-Ola Carlsson Nyckelord: Penningmängd, Huspriser, Kointegration, M3, Fastigheter, FASTPI, Kvantitetsteorin Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom statistiska tester beskriva sambandet mellan penningmängdens utveckling och småhusfastigheters prisutveckling. Vi vill även försöka förklara ett eventuellt samband med kvantitetsteorin. Tillvägagångssätt: I denna uppsats har vi genom att fastställa ett kointegrationssamband mellan tidsserievariabler kunnat genomföra en regressionsanalys mellan penningmängdsutvecklingen och prisutvecklingen för småhus avsedda för permanent boende. Slutsatser: Vi har funnit ett långsiktigt samband mellan utvecklingen i penningmängden uttryckt som M3 och prisutvecklingen för småhus avsedda för permanent boende. Sambandet mellan M3 och fastighetsprisindex för småhus kan förklaras med kvantitetsteorin. / Thesis title: Money supply and house prices - Is there any connection? Course: Business administration, Bachelor’s Essay, 15 credits Date of handing: 2009 – 05 – 29 Authors: Gunnar Levin, Viktor Sundling Advisor: Sven-Ola Carlsson Keywords: Money supply, House prices, Cointegration, M3, Real estate, FASTPI, Quantity Theory of Money Purpose of study: The purpose of this study is through statistical tests describe the relation between development in money supply and development in owner-occupied one- or two-dwelling buildings. We also want to describe a possible relation between the variables with the quantity theory. Method: In this essay, we have been able to perform a regression analysis between money supply and owner-occupied one- or two-dwelling buildings, by establishing cointegration between time variables. Conclusion: We have discovered a long term relation between the development in money supply defined as M3 and the development in prices for owner-occupied one- or two-dwelling buildings. The relation between M3 and real estate index can be explained with the quantity theory of money.

A warehouse management system shall handle warehousing operations with the aim of gaining control over the company's storage capacity and inventory management. It should support functions such as goods receiving, warehousing, order receiving and orderpicking. In order for a warehouse management system to function optimally, it must be designed for the company's operations. The purpose of this thesis work is to analyze the current warehouse management system and associated processes at IKEA After Sales. By analyzing the current situation, the improvement work will result in a development of current system or system replacement. In addition, an implementation plan will be presented for the chosen solution. The systems that have been analyzed are M3 and Astro. The research work began with a visit to IKEA After Sales where observations and interviews were conducted. The focus was on mapping how operations work today and where there is potential for a warehouse management system. A list of requirements was then presented to describe what functions a system should contain. The requirement list was discussed with responsible IT-workers for both systems. The survey showed that a lot of work is done manually and is dependent on competent employees. The research work resulted in an implementation of untapped functions in the already used system M3. The implementation plan focuses on Warehouse Mobility, inventory function and Wave Picking features with associated routines. The routines for how the business should work was designed to facilitate the workload after implementing the above functions. / Ett lagersystem ska hantera lagerverksamheten med syftet att skapa kontroll över företagets lagringskapacitet och lagerhantering. Systemet bör stödja funktioner som godsmottagning, lagerläggning, ordermottagning och plockorder. För att ett lagersystem ska fungera optimalt bör det vara utformat efter företagets verksamhet. Syftet med examensarbetet är att analysera det nuvarande lagersystemet med tillhörande processer på IKEA After Sales. Genom analys av nuläget ska förbättringsarbetet resultera i en förbättring av nuvarande lagersystem eller förslag på byte av system. Vidare ska en implementeringsplan presenteras för det valda lösningsförslaget. De system som har analyserats är M3 och Astro. Examensarbetet inleddes med ett besök på IKEA After Sales där observationer och intervjuer genomfördes. Fokus låg på att kartlägga hur verksamheten arbetar idag och var outnyttjad potential för ett lagersystem finns. En kravlista framställdes för att beskriva vilka funktioner som bör finnas i ett lagersystem. Kravlistan diskuterades med respektive IT-ansvarig för systemen. Kartläggningen visade att mycket arbete sker manuellt och är beroende av kompetent personal. Resultat av examensarbetet är förslag på en implementering av outnyttjade funktioner i det redan använda systemet M3. Implementeringsplanen fokuserar på funktionerna Warehouse Mobility, stöd för inventering och Wave Picking med tillhörande rutiner. Rutinerna för hur verksamheten bör arbeta har utformats för att underlätta arbetsmomenten efter att ovanstående funktioner har implementerats.

The objective of this study is to analyse the contemporary political role of Christianity in the Middle East. This will be achieved by focusing on the office of the patriarch. In most of the Eastern Christian churches, the patriarch is widely accepted as the spiritual head of the community and, throughout the centuries, this authority has often been translated into temporal power. Although other communal actors have challenged the dominant position of the patriarch, this dual role as spiritual and civil leader provides resources which can be used to strengthen the claim to be the political representative at the expense of lay rivals. The case studies selected for this project - the Coptic Orthodox and the Maronite churches - share several key characteristics. Firstly, both evoke a distinct identity on the basis of faith yet are directly linked to a specific homeland - Egypt and Lebanon respectively. In contrast to spiritual leaders of communities which are not concentrated in one particular country, the Coptic Orthodox and Maronite patriarchs have the potential to become involved in national affairs if desired. Secondly, both communities have pressing if different concerns as indigenous Christians in a turbulent regional environment dominated by another religion - Islam. The vast majority of these relate to the position of the community in the homeland. Thirdly, both communities have recently experienced widespread expansion outside the traditional territory in the Middle East. This allows an examination of the impact this growth has had on both the church and community at home and abroad. Fourthly, since becoming the head of each church, Patriarch Shenouda III, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa and Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, Patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Maronites, have proven to be charismatic and influential figures in church and national affairs. They have clearly played significant parts in relations between the community and state in the decades since their election to office. Finally, the two case studies have been selected as they best represent the potential of Christian communities to have a political role in this region. While the Copts constitute only a small proportion (5-10% depending on the identity of the source) of the Egyptian population, they are still the largest Christian community in the Middle East, numbering around 5-6 million. In contrast, the Maronites are a small community in terms of size. It is estimated that there are no more than 600,000 Maronites in Lebanon. Yet within Lebanon, they still make up over 20% of the population, offering them a chance to have a significant impact on national affairs. This study proposes that the patriarch exercises a political role because of his position as the head of the community. The authority and tradition of the office is constantly invoked to reinforce this position. In the contemporary period, this can be attributed to the desire to fill the leadership vacuum which exists amongst Christians in the Middle East.

There are three main wave types present in the Sun’s atmosphere: Alfvén waves and fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves. Alfvén waves are purely magnetic and would not exist if it was not for the Sun’s magnetic field. The fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves are so named due to their relative phase speeds. As the magnetic field tends to zero, the slow wave goes to zero as the fast wave becomes the sound wave. When a resonance occurs energy may be transferred between the different modes, causing one to increase in amplitude whilst the other decreases. This is known as mode conversion. Mode conversion of fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves takes place when the characteristic wave speeds, the sound and Alfvén speeds, are equal. This occurs in regions where the ratio of the gas pressure to the magnetic pressure, known as the plasma β, is approximately unity. In this thesis we investigate the conversion of fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves as they propagate from low- to high-β plasma. This investigation uses a combination of analytical and numerical techniques to gain a full understanding of the process. The MacCormack finite-difference method is used to model a wave as it undergoes mode conversion. Complementing this analytical techniques are employed to find the wave behaviour at, and distant from, the mode-conversion region. These methods are described in Chapter 2. The simple, one-dimensional model of an isothermal atmosphere permeated by a uniform magnetic field is studied in Chapter 3. Gravitational acceleration is included to ensure that mode conversion takes place. Driving a slow magnetoacoustic wave on the upper boundary conversion takes place as the wave passes from low- to high-β plasma. This is expanded upon in Chapter 4 where the effects of a non-isothermal temperature profile are examined. A tanh profile is selected to mimic the steep temperature gradient found in the transition region. In Chapter 5 the complexity is increased by allowing for a two-dimensional model. For this purpose we choose a radially-expanding magnetic field which is representative of a coronal hole. In this instance the slow magnetoacoustic wave is driven upwards from the surface, again travelling from low to high β. Finally, in Chapter 6 we investigate mode conversion near a two-dimensional, magnetic null point. At the null the plasma β becomes infinitely large and a wave propagating towards the null point will experience mode conversion. The methods used allow conversion of fast and slow waves to be described in the various model atmospheres. The amount of transmission and conversion are calculated and matched across the mode-conversion layer giving a full description of the wave behaviour.