Violence against women is an issue affecting women worldwide. Due to the high rates of women exposed to intimate partner violence, it is nearly impossible not to meet them in everyday nursing practice. Intimate partner violence is complex since it concerns physical violence as well as emotional, sexual, financial, and material aspects of abuse. Some women go to seek medical attention and herein lies the responsibility of the nurse to respond. Whilst many countries have handbooks or guidelines on how to support women exposed to intimate partner violence, nurses may encounter challenges in supporting these women in practice. This is particularly challenging in Jamaica, where there are reportedly high rates of intimate partner violence, but where various factors including limited resources and social and cultural norms, may limit the opportunities for nurses to support women exposed to intimate partner violence. Due to limited earlier research on the topic in Jamaica, there is a need for increased knowledge and understanding about how nurses in Kingston, Jamaica experienced the care they provide and how it affects them. / Våld mot kvinnor är ett problem som påverkar kvinnor globalt. På grund av den höga andelen kvinnor som utsätts för våld i nära relation är det nästan omöjligt att inte möta dem i den vardagliga vårdverksamheten. Våld i nära relation är komplext eftersom det berör fysiskt våld samt känslomässiga, sexuella, ekonomiska och materiella aspekter av övergrepp. En del av dessa våldsutsatta kvinnor uppsöker vård, och här ligger sjuksköterskans ansvar att reagera. Trots rutiner kring våld i nära relation, kan sjuksköterskor stöta på utmaningar vid mötet med dessa kvinnor i praktiken. Detta är särskilt utmanande i Jamaica, där det rapporteras att det förekommer höga siffror av våld i nära relation, men där olika faktorer inklusive begränsade resurser, sociala och kulturella normer kan begränsa möjligheterna för sjuksköterskor att stödja dessa kvinnor. På grund av begränsad tidigare forskning om ämnet i Jamaica finns det ett behov av ökad kunskap och förståelse om hur sjuksköterskor i Kingston, Jamaica upplevde den vård de ger och hur den påverkar dem.

<p>This paper is the result of a minor field study conducted in Istanbul, Turkey, during the period of November and December 2007. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the current business environment for apparel manufacturing in Istanbul. Research was carried out through an industry analysis in terms of competition and potential future development for apparel manufacturers.</p><p>The research has been carried out through interviews with actors related to the apparel manufacturing segment. Interviewees include five manufacturers, two sourcing agents, one trade organization and one professor with research in the area.</p><p>Our findings concerning the business environment are based on Michael E. Porters theoretical framework on “How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy”. In the case of Turkish apparel manufacturers this paper concludes how the barriers of entry for new actors are high, unless integrating forward. Additionally in general terms the suppliers have a weak bargaining position while customers are relatively strong in the bargaining process. The rivalry among apparel manufacturers is low, but it can be stated how less differentiated manufacturer experience significant higher level of rivalry. Further on this paper also concludes how these factors not are affected by any substitute products, much due to the broad scope of the study.</p><p>In respect to these factors a general strategy used by apparel manufactures has been identified as they try to affect the balance of these competitive forces through e.g. differentiation and vertical integration.</p>

Membrane proteins play an integral role in the control of ion transport across the cell membrane in biological systems. However, due to experimental constraints, structural and functional data available for these proteins is limited, especially considering their importance. In this study, two membrane proteins which transport nitrate and nitrate into the model filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans were investigated. Work on the twelve trans-membrane domain nitrate transport protein NrtA is well established. As a member of the major facilitator super family (MFS) the role of signature sequences characteristic of this family have previously been studied. Here, a series of point mutations were made to facilitate an understanding of key residues in the nitrate binding domain, the first nitrate signature motif and residues of the unique fungal central-loop domain. Using an expanded alignment package, the proposed secondary structure of NrtA was enhanced and used as a starting point for mutagenesis. Alanine scanning mutagenesis showed that glycine residues in the conserved nitrate nitrite porter (NNP) motif were critical for NrtA function. Two asparagines in the NNP were investigated; N160 and N168. N168 was found to be critical for NrtA function as all mutants were devoid of growth on nitrate solid agar medium though they expressed in the membrane to varying degrees. The nitrate binding site has been studied previously, revealing the interaction of conserved arginine residues with the anion as it traverses the bilayer. Though it was thought that mutations of residue T83 to a small, charge neutral, amino acid would substitute for no alteration to enzyme kinetics in mutant T83S was found when using ¹³NO₃⁻. Another major part of this thesis examined NitA which is part of a distinct nitrite transport family to NrtA (the Formate Nitrite Transporters, FNT). A mutagenesis approach targeted NitA residues conserved amongst homologous proteins. Residues in position D88 in an alignment of homologues were conserved in terms of charge. Mutagenesis of D88 revealed that maintaining charge at this position was essential for NitA function, likely due to a role in salt-bridge formation during conformational changes. Mutations to asparagine, glutamine, serine and valine showed reduced growth on agar though the protein was expressed to approximately wild-type levels. Nitrite uptake assays using a ¹³NO₂⁻ tracer were performed on D88N, D88E and D88Q and all showed wild-type Km and Vmax. Finally, the role of conserved asparagine residues found throughout NitA was investigated by mutagenesis. Expression studies revealed that mutants created in N122 and N246, changed to aspartic acid, lysine, glutamine and serine were generally not present in the membrane and thus did not grow on nitrite agar. However, mutations in N173 (in Tm 4) and N214 (in Tm 5), which are conserved in > 95 % of NitA homologues, showed varying degrees of growth and expression. Both of these residues are located in FNT signature motifs, so it is likely that they are involved with conformational changes or protein dynamics.

<p>The United States of America is one of the most powerful countries in the world and their broadcasting system has become a role model to the rest of the world. Since the US charge less for their media products in third world countries, it is cheaper even for poor countries to import American content than to purchase local products. The aim with our survey is to explore whether heavy consumers of American television programs in Kenya hold positive attitudes to the American lifestyle and experience feelings of relative deprivation as a result of this consumption. Comparisons are made between students in an urban and a rural area.</p><p>The theoretical framework for this study includes cultivation theory which investigates the effects of the values and behaviors of the television audience. It also includes relative deprivation, which is based on the assumption that people experience deprivation when they compare themselves with others – so called reference groups. In our case the reference group is the American lifestyle. A third theory used for this study is cultural imperialism which says that dominating, mainly western media corporations impose their cultural values on third world countries, as in this case, Kenya.</p><p>In this study we are using a quantitative survey based on questionnaires handed out to Kenyan students at two different universities, one in a rural and one in an urban part of Kenya.</p><p>Television is an important part of everyday life for Kenyan students and they consume more than we had predicted. We concluded that the respondents in our study generally have negative attitudes to their life and their country, but a more positive impression of life in the US. Relating these findings to the television consumption of the respondents, the students that watch American programs the most are students at the university in the urban area, and they are more positively disposed to Kenya, but more negative to the US, compared to the Egerton students in the rural area that generally do not favor American programs. These results do not support the theories chosen for this study. Based on our results, our conclusion is that the attitudes held by the USIU students do not originate from television consumption, but do most likely depend on other influences.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to look into the teaching methods and content in Zimbabwean biology education, and the possible influences that the teachers’ view of nature have on this education. The study was performed in and around Mutare in eastern Zimbabwe with eleven observations and six interviews in primary and secondary schools, corresponding to years four to nine in the Swedish compulsory school. My study shows that the teachers’ view of nature is in many parts similar to the Swedish view of nature, but differ in a closer connection to religiosity and in a more every-day-life relation to nature. This is reflected in several of the concepts that view of nature consist of. The view of nature is influencing the content in biology partly. Since science hold universal concepts which are the same all around the world, the view of nature does not influence the scientific parts of biology, but have influence on where the emphases in the education is put. The results show no direct influence of the view of nature on teaching methods, but indirectly influenced by the choice of content.

BACKGROUND: The general comprehension of the populace is that the continent of Africa is very deprived. However, South Africa, the economic powerhouse in the Southern African region, has a stock exchange that rates amid the twenty largest in the world. With a well-developed infrastructure as well as democratic political system, the area has become increasingly more unwavering for companies disposed to invest. Reasons are cheap labour and availability of natural resources where South Africa has an abundant supply. However, there are also drawbacks to consider before investing in South Africa. Examples can be high criminality, high HIV-prevalence, lack of skilled workers and huge socio-economic disparities. Increased foreign direct investments and developed international trade can be means for South Africa to accelerate growth and employment and thereby contribute to a changed distribution of wealth and income in the country. PURPOSE: The purpose with this thesis is to explore entering strategies of Swedish-related manufacturing companies that have entered South Africa. As a purpose extension our intention also includes exploring the organizational structure used in the subsidiary and whether any cultural circumstances affect the business climate. METHOD: In our thesis the method chosen is a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews of people in, and associated to, Swedish-related manufacturing companies in South Africa. An interpretivistic and abductive perspective is used throughout the completion of the thesis. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that motives for investing in South Africa are merely on behalf of market penetration and utilization of the nation as a springboard towards the Sub-Saharan market. The entering strategy most frequently used is acquisitions and the organizational structure is multinational with an ethnocentric staffing approach. No cultural divergences between Swedes and South Africans interfere in the day-to-day business environment according to our study.

This thesis is a part of a Bachelor’s degree within the field of Media and Communication at the School of Education and Communication at Jönköping University in Sweden. It is based on a Minor Field Study accomplished from the 30th of October to the 17th of December 2006 in Kampala, Uganda, East Africa. The background of the research is that women who are between 15 and 24 years old and live in sub-Saharan Africa are more than tree times as likely to be infected by HIV/AIDS as men in the same age and location. The purpose of the study is to discover indicators of what kind of health communication young women need to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The young women in the study are between 15 and 24 years old and live in areas affected by urban poverty in Kampala, Uganda. To be able to gain a deeper understanding for the young women’s situation, the empirical study has been based on eleven conversation interviews made one by one with eleven young women. The procedure of the study has been guided by developed grounded theory and during the analysis of the interviews phenomenology has been used. The result of the study shows that the ABC (Abstinence, Be faithful and Condom use) approach, which is used to fight HIV/AIDS in Uganda, is well known and carries an important message about prevention methods. At the same time it preaches moral in its hierarchical order which seems to judge women harder than men. The ABC approach was turned around by one of the young women in the study, which might create a more realistic message. It is however necessary to complement the approach with communication to young women about for example women’s rights and general sexual knowledge. This can be done through the use of verbal interpersonal communication, combined with easy access to HIV testing. The young women themselves can be effective peer educators and there is a need to let the interpersonal agenda be reflected in the political agenda, as well as in the developing media. To make young women able to act on their knowledge for protection, men and the community also need to be approached with gender sensitive messages.

This paper is the result of a minor field study conducted in Istanbul, Turkey, during the period of November and December 2007. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the current business environment for apparel manufacturing in Istanbul. Research was carried out through an industry analysis in terms of competition and potential future development for apparel manufacturers. The research has been carried out through interviews with actors related to the apparel manufacturing segment. Interviewees include five manufacturers, two sourcing agents, one trade organization and one professor with research in the area. Our findings concerning the business environment are based on Michael E. Porters theoretical framework on “How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy”. In the case of Turkish apparel manufacturers this paper concludes how the barriers of entry for new actors are high, unless integrating forward. Additionally in general terms the suppliers have a weak bargaining position while customers are relatively strong in the bargaining process. The rivalry among apparel manufacturers is low, but it can be stated how less differentiated manufacturer experience significant higher level of rivalry. Further on this paper also concludes how these factors not are affected by any substitute products, much due to the broad scope of the study. In respect to these factors a general strategy used by apparel manufactures has been identified as they try to affect the balance of these competitive forces through e.g. differentiation and vertical integration.

The United States of America is one of the most powerful countries in the world and their broadcasting system has become a role model to the rest of the world. Since the US charge less for their media products in third world countries, it is cheaper even for poor countries to import American content than to purchase local products. The aim with our survey is to explore whether heavy consumers of American television programs in Kenya hold positive attitudes to the American lifestyle and experience feelings of relative deprivation as a result of this consumption. Comparisons are made between students in an urban and a rural area. The theoretical framework for this study includes cultivation theory which investigates the effects of the values and behaviors of the television audience. It also includes relative deprivation, which is based on the assumption that people experience deprivation when they compare themselves with others – so called reference groups. In our case the reference group is the American lifestyle. A third theory used for this study is cultural imperialism which says that dominating, mainly western media corporations impose their cultural values on third world countries, as in this case, Kenya. In this study we are using a quantitative survey based on questionnaires handed out to Kenyan students at two different universities, one in a rural and one in an urban part of Kenya. Television is an important part of everyday life for Kenyan students and they consume more than we had predicted. We concluded that the respondents in our study generally have negative attitudes to their life and their country, but a more positive impression of life in the US. Relating these findings to the television consumption of the respondents, the students that watch American programs the most are students at the university in the urban area, and they are more positively disposed to Kenya, but more negative to the US, compared to the Egerton students in the rural area that generally do not favor American programs. These results do not support the theories chosen for this study. Based on our results, our conclusion is that the attitudes held by the USIU students do not originate from television consumption, but do most likely depend on other influences.

<p>BACKGROUND: The general comprehension of the populace is that the continent of Africa is very deprived. However, South Africa, the economic powerhouse in the Southern African region, has a stock exchange that rates amid the twenty largest in the world. With a well-developed infrastructure as well as democratic political system, the area has become increasingly more unwavering for companies disposed to invest. Reasons are cheap labour and availability of natural resources where South Africa has an abundant supply. However, there are also drawbacks to consider before investing in South Africa. Examples can be high criminality, high HIV-prevalence, lack of skilled workers and huge socio-economic disparities. Increased foreign direct investments and developed international trade can be means for South Africa to accelerate growth and employment and thereby contribute to a changed distribution of wealth and income in the country.</p><p>PURPOSE: The purpose with this thesis is to explore entering strategies of Swedish-related manufacturing companies that have entered South Africa. As a purpose extension our intention also includes exploring the organizational structure used in the subsidiary and whether any cultural circumstances affect the business climate.</p><p>METHOD: In our thesis the method chosen is a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews of people in, and associated to, Swedish-related manufacturing companies in South Africa. An interpretivistic and abductive perspective is used throughout the completion of the thesis.</p><p>CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that motives for investing in South Africa are merely on behalf of market penetration and utilization of the nation as a springboard towards the Sub-Saharan market. The entering strategy most frequently used is acquisitions and the organizational structure is multinational with an ethnocentric staffing approach. No cultural divergences between Swedes and South Africans interfere in the day-to-day business environment according to our study.</p>