Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor a utilização de soluções pré-definidas e comprovadas na abordagem MDA, auxiliando o desenvolvedor na resolução de problemas recorrentes ao desenvolvimento de software. A utilização destas soluções pré-definidas leva a um aumento de produtividade no contexto MDA e na geração de software baseado em boas práticas. Para que este objetivo seja cumprido, é empreendida uma análise sobre o MDA e sobre como operacionalizar as transformações entre modelos. Também é empreendida uma análise sobre o suporte fornecido pela UML e sobre reutilização em desenvolvimento orientado a modelos. Por fim este trabalho apresenta partes de uma aplicação protótipo, construída para ser uma prova de conceito de código gerado através da combinação de UML e soluções pré-definidas. / The goal of this work is to propose the use of pre-defined solutions on MDA approach, supporting the developer in solving recurrent problems of software development. The use of these pre-defined solutions leads to an increase of productivity in MDA context, and in the generation of software based on best practices. To reach this goal, an analysis of MDA is undertaken, as well as an analysis of how to enable the transformations between models. It is also undertaken an analysis about the use of UML and the reuse in model driven development. Finally this work presents portions of a prototype application, constructed to be a proof-of-concept of generated code, combining UML and the pre-defined solutions.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-22T18:54:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DissertacaoCD_LuizFelipeLiborio.pdf: 3777707 bytes, checksum: a7937e9fc359d5b560c37ea3abf5e74c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-22T18:54:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DissertacaoCD_LuizFelipeLiborio.pdf: 3777707 bytes, checksum: a7937e9fc359d5b560c37ea3abf5e74c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / Capes / Atualmente, é cada vez mais exigido como critério competitivo a aderência do processo de software de uma organização a um modelo ou norma de qualidade. Alcançar altos níveis de aderência é uma tarefa complexa para as organizações, pois a atividade de avaliar essa aderência exige cuidado ao ser realizada. Com isso, busca-se cada vez mais o apoio de ferramentas de avaliação computadorizadas, cujo objetivo é agilizar e tornar mais confiável o processo de avaliação dos processos de software. Ainda assim, um dos fatores que tendem a dificultar a utilização e propagação do uso de ferramentas é a atualização das normas de qualidade e dos métodos de avaliação associados, que visam se adequar constantemente às boas práticas do mercado. Ora, se uma ferramenta é criada baseada na norma de qualidade e no seu método de avaliação, qualquer mudança em algum dos dois componentes significa mudanças na ferramenta, gerando custos de manutenção e de distribuição da nova versão da ferramenta. Este trabalho busca criar uma engine de geração que seja sensível a esses mudanças, sem que seu processo de desenvolvimento necessite ser executado novamente. Para isto, utiliza o processo MDD (Model-Driven Development) para atender a esses requisitos, dado que o seu objetivo é transformar elementos mais abstratos em elementos mais concretos utilizando uma sucessão de transformações, através de modelos. O objetivo deste trabalho é, então, aplicar as regras de MDD aos modelos de qualidade e métodos de avaliação. Isto torna possível a criação de ferramentas para avaliação baseada nos modelos necessários à avaliação. Ou seja, através de um modelo de processo e de um metamodelo da norma de qualidade, além do método de avaliação, é possível criar de forma automática via MDD uma ferramenta que possa ser atualizada sob demanda, sem que seu código-fonte precise ser alterado manualmente. / Nowadays, it is increasingly required as a competitive criteria the adherence of an organization to a software model or quality standard process. Achieving high levels of adherence is a complex task for organizations, because the activity of evaluating this adherence requires care to be performed. Thus, it is increasing the nedd of computerized evaluation tools whose goal is to speed up and make more reliable the process of evaluating software processes.Still, one of the factors that tend to hamper the use and propagation of tool use is the change of the quality standards and assessment methods, which aim to adapt constantly to best practices in the market. So, if a tool is created based on quality standard and its evaluation method, any change in any of the two components mean changes in the tool, generating costs of maintaining and distributing the new version of the tool. This work seeks to develop a tool that is sensitive to that changes, but without the need of performing its development process again. For that, it uses MDD (Model- Driven Development) processes meet these requirements, since their goal is to transform more abstract elements into more concrete elements using a succession of transformations, through models. So, the goal of this work is to apply the rules of MDD to quality models and assessment methods. It makes possible to create tools based on models. In other words, through a process model and a metamodel quality standard, besides the evaluation method, it is possible to create automatically via MDD a tool that can be updated on demand, without its source code need to be changed manually.

Objetos de aprendizagem (OA) compõem uma das abordagens adotadas para tratar a crescente complexidade da educação com auxílio de computadores, promovendo o reúso e a qualidade de materiais didáticos. Tais benefícios podem ser ampliados ao incluir questões de projeto instrucional e associá-las às características multimídias e interativas dos dispositivos computacionais, sistematizando-se a produção de objetos de aprendizagem. Nesse contexto, esta tese define uma abordagem para o desenvolvimento de objetos de aprendizagem multimídias e interativos considerando o cenário de televisão digital. Essa abordagem, denominada LOD (Learning Object Development) consiste de um modelo de processo ou processo-padrão para desenvolvimento de objetos de aprendizagem (SPLOD Standard Process for Learning Object Development), a partir do qual se define um processo (LODP Learning Object Development Process) adequado para a construção de objetos de aprendizagem como recursos educacionais abertos (análogos a software livre); de um método de desenvolvimento dirigido a modelos, denominado LODM (Learning Object Development Method), compreendendo a modelagem conceitual, instrucional e de interação do objeto de aprendizagem; e de um conjunto de ferramentas que estabelecem um protótipo de ambiente para o desenvolvimento de objetos de aprendizagem (LODE Learning Object Development Environment) considerando o método LODM e o processo LODP. A abordagem LOD foi preliminarmente avaliada quanto à engenharia de objetos de aprendizagem multimídia e interativos, representados por apresentações multimídia e aplicações interativas para televisão digital para a plataforma Ginga do Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital (SBTVD). Os resultados apontam para os benefícios da abordagem integrada para o desenvolvimento, com a geração de objetos de aprendizagem multimídias e interativos de forma mais ágil e sistemática, além de promover o reúso desde os primeiros passos da modelagem dos objetos de aprendizagem / Learning objects are an approach to address the increasingly complexity of computersupported education, fostering reuse and learning material quality. Such benefits can be improved by considering instructional design and the multimedia and interactivity features of current computing devices, providing a systematic method to develop learning objects. Considering such context, this thesis defines an approach to the development of multimedia and interactive learning objects, considering the digital television scenario. This approach is named LOD (Learning Object Development) and is composed of (1) a reference process (SPLOD Standard Process for Learning Object Development) from which we defined a process for learning objects development (LODP Learning Object Development Process) suitable for engineering of open educational resources; (2) a model-driven development method (LODM Learning Object Development Method) that integrates conceptual, instructional and interaction modeling of learning objects; and (3) a set of tools that establish a prototype for an environment for learning object development named LODE (Learning Object Development Environment). The LOD approach was evaluated with multimedia and interactive learning objects development realized as multimedia presentations and interactive digital television applications aimed at the Brazilian Digital Television System and its Ginga middleware. The results evince the benefits of the integrated approach, providing an agile and systematic development and fostering the reuse since the initial models of the learning object engineering process

Studien är ett designdrivet forskningsprojekt som besvarar frågeställningen: Vilka materiella designkvalitéer finns det i svenskt vildsvinsläder och hur kan dessa appliceras i produktdesign? Frågeställningen undersöks främst genom en material driven designmetod och resultatet analyseras genom teorier om design för hållbar utveckling och design för emotionell varaktighet. Den material drivna designmetoden inleddes med fri utforskning av materialet, första intryck dokumenterades och hypoteser kring materialet dömdes inkorrekta. För att undersöka de tekniska egenskaperna utfördes materialtester. Materialupplevelsen utforskades genom ett metodverktyg där 10 deltagare besvarade frågor kring materialets performativa, sensoriska, affektiva och tolkande egenskaper. Testerna avslutades med en reflektion av materialets positiva, negativa och unika egenskaper. Kunskapen av vildsvinslädrets designkvalitéer används sedan i en idégenerering process för att skapa en hållbar produkt med emotionell varaktighet. Idégenerering mynnar ut i studiens designförslag, en stol med dyna och ryggstöd av vildsvinsläder. Studien avslutas med en slutsats som bekräftar designkvalitéerna i vildsvinläder och en diskussion som belyser insikter som uppkommit under studiens genomförande. / The study is a design-driven research project that answers the question: What material design qualities are there in Swedish wild boar leather and how can these be applied in product design? The question is primarily investigated through a material-driven design method and results is analysed through theories of design for sustainable development and design for emotional durability. The material-driven design method began with free exploration of the material, first impressions were documented and hypotheses about the material were deemed incorrect. To investigate the technical characteristics, tests were carried out. The material experience is explored through a tool where 10 participants answered questions about the material's performative, sensory, affective, and interpretive properties. The tests ended with a reflection of the material's positive, negative, and unique properties. The knowledge of the design qualities of wild boar leather was then used in an idea generation process to create a sustainable product with emotional durability. The idea generation culminates in the study's design proposal, a chair with cushion and backrest made of wild boar leather. The study concludes with a conclusion that confirms the design qualities of wild boar leather and a discussion that highlights insights that emerged during the study's implementation.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La investigación desarrollada en esta tesis representa un marco novedoso para capturar requisitos de usabilidad durante el desarrollo de un sistema software. Estos requisitos, están representados como alternativas de diseños de Interfaces de Usuario (IU). El objetivo es desarrollar un proceso de captura de requisitos de usabilidad basado en entrevistas estructuradas con el apoyo de una herramienta que ayude a resolver problemas como: (1) la omisión de la usabilidad desde las primeras etapas de desarrollo, en general, las características de usabilidad solo se tienen en cuenta al diseñar las interfaces en las últimas etapas de desarrollo; (2) resulta tedioso la captura de requisitos para analistas que no son expertos en usabilidad; (3) los métodos y herramientas que se utilizan para desarrollar software no admiten la elicitación de requisitos de usabilidad. A partir de estos problemas encontrados en la literatura se definen las preguntas de investigación: ¿Es posible capturar requisitos de usabilidad en etapas iniciales de desarrollo al mismo tiempo que los requisitos funcionales? Para responder a esta pregunta, la tesis ha definido un método de elicitación de requisitos de usabilidad llamado UREM (por sus siglas en inglés, Usability Requirements Elicitation Method) y ha propuesto un método para tratarlo dentro de entornos MDD. El desarrollo de este trabajo de investigación se ha llevado a cabo siguiendo la metodología Design Science. Esta metodología considera dos ciclos: el primer ciclo es un ciclo de ingeniería en el que se diseña un método para incluir requisitos de usabilidad durante el proceso de elicitación de requisitos. El segundo ciclo corresponde a la validación del método propuesto mediante una evaluación empírica dentro de un contexto académico. La propuesta de captura de requisitos de usabilidad mediante UREM consiste en la definición de una estructura de un árbol donde las guías de usabilidad y las guías de diseño de IU están almacenadas. El árbol se define como un grafo conectado sin ciclos y una raíz; compuesto de 4 elementos: pregunta, respuesta, grupo de preguntas y diseño. Las preguntas y las alternativas de diseño (respuestas) son extraídas de las guías de usabilidad y de diseño, y marcan el camino por el cual el analista navega hasta llegar a los nodos hoja que son los diseños de la interfaz de usuario que se han alcanzado durante el proceso de captura de requisitos de usabilidad. Son los usuarios finales quienes eligen la alternativa más adecuada dependiendo de sus requisitos y/o siguiendo las recomendaciones ya preestablecidas en la estructura del árbol. La construcción del árbol la lleva a cabo un experto en usabilidad y puede ser utilizado en reiteradas ocasiones, generando así diversas alternativas de diseño de interfaz de usuario. La tesis presenta el trabajo relacionado en tres áreas: elicitación de requisitos de usabilidad, uso de guías de usabilidad e ingeniería empírica de software. / [CA] La investigació desenvolupada en aquesta tesi representa un marc nou per a capturar requisits d'usabilitat durant el desenvolupament d'un sistema programari. Aquests requisits, estan representats com a alternatives de dissenys d'Interfícies d'Usuari (IU). L'objectiu és desenvolupar un procés de captura de requisits d'usabilitat basat en entrevistes estructurades amb el suport d'una eina que ajude a resoldre problemes com: (1) l'omissió de la usabilitat des de les primeres etapes de desenvolupament, en general, les característiques d'usabilitat només es tenen en compte en dissenyar les interfícies en les últimes etapes de desenvolupament; (2) resulta tediós la captura de requisits per a analistes que no són experts en usabilitat; (3) els mètodes i eines que s'utilitzen per a desenvolupar programari no admeten l'elicitació de requisits d'usabilitat. A partir d'aquests problemes trobats en la literatura es defineixen les preguntes d'investigació: És possible capturar requisits d'usabilitat en etapes inicials de desenvolupament al mateix temps que els requisits funcionals? Per a respondre a aquesta pregunta, la tesi ha definit un mètode d'elicitació de requisits d'usabilitat anomenat UREM (per les seues sigles en anglés, Usability Requirements Elicitation Method) i ha proposat un mètode per a tractar-lo dins d'entorns MDD. El desenvolupament d'aquest treball de recerca s'ha dut a terme seguint la metodologia Design Science. Aquesta metodologia considera dos cicles: el primer cicle és un cicle d'enginyeria en el qual es dissenya un mètode per a incloure requisits d'usabilitat durant el procés d' elicitació de requisits. El segon cicle correspon a la validació del mètode proposat mitjançant una avaluació empírica dins d'un context acadèmic. La proposta de captura de requisits d'usabilitat mitjançant UREM consisteix en la definició d'una estructura d'un arbre on les guies d'usabilitat i les guies de disseny d'IU estan emmagatzemades. L'arbre es defineix com un graf connectat sense cicles i una arrel; compost de 4 elements: pregunta, resposta, grup de preguntes i disseny. Les preguntes i les alternatives de disseny (respostes) són extretes de les guies d'usabilitat i de disseny, i marquen el camí pel qual l'analista navega fins a arribar als nodes fulla que són els dissenys de la interfície d'usuari que s'han aconseguit durant el procés de captura de requisits d'usabilitat. Són els usuaris finals els qui trien l'alternativa més adequada depenent dels seus requisits i/o seguint les recomanacions ja preestablides en l'estructura de l'arbre. La construcció de l'arbre la duu a terme un expert en usabilitat i pot ser utilitzat en reiterades ocasions, generant així diverses alternatives de disseny d'interfície d'usuari. La tesi presenta el treball relacionat en tres àrees: elicitació de requisits d'usabilitat, ús de guies d'usabilitat i enginyeria empírica de programari. / [EN] The research developed in this thesis represents a novel framework for capturing usability requirements during the development of a software system. These requirements are represented as alternative User Interface (UI) designs. The objective is to develop a usability requirements capture process based on structured interviews with the support of a tool that helps solve problems such as: (1) the omission of usability from the early stages of development, in general, the characteristics of Usability is only taken into account when designing interfaces in the later stages of development; (2) it is tedious to capture requirements for analysts who are not usability experts; (3) the methods and tools used to develop software do not support the elicitation of usability requirements. Based on these problems found in the literature, the research questions are defined: Is it possible to capture usability requirements in initial stages of development at the same time as functional requirements? To answer this question, the thesis has defined a usability requirements elicitation method called UREM (Usability Requirements Elicitation Method) and has proposed a method to treat it within MDD environments. The development of this research work has been carried out following the Design Science methodology. This methodology considers two cycles: the first cycle is an engineering cycle in which a method is designed to include usability requirements during the requirements elicitation process. The second cycle corresponds to the validation of the proposed method through an empirical evaluation within an academic context. The proposal to capture usability requirements through UREM consists of the definition of a tree structure where the usability guides and UI design guides are stored. The tree is defined as a connected graph without cycles and a root; composed of 4 elements: question, answer, group of questions and design. The questions and design alternatives (answers) are extracted from the usability and design guides, and mark the path along which the analyst navigates until reaching the leaf nodes, which are the user interface designs that have been achieved. during the usability requirements capture process. It is the end users who choose the most appropriate alternative depending on their requirements and/or following the recommendations already pre-established in the tree structure. The construction of the tree is carried out by a usability expert and can be used repeatedly, thus generating various user interface design alternatives. The thesis presents related work in three areas: usability requirements elicitation, use of usability guides, and empirical software engineering. / This work has been developed with the support of MICINN (PROS-Req TIN2010-19130-C02- 02), UV (UV-INV-PRECOMP13-115032), GVA (ORCA PROMETEO/2009/015), and cofinanced with ERDF. We also acknowledge the support of the Intra European Marie Curie Fellowship Grant 50911302 PIEF-2010. We acknowledge also the support from the National University of San Antonio Abad of Cusco under the program Yachayninchis Wiñarinanpaq CONCYTEC and FONDECYT, the support of Generalitat Valenciana with CoMoDID (CIPROM/2021/023) and GENI (CIAICO/2022/229), as well as the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation co-financed by FEDER in the project SREC (PID2021-123824OB-I00) / Ormeño Ayala, YI. (2023). Marco para la captura de requisitos de usabilidad en entornos de MDD [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202630 / Compendio

Background: Psychiatric diseases such as bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD)and schizophrenia are chronic ailments that severely affect daily function and quality of life. A relationship between elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and these disorders hasbeen suggested in several studies. Lithium is used as a treatment in bipolar disorder, and as anadjunctive treatment in MDD and schizophrenia. Despite the extensive use of lithium, it’smechanism of action is not fully understood. One of the proposed hypotheses of lithium’smechanism of action is reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Aim: The aim of this systematic literature review is to describe the effects of lithium onproinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, INF- γ, TNF) in bipolar disorder, MDD andschizophrenia. Methods: The study was conducted through a search in the electronic database PubMed.Using the PICOS format, inclusion and exclusion criteria were specified. Search words andfilters were combined using both Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and free textsearch words. The search initially resulted in 105 articles and through inclusion and exclusioncriteria full-text articles were estimated for eligibility. Risk of bias was estimated using theCochrane Handbook. Results: A total of 10 eligible articlets were included in this study. Nine out of 10 articlesinvestigated bipolar patients, and one article investigated patients with MDD. No article investigated patients with schizophrenia. Four out of 9 articles regarding bipolar patientsreported a significant decrease in some proinflammatory cytokines after lithiumtreatment, 4 articles reported a significant increase, and one article reported no change in theproinflammatory cytokines. In two well conducted studies where bipolar disorder wasinvestigated, lithium had differential effects, namely decreasing proinflammatory cytokines inlithium responders compared to lithium non-responders. No significant change inproinflammatory cytokine levels after lithium treatment were found in the article studyingMDD patients. Conclusions: The results indicated that lithium may have different effects depending onwhich specific cytokine was studied and on the specific characteristics of the studiedpopulation. Therefore, the outcomes of our review cannot unequivocally answer whetherlithium acts by increasing or decreasing proinflammatory cytokines, or both depending on theexperimental conditions. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the relationship betweenlithium and proinflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder, MDD and schizophrenia.

Certain electrophysiological markers hold promise in distinguishing individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and in predicting antidepressant response, thereby assisting with assessment and optimizing treatment, respectively. This thesis examined resting brain activity via electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, as well as EEG-derived event-related potentials (ERPs) to auditory stimuli and facial expression presentations in individuals with MDD and controls. Additionally, the utility of resting EEG as well as auditory ERPs (AEPs), and the associated loudness-dependence of AEPs (LDAEP) slope, were assessed in predicating outcome to chronic treatment with one of three antidepressant regimens [escitalopram (ESC); bupropion (BUP); ESC+BUP]. Relative to controls, depressed adults had lower pretreatment cortical activity in regions implicated in approach motives/positive processing. Increased anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)-localized theta was observed, possibly reflecting emotion/cognitive regulation disturbances in the disorder. AEPs and LDAEPs, putative indices of serotonin activity (implicated in MDD etiology), were largely unaltered in MDD. Assessment of ERPs to facial expression processing indicated slightly blunted late preconscious perceptual processing of expressions, and prolonged processing of intensely sad faces in MDD. Faces were rated as sadder overall in MDD, indicating a negative processing bias. Treatment responders (vs. non-responders) exhibited baseline cortical hypoactivity; after a week of treatment, cortical arousal emerged in responders. Increased baseline left fronto-cortical activity and early shifts towards this profile were noted in responders (vs. non-responders). Responders exhibited a steep, and non-responders shallow, baseline N1 LDAEP derived from primary auditory cortex activity. P2 LDAEP slopes (primary auditory cortex-derived) increased after a week of treatment in responders and decreased in non-responders. Consistent with overall findings, ESC responders displayed baseline cortical hypoactivity and steep LDAEP-sLORETA slopes (vs. non-responders). BUP responders also exhibited steep baseline slopes and high ACC theta. These results indicate that specific resting brain activity profiles appear to distinguish depressed from non-depressed individuals. Subtle ERP modulations to simple auditory and emotive processing also existed in MDD. Resting alpha power, ACC theta activity and LDAEP slopes predicted antidepressant response in general, but were limited in predicting outcome to a particular treatment, which may be associated with limited sample sizes.

In this study, the Turkish left in the 1960s is discussed in the light of the term peculiarism. This is done on the basis of three groups of the Turkish left in the period, namely the Y&ouml / n journal, the MDD group and the TiP with specific reference to Mehmet Ali Aybar. The main premises of the term peculiarism are considered to be nationalism, Kemalism, developmentalism or non-capitalist path of development, the idea of a &ldquo / popular national front&rdquo / and anti-imperialism. Accordingly, each group is discussed on the basis of the above told concepts.

Introduction: This thesis examined the impact of PTSD with Major Depressive Disorder on PTSD severity among Toronto Transit Commission employees who were exposed to a workplace traumatic event, and also the predictors of PTSD severity, mental health treatment seeking, and return to work over the six month study period. Methods: This study utilized data that was collected prospectively from the APT study participants. Information about Axis-I diagnosis and PTSD severity were collected from the SCID-I and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale respectively. Results: PTSD without MDD (N=29) and PTSD with MDD (N=37) groups were compared. The variables: depression severity (p=0.01), female (p=0.01), non-Caucasian (p=0.01), workplace related stress (p=0.02), and lifetime trauma (p=0.01) significantly predicted PTSD severity. The BPI group significantly predicted mental health treatment seeking (p<0.01) after controlling other variables. Conclusion: This study highlights the substantial risk for experiencing greater PTSD severity after a workplace traumatic event in TTC employees.

Introduction: This thesis examined the impact of PTSD with Major Depressive Disorder on PTSD severity among Toronto Transit Commission employees who were exposed to a workplace traumatic event, and also the predictors of PTSD severity, mental health treatment seeking, and return to work over the six month study period. Methods: This study utilized data that was collected prospectively from the APT study participants. Information about Axis-I diagnosis and PTSD severity were collected from the SCID-I and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale respectively. Results: PTSD without MDD (N=29) and PTSD with MDD (N=37) groups were compared. The variables: depression severity (p=0.01), female (p=0.01), non-Caucasian (p=0.01), workplace related stress (p=0.02), and lifetime trauma (p=0.01) significantly predicted PTSD severity. The BPI group significantly predicted mental health treatment seeking (p<0.01) after controlling other variables. Conclusion: This study highlights the substantial risk for experiencing greater PTSD severity after a workplace traumatic event in TTC employees.