An extended Hubbard model with large short and long-ranged Coulomb repulsions and distant transfer is numerically investigated by use of the Lanczos exact diagonalization (ED) method to study the charge order and unconditional dimerization of a chain at density rho (ρ)= 0.4. From the analysis of the spin and charge correlation functions, a picture consistent with the formation of a dimer insulating state, which is of Wigner lattice-type (WL) charge order (CO), is obtained. The next-nearest neighbour (NNN) hopping t2 enhances the intradimer correlations and weakens the interdimer correlations. Implications for the CuO2 chains in Sr14Cu24O41 are discussed.We have also introduced a Heisenberg model which parametrically depends on hole positions. If the electrostatic hole-hole repulsion is included such a model allows to evaluate all energy eigenvalues and eigenstates (for small system size) and thus enables us to evaluate thermodynamic properties as function of temperature,magnetic field, and doping. Assuming certain exchange constants we can investigate the influence of the electrostatic hole-hole repulsion on ground state properties as well as on thermal averages like the magnetization which include contributions of low-lying spin-hole configurations.

No description available.

DC currents that flow through the ground can be injected to the star windings of power transformers from their grounded neutral points and close their path with transmission lines. The geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and AC/DC convertors of high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems are the sources of such DC currents. These currents may cause saturation of the core in power transformers that leads to destruction in the transformer performance. This phenomenon results in unwanted influences on power transformers and the power system. Very asymmetric magnetization current, increasing losses and creation of hot spots in the core, in the windings, and the metallic structural parts are adverse effects that occur in transformers. Also, increasing demand of reactive power and misoperation of protective relays menaces the power network. Damages in large power transformers and blackouts in networks have occurred due to this phenomenon Hence, studies regarding this subject have taken the attention of researchers during the last decades. However, a gap of a comprehensive analysis still remains. Thus, the main aim of this project is to reach to a deep understanding of the phenomena and to come up with a solution for a decrease of the undesired effects of GIC. Achieving this goal requires an improvement of the electromagnetic models of transformers which include a hysteresis model, numerical techniques, and transient analysis. In this project until now, a new algorithm for digital measurement of the core materials is developed and implemented. It enhances the abilities of accurate measurements and an improved hysteresis model has been worked out. Also, a novel differential scalar hysteresis model is suggested that easily can be implemented in numerical methods. Three dimensional finite element models of various core types of power transformers are created to study the effect on them due to DC magnetization. In order to enhance the numerical tools for analysis of low frequency transients related to power transformers and the network, a distributed reluctance network method has been outlined. In this thesis a method for solving such a network problem with coupling to an electrical circuit and taking hysteresis into account is suggested. / <p>QC 20121121</p>

In this study we investigate the magnetic properties of Fe-based amorphous thin films. Fe1-x-y-zBxSiyCz, Fe80-xNixB20, Fe80-xMnxB20, and Fe73-xMnxB27 films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates in a DC and RF magnetron sputtering system. Inductive magnetic measurements were performed to investigate the magnetic properties, including induced anisotropy and magnetostriction, of the as-deposited and annealed films using an M-H Looper. The chemical composition of the films was characterized using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The physical thickness of the films was determined by use of a stylus profilometer. The M-H Looper studies indicated that the induced anisotropy (Hk) depends strongly on the nickel concentration as well as on the annealing conditions, specifically the time and temperature of the annealing process. For the same metalloid concentration, the induced anisotropy has a maximum as a function of Ni. For the same nickel concentration and annealing time, it was found that the value of Hk decreases with the increase in annealing temperature. For each composition studied, low temperature long time annealing showed a higher value of Hk compared to high temperature short time annealing. From the magnetostriction values of Fe80-xNixB20 alloys, it was found that the sputter deposited films show similar trend but differ in magnitude when compared with ribbon samples. The magnetostriction of annealed thin films is found to be representative of ribbon samples. A potential composition modification to improve the strength of the field induced anisotropy is the addition of low levels of Mn.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">There is a growing demand for lower-cost, lighter-weight, and more compact electric ma-<br>chines used for vehicle propulsion. In this research, a dual-rotor inert-core machine (ICM) is<br>considered to meet this demand. In the ICM, permanent-magnet-based Halbach arrays are<br>placed on inner and outer rotating structures. This enables one to eliminate magnetic steels<br>used in the stator and rotor of traditional electric machinery. In addition, a stator structure<br>that leverages a thermal plastic is proposed that facilitates straightforward active cooling<br>of phase windings, which greatly increases current density. To support the multi-objective<br>design of the ICM, a multi-physics toolbox has been developed. Within the toolbox, electro-<br>magnetic performance is predicted using a method-of-moments-based field solver. Thermal<br>performance is assessed using a thermal equivalent circuit that includes conductive heat<br>transfer from stator windings to the surrounding environment as well as convective heat<br>transfer to moving fluids. The structural integrity of the stator is assessed using analytical<br>expressions to predict stress from material properties, geometry, and applied external forces.<br>Calculated loss of proposed designs includes those of the stator windings as well as those<br>required for active cooling. Several optimization studies have been conducted to evaluate the<br>performance of the ICM under an expected electric vehicle driving cycle. From the studies,<br>Pareto-optimal fronts are obtained and used to explore the impact of alternative cooling<br>strategies on volumetric power density.</p>

By implementing the rolled-up microfabrication method based on strain engineering, several systems are investigated within the contents of this thesis. The structural morphing of planar geometries into three-dimensional structures opens up many doors for the creation of unique material configurations and devices. An exploration into several novel microsystems, encompassing various scientific subjects, is made and methods for on-chip integration of these devices are presented. The roll-up of a metal and oxide allows for a cylindrical hollow-core structure with a cladding layer composed of a multilayer stack, plasmonic metamaterial. This structure can be used as a platform for a number of optical metamaterial devices. By guiding light radially through this structure, a theoretical investigation into the system makeup of a rolled-up hyperlens, is given. Using the same design, but rather propagating light parallel to the cylinder, a novel device known as a metamaterial optical fiber is defined. This fiber allows light to be guided classically and plasmonically within a single device. These fibers are developed experimentally and are integrated into preexisting on-chip structures and characterized. A system known as lab-in-a-tube is introduced. The idea of lab-in-a-tube combines various rolled-up components into a single all-encompassing biosensor that can be used to detect and monitor single bio-organisms. The first device specifically tailored to this system is developed, flexible split-wall microtube resonator sensors. A method for the capturing of embryonic mouse cells into on-chip optical resonators is introduced. The sensor can optically detect, via photoluminescence, living cells confined within the resonator through the compression and expansion of a nanogap built within its walls. The rolled-up fabrication method is not limited to the well-investigated systems based on the roll-up from semiconductor material or from a photoresist layer. A new approach, relying on the delamination of polymers, is presented. This offers never-before-realized microscale structures and configurations. This includes novel magnetic configurations and flexible fluidic sensors which can be designed for on-chip and roving detector applications.

By implementing the rolled-up microfabrication method based on strain engineering, several systems are investigated within the contents of this thesis. The structural morphing of planar geometries into three-dimensional structures opens up many doors for the creation of unique material configurations and devices. An exploration into several novel microsystems, encompassing various scientific subjects, is made and methods for on-chip integration of these devices are presented. The roll-up of a metal and oxide allows for a cylindrical hollow-core structure with a cladding layer composed of a multilayer stack, plasmonic metamaterial. This structure can be used as a platform for a number of optical metamaterial devices. By guiding light radially through this structure, a theoretical investigation into the system makeup of a rolled-up hyperlens, is given. Using the same design, but rather propagating light parallel to the cylinder, a novel device known as a metamaterial optical fiber is defined. This fiber allows light to be guided classically and plasmonically within a single device. These fibers are developed experimentally and are integrated into preexisting on-chip structures and characterized. A system known as lab-in-a-tube is introduced. The idea of lab-in-a-tube combines various rolled-up components into a single all-encompassing biosensor that can be used to detect and monitor single bio-organisms. The first device specifically tailored to this system is developed, flexible split-wall microtube resonator sensors. A method for the capturing of embryonic mouse cells into on-chip optical resonators is introduced. The sensor can optically detect, via photoluminescence, living cells confined within the resonator through the compression and expansion of a nanogap built within its walls. The rolled-up fabrication method is not limited to the well-investigated systems based on the roll-up from semiconductor material or from a photoresist layer. A new approach, relying on the delamination of polymers, is presented. This offers never-before-realized microscale structures and configurations. This includes novel magnetic configurations and flexible fluidic sensors which can be designed for on-chip and roving detector applications.

The research work in this thesis has been devoted to understand the formation mechanism of single-crystalline and textured polycrystalline nanoparticles and nanoflakes of SmCo5 and Nd2Fe14B prepared by surfactant-assisted (SA) ball milling and to study their microstructural and magnetic properties. The nanoparticles and nanoflakes are promising candidates to be used as hard magnetic phase for the fabrication of high-energy-density exchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets. The influence of a range of different surfactants, solvents and milling parameters on the characteristics of ball-milled powder has been systematically investigated. Small fraction (~10 wt.%) of SmCo5 nanoparticles of average diameter 15 nm along with textured polycrystalline nanoflakes of average diameter 1 µm and average thickness of 100 nm were obtained after SA – ball milling of SmCo5 powder. Isolated single-crystalline particles (200-500 nm) and textured polycrystalline flakes (0.2-1.0 µm) of Nd2Fe14B have been prepared in bulk amount (tens of grams), after SA – ball milling of dynamic-hydrogen-disproportionation-desorption-recombination (d-HDDR) processed Nd2Fe14B powder. These single-crystalline Nd2Fe14B particles are promising for their microstructure for the fabrication of exchange-coupled nanocomposite permanent magnets. The SmCo5 and Nd2Fe14B flakes and particles were well aligned in magnetic field: the former showed [001] out-of-plane orientation while the latter showed [001] in-plane orientation. A maximum degree of texture values of 93 % and 88 % have been obtained for the magnetically-oriented SmCo5 flakes and Nd2Fe14B single-crystalline particles, respectively. SA – ball milling resulted in an increase of coercivity of SmCo5 particles from 0.45 T for un-milled powder to a maximum value of 2.3 T after 1 h of milling, further milling resulted in a decrease of the coercivity. The coercivity of SA – ball-milled Nd2Fe14B particles decreased drastically from 1.4 T for un-milled d-HDDR powder to 0.44 T after 0.5 h of milling, isolated single-crystalline particles (200-500 nm size) obtained after 4 h of SA – ball milling showed a coercivity of 0.34 T. The drastic decrease in coercivity of ball-milled Nd2Fe14B particles is attributed to the morphological change because the demagnetization in Nd2Fe14B magnets is governed by nucleation mechanism. A remarkable enhancement in coercivity from 0.26 T to 0.70 T for ethanol-milled sample and from 0.51 T to 0.71 T for oleic-acid-milled samples has been obtained after an optimum heat-treatment at 400 0C. An increase of α-Fe and Nd2O3 phase contents and a sharp change of lattice parameter c of Nd2Fe14B was observed when heat-treating above 400 0C. The change in lattice parameter at higher temperature is thought to be due to partial substitution of carbon atoms present in the surfactant or solvent, for boron atoms. / Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Mechanismus der Herstellung von einkristallinen und texturierten polykristallinen Nanopartikeln und Nanoflakes aus SmCo5 und Nd2Fe14B durch Tensid-gestütztes Kugelmahlen zu verstehen. Des Weiteren soll deren Gefüge und magnetische Eigenschaften untersucht werden. Die Nanopartikel sind vielversprechende Kandidaten zur Verwendung als hartmagnetische Phase in hochentwickelten, austauschgekoppelten Nanokomposit-Magneten. Der Einfluß der Art der verwendeten Tensid, Lösungsmittel sowie Mahlparameter auf die Eigenschaften der kugelgemahlenen Pulver wurde systematisch untersucht. Ein kleiner Anteil (~10 m.%) von SmCo5 Nanopartikeln mit mittlerem Durchmesser von 15 nm zusammen mit texturierten polykristallinen Plättchen mit mittlerem Durchmesser von 1 µm und mittlerer Dicke von 100 nm wurden nach Tensid-gestütztes Kugelmahlen erzeugt. Alleinstehende einkristalline Partikel (200-500 nm) und texturierte polykristalline Plättchen (0,2-1,0 µm) aus Nd2Fe14B wurden in größeren Mengen (einige 10 g) hergestellt. Das verwendete Ausgangspulver wurde hierbei durch dynamisches-Hydrierung-Disproportionierung-Desorption-Rekombination (d-HDDR) hergestellt und anschließend Tensid-gestütztes Kugelmahlen. Die genannten einkristallinen Nd2Fe14B Partikel sind ebenfalls vielversprechend als hartmagnetischer Bestandteil von austauschgekoppelten Nanokomposit-Magneten. Die SmCo5- und Nd2Fe14B-Plättchen und -Partikel wurden alle in einem Magnetfeld ausgerichtet: erstere zeigten aus der Ebende herauszeigende und letztere in der Ebene liegende [001]-Orientierung. Ein maximaler Texturgrad von 93% wurde für im Magnetfeld ausgerichtete SmCo5 flakes bzw. 88% für einkristalline Nd2Fe14B Partikel erzielt. Tensid-gestütztes Kugelmahlen führte zu einem Anstieg der Koerzitivfeldstärke von SmCo5 Partikeln von 0,45 T für ungemahlenes Pulver auf 2,3 T nach einer Mahldauer von 1 h. Weiteres Mahlen führte zu einem Abfall der Koerzitivfeldstärke. Die Koerzitivfeldstärke von Tensid-gestütztes Kugelmahlen Nd2Fe14B Partikeln verringerte sich stark von 1,4 T von ungemahlenem d-HDDR Pulver auf 0,44 T nach 0,5 h Mahlen. Freistehende einkristalline Partikel (200-500 nm groß), welche nach 4 h Tensid-gestütztes Kugelmahlen erhalten wurden, zeigten eine Koerzitivfeldstärke von 0,34 T. Der starke Abfall der Koerzitivfeldstärke von gemahlenen Nd2Fe14B Partikeln wird die morphologischen Veränderungen zurückgeführt, da die Ummagnetisierung nukleationsgesteuert ist. Ein bemerkenswerter Anstieg der Koerzitivfeldstärke von 0,26 T auf 0,70 T wurde für eine in Ethanol gemahlene Probe verzeichnet, sowie ein Anstieg von 0,51 auf 0,71 T für eine Probe, welche mit einer Zugabe von Oleinsäure gemahlen wurde. Beide Proben wurden einer optimierten Wärmebehandlung bei 400°C unterzogen. Bei höheren Temperaturen wurde für Nd2Fe14B ein Anstieg der Menge an α-Fe und Nd2O3 gefunden und eine sprungartige Veränderung des Gitterparameters c der Nd2Fe14B Phase. Die Veränderung des Gitterparameters wird auf die partielle Substitution von Kohlenstoffatomen des Tensid oder Lösungsmittels gegen Boratome zurückgeführt.

Motivées par des données expérimentales sur la magnétisation de réseau de nanofils de plomb, les résolutions numériques des équations stationnaires de Ginzburg-Landau (GL) se sont focalisées sur les géométries à symétrie axiale. L'effet Meissner, les états représentant un vortex d'Abrikosov ou encore des Vortex Géants (``GiantVortex') centrés à l'origine du cylindre ont alors pu être identifiés sous l’hypothèse d’invariance sous rotation selon l’axe de symétrie du cylindre étudié (modèle à une dimension, 1D). En identifiant le type de transition par le caractère continu ou non du paramètre d'ordre autour du changement de phase, une frontière à l'échelle mésoscopique a également pu être identifiée au travers du modèle 1D. Plus spécifiquement, la limite entre les deux types de transitions décrite par le paramètre phénoménologique κ = λ /ξ ( =1/√2 à l’échelle macroscopique) devient une fonction non constante dépendant à la fois du rayon normalisé, u=R/λ, et de la vorticité L: κ =f(u,L). Les deux longueurs caractéristiques λ et ξ représentent respectivement les longueurs de pénétration et de cohérence d’un échantillon supraconducteur. Une comparaison avec les résultats obtenus par Zharkov permet de valider notre démarche numérique employée pour la résolution numérique des équations de GL à une dimension. En employant un modèle à deux dimensions (2D), la symétrie sous rotation des solutions a également été relâchée. Basée sur le principe de moindre action, la résolution propose alors un schéma numérique indépendant du type d'équations du mouvement à solutionner. Les configurations du type MultiVortex ont alors pu être identifiées, et comparées aux solutions du groupe du Professeur F. Peeters. Ces différents accords ont confirmé la démarche développée. Une modélisation de la magnétisation expérimentale d'un réseau de nanofils a également été développée. De par la taille réduite des nanofils, l'interaction magnétique entre ceux-ci a pu être négligée. La magnétisation totale du réseau est alors construite par une sommation incluant la contribution individuelle en magnétisation de chaque fil, pondérée par un poids reflétant une distribution gaussienne pour les rayons des fils constituant le réseau. La magnétisation individuelle est évidemment obtenue par résolution des équations du mouvement de GL précédemment étudiées avec les modèles 1D et 2D. En ajustant les paramètres libres associés à ce modèle décrivant la magnétisation totale du réseau, les données expérimentales ont pu être reproduites endéans 10% de marge d'erreur, l'intervalle d'incertitude caractéristique de la théorie effective de Ginzburg-Landau. Ces variables attachées au modèle de la magnétisation totale, reprennent la valeur moyenne m et l'écart-type s de la distribution gaussienne, ainsi que les longueurs caractéristiques λ(T) et ξ(T) présentes dans la théorie de GL. Un test totalement indépendant de l'analyse des magnétisations a permis de valider les valeurs déterminées pour la distribution des rayons. Les grandeurs ajustées pour les longueurs λ(T) et ξ(T) ont fait l'objet d'une analyse supplémentaire en termes de leur dépendance en température et du libre parcours moyen des électrons. Malgré l'accord entre les données expérimentales et la magnétisation théorique, il est important de mentionner qu'un paramètre libre supplémentaire, associé à l'apparition de configurations décrivant un vortex magnétique, a dû être introduit. Il modifie empiriquement la métastabilité trop longue en mode champ externe décroissant de l'état décrivant un vortex d'Abrikosov. La correction expulse donc le vortex avant sa prédiction théorique liée à la disparition de la barrière de Bean-Linvingston. Une étude plus approfondie de cette barrière de potentiel fut donc également réalisée. Cependant, elle n'est pas concluante en regard des données expérimentales analysées. Il n'en demeure pas moins que la transition apparaît dans un domaine en champ magnétique cohérent vis-à-vis de la description en énergie libre des états de vorticités voisines d'une unité de quantum de flux magnétique. La correspondance entre les longueurs caractéristiques du modèle phénoménologique de GL et les longueurs issues des théories microscopiques de Pippard et BCS a également abordée. Cette étude permet entre autre de comparer les différentes dépendances possibles en température avec les longueurs obtenues de l'analyse de magnétisation des nanofils en plomb. Au delà de l'accord avec le modèle des deux-fluides de Gorter et Casimir, une extrapolation bien en deçà de la température critique Tc est proposée pour les paramètres phénoménologiques λ(T) et ξ(T) de Ginzburg-Landau. Même si la correspondance entre les magnétisations expérimentales et théoriques semblait déjà l'indiquer, il est possible d'appliquer les équations de Ginzburg-Landau pour décrire le comportement magnétique du plomb bien en deçà de sa température critique. De plus, les paramètres associés possèdent une dépendance tout à fait conforme à une autre théorie empirique, le modèle des deux-fluides. Basée sur le modèle de Pippard, une détermination de la valeur du libre parcours moyen des normaux a également été isolée. Elle justifie alors une distinction entre les deux échantillons analysés en terme de leur degré d'impureté. Les résultats électrons obtenus étant en accord avec les procédures de fabrication des nanofils de plomb, cette nouvelle constatation, positive avec l'expérience, confirme une fois de plus la cohérence du modèle développé pour la magnétisation totale, et justifie l'emploi des équations de GL à toutes les températures en dessous de Tc. / Mesoscopic superconductors are described within the framework of the nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau theory. The two coupled nonlinear equations are solved numerically and we investigate the properties, in particular the order of the transition and the vortex configurations, of cylinders submitted to an external magnetic field. Meissner state, Abrikosov vortices, GiantVortex and MultiVortex solutions are described. The Bean-Livingston barrier in mesoscopic cylinders is also numerically studied. This theoretical work was applied to understand experimental magnetizations of lead nanowires in an array well below the superconducting transition temperature Tc. By freely adjusting the GL phenomenological lengths λ (T) and ξ (T), the experimental magnetization curves are reproduced to within a 10% error margin. The Meissner and the Abrikosov state were also experimentally observed in this apparently type-I superconductor. This fact is a consequence of the non-trivial behaviour of the critical boundary κ _c ($=1/√2 in bulk materials) between type-I and type-II phase transition at mesoscopic scales. Beyond the experimental-theoretical agreement, the question whether the GL model remains valid far below Tc is also addressed. The temperature dependence of the adjusted characteristic lengths is compared with different theoretical and empirical laws. The best agreement is achieved for the Gorter-Casimir two-fluid model. A comparison between lead nanowire arrays electrodeposited under constant and pulsed voltage conditions allows us to distinguish both samples in terms of their electronic mean free paths. The characterisation of the latter quantities concurs perfectly with the experimental expectation given the different electrodeposition techniques.