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Synthèse et caractérisation de dioxyde de cérium nanométrique : applications à la protection topique contre les agents chimiques de guerre et civils et à la photoprotection topique / Synthesis and characterization of nanometric cerium dioxide : applications to topical skin protection against chemical warfare agents and topical photoprotectionBoutard, Tifenn 26 June 2013 (has links)
Les nanomatériaux représentent un créneau de recherche en plein essor dans de nombreuxdomaines. Leurs propriétés inédites leur confèrent de nombreux avantages mais soulèvent égalementdes interrogations quant à leur profil toxicologique. Parmi leurs applications possibles, lesnanomatériaux sont intégrés au sein de topiques protecteurs : dans le secteur militaire, afin de limiterla pénétration cutanée des agents chimiques de guerre et dans le secteur cosmétique, notammentdans les produits de protection solaire. Ce travail porte sur l'intérêt du dioxyde de cérium pur ou dopéau calcium dans ces deux applications. Dans un premier temps, les nanoparticules ont étésynthétisées par une méthode hydrothermale, assistée de la voie micro-ondes. La caractérisation pardifférentes méthodes a permis d'identifier la phase cristalline du CeO2 et a montré que lesnanoparticules présentaient une taille de 3 nm, pouvant être augmentée jusqu'à 95 nm en fonction dutraitement thermique appliqué. Par la suite, l'efficacité des nanoparticules seules puis incorporées ausein de topiques à effets barrières vis-à-vis de la pénétration du paraoxon, agent organophosphoré, aété testée. Une émulsion H/E constituée de 10 % de cérine a permis de réduire de façon significativela pénétration du toxique. Enfin, la photoprotection et la sécurité d'emploi du CeO2 ont été comparéesà celles des filtres solaires, et notamment à celles de l'oxyde de zinc (ZnO) fréquemment rencontrédans les produits de protection solaire. Le CeO2, en améliorant la protection dans le domaine des UVBet en ne présentant aucun effet antiprolifératif ou génotoxique sur une lignée cellulaire dekératinocytes humains, représente une alternative particulièrement intéressante au ZnO. / Nanomaterials represent a growing niche research in many fields. Their unusual properties provide many benefits, but also raise questions about their toxicological profile. Among their applications, nanomaterials are integrated into topical skin protectant: in the military sector, in order to reduce skin penetration of chemical warfare agents and in the cosmetics industry, especially in sunscreen products. This work focuses on the interest of pure or calcium doped cerium dioxide in these two applications. Initially, the nanoparticles were synthesized by a microwave-hydrothermal method. Characterization by different methods has identified the crystalline phase of CeO2 and has showed that the nanoparticles had a size of 3 nm, which could be increased up to 95 nm depending on the heat treatment applied. Thereafter, the effectiveness of nanoparticles alone and then incorporated in a topical barrier cream over the penetration of paraoxon, organophosphorus agent was tested. An O/W emulsion, consisting of 10 % ceria, has reduced significantly the penetration of the toxic. Finally, photoprotection and safety of CeO2 were compared with sunscreens, and in particular with zinc oxide (ZnO), frequently encountered in sunscreen products. CeO2, improving protection in the UVB range and showing no antiproliferative or genotoxic effect on human keratinocyte cell line, is a particularly attractive alternative to ZnO.
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Valorisation des fruits et des sous-produits de l'industrie de transformation des fruits par extraction des composés bioactifs / Valorisation of fruits and by-products from fruits industry by bioactive compounds extractionGrigoraş, Cristina-Gabriela 24 September 2012 (has links)
Les fruits et les sous-produits de l’industrie de transformation des fruits sont obtenus chaque année en quantités importantes partout dans le monde. Les cerises et les résidus de pommes sont parmi les sources végétales les plus riches en composés bioactifs qui sont reconnus pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur l’organisme humain. Des méthodes appropriées d’extraction (macération, extraction par solvant pressurisé, extraction assistée par ultrasons, extraction assistée par microondes), d’analyse (HPTLC, HPLC-UV-DEDL, HPLC-MS, SFC) et de fractionnement (CPC, HPLC semi-préparative, extraction liquide-liquide) ont été mises au point pour la récupération, l’identification et la purification des composés bioactifs de cerises (Prunus avium) et de résidus de différentes variétés de pommes (Royal Gala, Golden, Granny Smith, Pink Lady). Les résultats obtenus au cours des travaux de recherches indiquent le fait que ces sources végétales contiennent des composés phénoliques (cerises, résidus de pommes) et des composés triterpéniques (résidus de pommes) qui peuvent être valorisés par incorporation dans différentes formulations alimentaires, pharmaceutiques, cosmétiques etc. / Fruits and by-products of fruit processing industry are produced annually in large quantities worldwide. Cherries and apple pomace are among the richest plant sources in bioactive compounds that are recognized for their beneficial effects on the human body. Appropriated methods of extraction (maceration, pressurized solvent extraction, ultrasoundassisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction), analysis (HPTLC, HPLC-UV-ELSD, HPLC-MS, SFC) and fractionation (CPC, HPLC semipreparative, liquid-liquid extraction) have been developed in order to extract, to identify and to purify bioactive compounds of cherry (Prunus avium) and pomaces of different apple varieties (Royal Gala, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Pink Lady). The results obtained during the research work indicate that these plant sources contain phenolic compounds (cherry, apple pomace) and triterpenic compounds (apple pomace) that can be used as ingredients for various food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic formulations etc.
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[en] ANALYSIS OF TROPOSPHERIC PROPAGATION IN INHOMOGENEOUS TWO-DIMENSIONAL MARITIME MEDIA USING RAY TRACING AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA FROM OCEANOGRAPHIC BUOYS / [pt] ANÁLISE DA PROPAGAÇÃO TROPOSFÉRICA EM MEIOS INOMOGÊNEOS BIDIMENSIONAIS MARÍTIMOS UTILIZANDO TRAÇADO DE RAIOS E DADOS METEOROLÓGICOS DE BOIAS OCEANOGRÁFICASLEONARDO DE LIMA FREITAS 07 January 2019 (has links)
[pt] O crescimento da demanda por serviços de telecomunicações em terra firme também pode ser encontrado em ambientes marítimos por usuários a bordo de embarcações, sejam elas civis ou militares. Nestes ambientes, um fenômeno conhecido como duto de evaporação influencia a propagação eletromagnética na
troposfera, proporcionando a comunicação ponto-a-ponto em distâncias além do horizonte rádio. Este trabalho utiliza a técnica de traçado de raios para analisar o comportamento da onda eletromagnética nestes meios. Foi elaborado um algoritmo capaz de traçar raios e determinar amplitudes e fases do campo elétrico em meios inomogêneos bidimensionais dado um mapa de refratividade modificada M. A partir destes mapas, o algoritmo calcula os gradientes verticais de M, que podem variar ao longo do percurso, e traça os raios, a partir da antena transmissora. Como aplicação, além de cenários com dutos de evaporação, foram utilizados mapas de M estimados com base em dados meteorológicos fornecidos por radiossondas lançadas no litoral brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos fornecidos pelo software Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction System (AREPS), baseado na solução numérica de equação parabólica. Este trabalho também apresenta resultados estatísticos de dutos de evaporação no litoral brasileiro, a partir de dados meteorológicos fornecidos por boias oceanográficas do Programa Nacional de Boias (PNBOIA). Para tal, é utilizado, com pequenas alterações, o algoritmo de Paulus-Jeske, que estima a altura de dutos de evaporação. / [en] The demand growth for land-based telecommunications services can also be found in maritime environments by users on board ships, whether civilian or military. In these environments, a phenomenon known as the evaporation duct influences electromagnetic propagation in the troposphere, providing point-to-point communication at distances beyond the radio horizon. This work uses the raytracing technique to analyze the behavior of electromagnetic waves in these media. An algorithm capable of tracing rays and determining electric field amplitudes and phases in two-dimensional inhomogeneous media was developed, given a map of modified refractivity M. From these maps, the algorithm calculates the vertical gradients of M, which can vary along the path, and traces rays from the transmitting antenna. As an application, in addition to scenarios with evaporation ducts, M maps were estimated based on meteorological data provided by radiosondes launched in the Brazilian coast. The results obtained were compared with those provided by the Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction System (AREPS) software, based on the numerical solution of parabolic equation. This work also presents statistical results of evaporation ducts in the Brazilian coast, based on meteorological data provided by oceanographic buoys of Programa Nacional de Boias (PNBOIA). For this, the Paulus-Jeske algorithm, which estimates the height of the evaporation ducts, is used with small changes.
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An?lise de antenas utilizando substrato cer?mico, zpt, produzido por s?ntese auto propagante para aplica??es em sistemas de micro-ondasMartins, Jo?mia Leilane Gomes de Medeiros 07 June 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Ceramic substrates have been investigated by researchers around the world and
has achieved a high interest in the scientific community, because they had high
dielectric constants and excellent performance in the structures employed.
Such ceramics result in miniaturized structures with dimensions well reduced and high
radiation efficiency.
In this work, we have used a new ceramic material called lead zinc titanate in the
form of Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3, capable of being used as a dielectric substrate in the construction
of various structures of antennas.
The method used in constructing the ceramic combustion synthesis was Self-
Sustained High Temperature (SHS - "Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis")
which is defined as a process that uses highly exothermic reactions to produce various
materials. Once initiated the reaction area in the reaction mixture, the heat generated is
sufficient to become self-sustaining combustion in the form of a wave that propagates
converting the reaction mixture into the product of interest.
Were analyzed aspects of the formation of the composite Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 by SHS
powders and characterized. The analysis consisted of determining the parameters of the
reaction for the formation of the composite, as the ignition temperature and reaction
mechanisms.
The production of composite Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 by SHS performed in the laboratory,
was the result of a total control of combustion temperature and after obtaining the
powder began the development of ceramics. The product was obtained in the form of
regular, alternating layers of porous ceramics and was obtained by uniaxial pressing.
10
The product was characterized by analysis of dilatometry, X-ray diffraction
analysis and scanning electron microscopy.
One of the contributions typically defined in this work is the development of a
new dielectric material, nevertheless presented previously in the literature. Therefore,
the structures of the antennas presented in this work consisted of new dielectric
ceramics based Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 usually used as dielectric substrate. The materials
produced were characterized in the microwave range. These are dielectrics with high
relative permittivity and low loss tangent. The Ansoft HFSS, commercial program
employee, using the finite element method, and was used for analysis of antennas
studied in this work / Substratos cer?micos t?m sido investigados por pesquisadores de todo o mundo
e tem despertado um grande interesse na comunidade cient?fica, pelo fato de
apresentarem altas constantes diel?tricas e um excelente desempenho nas estruturas
empregadas.
Tais cer?micas resultam em estruturas miniaturizadas, com dimens?es bem
reduzidas e de alta efici?ncia de radia??o.
Neste trabalho, utilizou-se um novo material cer?mico, chamado de titanato de
zinco chumbo, na forma de Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3, capaz de ser utilizado como substrato
diel?trico na constru??o de diversas estruturas de antenas.
O m?todo utilizado na constru??o da cer?mica foi a S?ntese por Combust?o
Auto-Sustentada a Alta Temperatura (SHS Self-Propagating High-Temperature
Synthesis ) que ? definido como um processo que utiliza rea??es altamente exot?rmicas
para produzir os mais diversos materiais. Uma vez iniciada a rea??o numa ?rea da
mistura reagente, o calor gerado ? suficiente para tornar a combust?o auto-sustent?vel,
na forma de uma onda que se propaga convertendo a mistura reagente no produto de
interesse.
Foram analisados os aspectos da forma??o do comp?sito Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 por SHS
e os p?s obtidos, foram caracterizados. A an?lise consistiu na determina??o dos
par?metros da rea??o para a forma??o do comp?sito, como a temperatura de igni??o e
os mecanismos de rea??o.
A produ??o do comp?sito Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 por SHS, realizada em laborat?rio, foi
resultado de um controle total da temperatura de combust?o e ap?s a obten??o do p?
8
iniciou-se o desenvolvimento das cer?micas. O produto foi obtido na forma de camadas
regulares e altern?ncia de porosidades e as cer?micas foram obtidas por prensagem
uniaxial.
O produto foi caracterizado atrav?s de an?lises de dilatometria, difra??o de
raios-X e an?lise de microscopia de varredura eletr?nica.
Uma das contribui??es principais deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um
novo material diel?trico, n?o obstante apresentado anteriormente na literatura. Portanto,
as estruturas das antenas apresentadas neste trabalho foram constitu?das por novas
cer?micas diel?tricas ? base de Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3, geralmente utilizado como substrato
diel?trico. Os materiais desenvolvidos foram caracterizados na faixa de micro-ondas.
S?o substratos diel?tricos de alta permissividade relativa e baixa tangente de perda. O
software comercial empregado, Ansoft HFSS, baseado no m?todo dos elementos finitos,
foi utilizado na an?lise das antenas estudadas neste trabalho
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Uso de microfrascos de digestão em forno de microondas focalizadas como uma alternativa para a preparação de amostras / Use of microwaved digestion microwaves focused as an alternative to the preparation of samplesTan Chun Shan 16 December 2002 (has links)
Este trabalho propõe o uso de microfrascos de polipropileno adaptados a um forno de microondas focalizadas como um procedimento alternativo para a preparação de amostras. O pré-tratamento de amostras em microfrascos digestores agrega algumas características importantes como aumento da freqüência analítica, pequena massa de amostra e baixo consumo de reagentes. A eficiência do sistema de digestão foi verificada com o desenvolvimento de metodologia para a determinação de cobre, ferro, manganês, selênio e zinco em cabelo por espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização por chama ou eletrotérmica em forno de grafite. Os elementos selecionados são essenciais para os seres humanos e são indicadores nutricionais e do bom funcionamento enzimático. O sistema de digestão é constituído de um forno de microondas focalizadas e um tubo de vidro com 30 cm de comprimento e 4 cm de largura, ao qual são colocados quatro ou cinco microfrascos de polipropileno com capacidade para respectivamente 4,0 mL e 2,0 mL. Esses microfrascos foram adaptados a um suporte de Teflon® e fixado a uma haste de vidro, facilitando a introdução e retirada do interior do tubo de vidro. O sistema proposto possibilitou uma drástica redução no tempo de preparo de amostra e melhor eficiência de decomposição (menor teor de carbono residual) em comparação com os procedimentos convencionais. O sistema \"quase fechado\" associado a baixas temperaturas atingidas evitou perdas de elementos por volatilidade, além de apresentar uma ótima homogeneidade de aquecimento entre os microfrascos. A exatidão da metodologia foi verificada através de ensaios de recuperação da análise de um material de referência certificado (IAEA-086) e da análise de amostra com adição e recuperação dos analitos apresentando recuperações de 90 a 103%. / In this work the use of polypropylene vials adapted at focused m1crowaves, as alternative method for sample preparation is proposed. The sample pre-treatment in digestion vials include some desirable characteristics like increase of analytical frequency, low sample mass and low reagents consumption. To check the efficiency of the digestion system the development of a methodology for copper, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc determination using graphite furnace or flame atomic absorption spectrometry was performed. The selected elements are essential for human individual, nutritional indicators and required for enzymatic working. The digestion system is constituted of a focused microwave oven, a glass tube with 30 cm length and 4 cm width, where are setting four or five polypropylene vials with capacity for 4.0 mL and 2.0 mL, respectively, through a Teflon® support assisted by glass haste. The proposed system allowed a drastic reduction of sample preparation time and improved the decomposition efficiency (lower carbon residual content) comparing with conventional methods. The \"almost closed\" system associated with the low temperature avoids elements losses and improve heating homogeneity among the vials. The accuracy of the methodology was ascertained through good recoveries for a certificate reference material (IAEA-086) analysis and good recovery of spiked sample analysis, presenting recovery 90 to 103%.
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Implementação e análise de desempenho de sistemas rádio sobre fibra em redes WSN e Wi-Fi / Implementation and performance analysis of radio over fiber systems in WSN and Wi-Fi networksLona, Daniel Grandin 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Hugo Enrique Hernández Figueroa, Arismar Cerqueira Sodré Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a aplicabilidade da tecnologia Radio sobre Fibra (Radio over Fiber - RoF) em redes de sensores sem-fio (Wireless Sensor Networks - WSNs) e Wi-Fi. Inicialmente, realizou-se uma detalhada análise analítica de desempenho dos sistemas em função dos parâmetros típicos de equipamentos RoF, tais como: freqüência de operação, figura de ruído, ruído de intensidade relativa do laser, ruído shot do fotodetector, ruído térmico e modulação óptica. Os sistemas analisados foram então implementados em laboratório nas faixas de freqüência de 915 MHz e 2,4 GHz para WSN e Wi-Fi, respectivamente. Os parâmetros de desempenho medidos foram a indicação de intensidade de sinal recebida (Received Signal Strength Indication - RSSI), taxa de perda de pacotes (Packet Error Rate - PER) e vazão (Throughput) / Abstract: This works aims to evaluate the applicability of Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Wi-Fi networks. Initially, the system performance has been analytically evaluated as a function of diverse parameters from RoF pieces of equipment, such as: operation frequency, noise figure, relative intensity noise, shot noise of photodetector, thermal noise and optical modulation. Furthermore, the proposed RoF systems were experimentally implemented in laboratory at 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands for WSN and Wi-Fi, respectively. The performance metrics were Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Packet Error Rate (PER) and throughput / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Analyse et évaluation des données de Grille Neige du Québec issues des micro-ondes passives pour les bassins de La Grande et de la Manicouagan de 2006 à 2010Badreddine, Saida Farah January 2017 (has links)
L’estimation de l’équivalent en eau de la neige (ÉEN) en temps quasi-réel est un enjeu important pour Hydro-Québec. Le réseau de mesure au sol étant non homogène et de faible densité, ne permet pas un suivi adéquat de l’ÉEN. L’imagerie satellitaire pourrait être une alternative à ce problème. Le modèle HUT (Helsinki University of Technology) permet l’estimation de l’ÉEN à partir des données micro-ondes passives. Le premier objectif de ce projet était de comparer deux produits qui estiment l’ÉEN à partir du modèle HUT, mais avec deux procédures d’inversion différentes. Il s’agit du produit Grille Neige du Québec (GNQ) et le produit GlobSnow. Deuxièmement, l’étude a évalué le produit GNQ en fonction de la végétation, du climat et de la topographie. L’étude s’est portée sur la région des bassins versants de la Grande et du Manicouagan situés au nord du Québec, sur une période allant du 1er janvier au 31 mars des années 2006 à 2010. Les données in-situ utilisées sont les lignes de neige d’Hydro-Québec et les mesures d’ÉEN de l’Année Polaire Internationale (février 2008), qui concernaient les sites de Sept-Iles et Schefferville. Il s’agissait de calculer l’erreur quadratique moyenne, le biais et le R2 pour chaque produit par rapport aux données in-situ, puis d’analyser ces paramètres en fonction des valeurs de fraction forestière, de volume des tiges, des moyennes de température et des précipitations, ainsi que de l’ÉEN moyen mesuré et de la pente du terrain. L’analyse a été faite d’abord à l’échelle du bassin, puis à l’échelle de cinq bandes latitudinales de 1° de latitude du nord vers le sud. Pour toute la zone, cette étude a démontré la supériorité de GNQ (RMSE=31%) par rapport à GlobSnow (RMSE=43%) pour un ÉEN moyen de 215 mm. Cependant cette supériorité décroit du nord vers le sud, où les produits deviennent similaires avec une RMSE = 45% et un biais de -90 mm pour un ÉEN moyen de 253 mm. Ceci pourrait être expliqué par l’effet de la densité de végétation caractéristique de la forêt boréale (fraction forestière > 45%), qui agit comme un masque au signal, et par l’effet d’un ÉEN > 250mm qui le sature. Pour le GNQ, l’effet combiné de la température et des précipitations joue un impact sur l’estimation de l’ÉEN, alors que le relief, plat en général, n’a pas montré un impact significatif. Pour conclure, le produit GNQ montre de meilleurs résultats que le produit GlobSnow, mais cette efficacité est limitée pour les régions ayant une végétation dense et un ÉEN très élevé. / Abstract : The monitoring of snow water equivalent (SWE) in near real time is an important challenge
for Hydro-Quebec. Measurement networks do not allow adequate monitoring of the SWE.
Passive microwave remote sensing could be an alternative to overcome this problem. The
HUT (Helsinki University of Technology) model allows the estimation of the SWE from
passive microwave data. The first purpose of this project was to compare two products that
estimate the SWE using the HUT model, but with different inversion approaches. The first
product is Quebec Snow Grid (GNQ) produced by Hydro-Quebec, and the second product
is GlobSnow. The second objective of this study was to evaluate the GNQ product with
regards to environmental variables (vegetation cover fraction, stem volume, climate and
topography). The study area is located at La Grande and Manicouagan watersheds in
northern Quebec. The study period was from 1
st January to 31 March of the years 2006 to
2010. The SWE data estimated by the two products were compared to Hydro-Quebec's insitu
snow line data and to 2008 International Polar Year field campaign’s SWE
measurements in Sept-Iles and Schefferville. The methodology of this work consisted in
calculating the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), bias and R2
for each product, relative to
the in-situ data; and then analyze these parameters according to forest fraction, stem
volume, mean temperatures, precipitation, as well as the mean measured SWE and the
slope of the terrain. This was done, first for the study area, and then at the scale of five
latitudinal bands of one degree latitude from north to south, which divide the study area.
This study demonstrated the superiority of GNQ (RMSE = 31%) compared to GlobSnow
(RMSE = 43%) for an average SWE of 215 mm over the entire study area. However, the
performance decreases from north to south, where both products become quite similar, with
RMSE = 45% and a bias of -90 mm for an average SWE of 253 mm. This could be
explained by the effect of the vegetation density characteristic of the boreal forest (forest
fraction> 45%), which acts like a mask for the signal, and by the higher SWE values (>
250 mm) which saturates it, hence the underestimation of the SWE. A combined effect of
temperature and precipitation that had an impact on the SWE estimate was found for GNQ
product. The relatively flat relief did not have a significant impact on the estimation of the SWE. Globally, GNQ shows better results than GlobSnow, but its capacity is limited for
dense vegetation and thick snowpack.
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Coupling Of Electromagnetic Fields From Intentional High Power Electromagnetic Sources With A Buried Cable And An Airborne Vehicle In FlightSunitha, K 04 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Society’s dependence on electronic and electrical systems has increased rapidly over the past few decades, and people are relying more and more on these gadgets in their daily life because of the efficiency in operation which these systems can offer. This has revolutionized many areas of electrical and electronics engineering including power sector, telecommunication sector, transportation and many other allied areas. With progress in time, the sophistication in the systems also increased. Also as the systems size reduced from micro level to nano level, the compactness of the systems increased. This paved the way for development in the digital electronics leading to new and efficient IC 0s that came into existence. Power sector also faced a resurge in its technology. Most of the analog meters are now replaced by digital meters. The increased sophistication and compactness in the digital system technology made it susceptible to electromagnetic interference especially from High Power Electromagnetic Sources. Communication, data processing, sensors, and similar electronic devices are vital parts of the modern technological environment. Damage or failures in these devices could lead to technical or financial disasters as well as injuries or the loss of life.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) can be explained as any malicious generation of electromagnetic energy introducing noise or signals into electric and electronic systems, thus disrupting, confusing or damaging these systems. The disturbance may interrupt, obstruct, or otherwise degrade or limit the effective performance of the circuit. These effects can range from a simple degradation of data to a total loss of data. The source may be any object, artificial or natural, that carries rapidly changing electrical currents, such as an electrical circuit. The sources of electromagnetic interference can be either unintentional or intentional. The sources producing electromagnetic interference can be of different power levels, different frequency of operation and of different field strength. One such classification of these sources are the High Power Electromagnetic Sources (HPEM) High Power Electromagnetic environment refers to sources producing very high peak electromagnetic fields at very high power levels. These power levels coupled with the extremely high magnitude of the fields are sufficient to cause disastrous effects on the electrical and electronic systems. There has been a lot of developments in the field of the source technology of HPEM sources so that they are now one of the strongest sources of electromagnetic interference.
High Power Electromagnetic environment refers to the sources producing very high peak electromagnetic fields at very high power levels. These power levels coupled with the extremely high magnitude of the fields are sufficient to cause disastrous effects on the electrical and electronic systems. HPEM environments are categorized based on the source characteristics such as the peak electric field, often called threat level, frequency coverage or bandwidth, average power density and energy content. The sources of electromagnetic interference can be either unintentional or intentional. Some examples of unintentional sources are the increased use of electromagnetic spectrum which generates disturbance to various systems operating in that frequency band, poor design of systems without taking care of other systems present nearby as well as lightning. Intentional sources are High altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) or Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NEMP) due to nuclear detonations, Ultra Wide Band (UWB) field from Impulse Radiating Antennas (IRA), Nar-row band fields like those coming from High Power Microwaves (HPM), High Intensity Radio Frequency (HIRF) sources. Of these the lightning is natural and all other sources are man-made. The significant progress in the Intentional High-Power Electromagnetic (HPEM) sources and antenna technologies and the easy access to simple HPEM systems for anyone entail the need to determine the susceptibility of electronic equipment as well as coupling of these fields with systems such as cables (buried as well as aerial), airborne vehicle etc. to these types of threats.
Buried cables are widely used in the communication and power sectors due to their efficient functioning in urban cities and towns. These cables are more prone to electromagnetic interferences from HPEM sources. The buried communication cables or even the buried data cables are connected to sensitive equipments and hence even a slight rise in the voltage or the current at the terminals of the equipments can become a serious problem for the smooth operation of the system. In the first part of the thesis the effect of the electromagnetic field due to these sources on the cables laid underground has been studied.
The second part of this thesis deals with the study of the interaction of the EM field from the above mentioned HPEM sources with an airborne vehicle. Airborne vehicle and its payload are extremely expensive so that any destruction to these as a result of the voltages and currents induced on the vehicle on account of the incoming HPEM fields can be quite undesirable. The incoming electromagnetic fields will illuminate the vehicle along its axis which results in the induction of currents and voltages. These currents and voltages will get coupled to the internal control circuits that are extremely sensitive. If the induced voltage/ current magnitude happen to be above the damage threshold level of these circuits then it will result in either a malfunction of the circuit or a permanent damage of it, with both of them being detrimental to the success of the mission. This will even result in the abortion of the mission or possible degradation of the vehicle performance. Hence it is worthwhile to see what will be the influence of an incoming HPEM electromagnetic field on the airborne vehicle with and without the presence of an exhaust plume.
In this work, the HPEM sources considered are NEMP, IRA and HPM. The electromagnetic fields produced by the EMP can induce large voltage and current transients in electrical and electronic circuits which can lead to a possible malfunction or permanent damage of the systems. The electric field at the earth 0s surface can be modelled as a double exponential pulse as per the IEC standard 61000-2-9. The NEMP field incident on the earth’s surface is considered as that coming from a source at a distance far away from the earth’s surface; hence a plane wave approximation has been used. Impulse radiating antennas are the ones that are used as the major source of ultra wide band radiation. These are highly powerful
antennas that use a pulsed power source as the input and this power source is conditioned to get an extremely sharp rise time pulse. These antennas are very high power antennas that are capable of producing a significant electromagnetic field. Impulse radiating antenna is a paraboloidal reflector and hence is an aperture antenna. Initially the radiated field due to this aperture needs to be found out at any observation point from the antenna. In this thesis, the aperture distribution method is used to accurately determine the field due to the aperture. In this method the field reflected from the surface of the reflector is first found on an imaginary plane through the focal point of the reflector that is normal to the axis of the reflector, by using the principles of geometrical optics, which then is extended to the observation point. The IRA considered for the present work is the one of the most powerful IRA as per the published literature available in the open domain. This has an input voltage of 1.025 MV. The far field electric field measured at the boresight (at r =85 m) being equal to 62 kV/m, and the uncorrected pulse rise time (10%-90%) is 180 ps for this IRA.
HPM sources are usually electromagnetic radiators having a reflector with a horn antenna kept at their focal point for excitation. HPM sources generally operate in single mode or at tens or hundreds of Hz repetition rates. Many HPM radiators are developed in the world each with their own peculiar geometry and power levels. In the present thesis, a single waveguide (WR-975) fed HPM antenna assembly has been studied. The chosen waveguide has a cut-o_ frequency of 1 GHz and a power level of 10 GW. The wavelength associated with the waveguide is 0.3 m. The field pattern shows a definite peak in its response when the frequency is 1 GHz, the cut-off frequency of the waveguide.
The electric field coming out of the HPEM sources travel through the medium that is either air alone or a combination of air and soil respectively depending upon whether the circuit on which the coupling is analysed is an airborne vehicle or an underground cable. The media plays a major role in the coupling, as the field magnitude is influenced by the characteristic properties of the media. As height increases the magnitude of the electric field decreases for all types of sources and also the time before which the field waveform starts is increased. The electric field in the soil is decided by the soil properties such as its conductivity and permittivity. The soil is modelled in frequency domain and the high frequency behaviour of soils is considered with its conductivity and permittivity taken as functions of frequency, as the incident field has high frequency components. A soil medium can be electromagnetically viewed as a four component dielectric mixture consisting of soil particles, air voids, bound water, and free water. When electric field is incident on the soil, it gets polarized. This is as a result of a wide variety of processes, including polarization of electrons in the orbits around atoms, distortion of molecules, reorientation of water molecules, accumulation of charge at interfaces, and electrochemical reactions. Whatever is the HPEM source, an increase in the soil conductivity results in an increased attenuation of the field. Also there is a significant loss of high frequency components in the GHz range in the field due to the selective absorption by the soil. This effect causes the percentage attenuation to be maximum for HPM and minimum for NEMP and IRA lying in between these two extremities. Increase in permittivity of the soil causes attenuation of the electric field for all HPEM sources. This is due to the relaxation mechanisms in the soil due to atomic- or molecular-scale resonances.
The coupling of the electromagnetic fields due to HPEM sources is considered in the first phase. Two cables are considered (i) buried shielded and (ii) buried shielded twisted pair cables. The results are arrived at using the Enhanced Transmission Line model. The induced current is more for a shielded cable than a twisted pair cable of the same configuration. The induced current magnitude depends upon the type of the HPEM source, the depth of burial of the cable and the point on the cable where the current/ voltage is computed. Current is maximum at the centre of the cable for a matched termination and the voltage is the minimum at this point. The ratio of the induced current in the inner conductor with respect to the shield current of a shielded cable is the least for an HPM, and maximum for NEMP. This is due to the fact that higher frequencies are absorbed more by the shield of the cable. This affects HPM induced current the maximum and NEMP the least because of the presence of the lower frequency components in NEMP. Induced current in the twisted pair cable depends upon the number of pairs of the cable and the pitching of the cable.
The electromagnetic field from the HPEM sources propagates with less attenuation in air due to the lower resistance this medium offers for electromagnetic wave propagation. Hence any system in air, be it electrical or electronic, will be under the strong illumination by these electromagnetic fields. As the second part of this thesis, the influence of the electromagnetic fields from all the three HPEM sources on an airborne vehicle in flight is analysed. For this part of study, the Electromagnetic (EM) fields radiated by all the three sources at different heights from the earth 0s surface have been computed. The coupling study has been done for the case of a vehicle with plume as well as without plume. For the second case, the electromagnetic modelling of the plume has been done taking into consideration its conductivity, which in turn depends on the different ionic species present in the plume. The species of the exhaust plume depends upon the chemical reactions taking place in the combustion chamber of the nozzle of the vehicle. The presence of the alkali metals as impurity in the airborne vehicle propellant will generate considerable ion particles such as Na+, Cl in addition to e- in the plume mixture during combustion which makes the plume electrically conducting. But it does not influence the pressure, temperature and velocity of the plume. After the nozzle throat, the exhaust plume regains the supersonic speed, so the flow of the exhaust plume is assumed as compressible flow in the second region. The electrons have high collision frequency, high number density, high plasma frequency and lower molecular mass and hence the highly mobile electrons dominate the heavy ion particle in the computation of the electrical conductivity of the plume. The plume conductivity decreases marginally from the axis till a distance equal to the nozzle radius but the peak value increases sharply towards the exit plane edge of the nozzle radius. The induced current is computed using Method of Moments. The induced current depends upon the type of interference source, its characteristics, whether the plume is present or not and the type of the plume. The HPM induces maximum current in the vehicle because of the fact that the plume has a tendency to become more conductive at these frequencies. The induced currents due to the EM fields from IRA and NEMP comes after the HPM. The presence of the plume enhances the magnitude of the induced current. If the plume is homogeneous then the current induced in it is more.
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Pharmacochimie antiprotozoaire en séries quinazoline et quinoléine : synthèse, évaluation biologique et recherchedu mécanisme d'action. / ANTIPROZOAL PHARMACOCHEMISTRY IN QUINAZOLINE AND QUINOLINE SERIES : SYNTHESIS, BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND RESEARCH FOR THE MECHANISM OF ACTIONKieffer, Charline 11 December 2014 (has links)
Le paludisme et la leishmaniose sont les deux plus importantes infections parasitaires au monde, en termes de mortalité. La recherche de nouvelles molécules actives contre les protozoaires responsables de ces « maladies tropicales négligées », Plasmodium sp et Leishmania sp, est un enjeu majeur de santé publique. Après une première partie dressant un état des lieux des connaissances disponibles en matière de chimiothérapie antiplasmodiale, une seconde partie s’est intéressée à l’étude des propriétés anti-infectieuses du noyau 2-trichlorométhyl-quinazoline, en introduisant en position 4 des motifs alcynyles par couplage de Sonogashira, optimisés par LC/MS. Une troisième partie a porté sur la pharmacomodulation en positions 2 et 4 du même noyau, notamment par réactions de SNAr. Une quatrième partie a consisté à rechercher le mécanisme d'action des meilleures quinazolines antiplasmodiales, via une approche de chromatographie d'affinité sur inhibiteur immobilisé. La fonctionnalisation multi-étapes des molécules les plus puissantes, par un bras espaceur, a été suivie de leur ancrage sur divers supports solides, pour constituer des matrices biocompatibles spécifiques. L’une d’entre-elles a permis la mise en évidence de 2 cibles plasmodiales protéiques originales : la GTPase Pfrab6 et la pyruvate-kinase PfpyrK1. Enfin, une cinquième partie relate la pharmacomodulation antileishmanienne du noyau 8-nitroquinoléin-2(1H)-one. Les travaux se sont intéressés à l'étude de la substitution de la position 4 de ce noyau par des réactions de SNAr, ainsi que des réactions de couplages pallado-catalysés optimisées à l’aide de la technologie micro-ondes. / Malaria and leishmaniasis are the two most important parasitic infections worldwide, in terms of mortality. Thus, the research for new molecules targeting the protozoa parasites responsible for these “neglected tropical diseases”, Plasmodium sp and Leishmania sp, constitute a major challenge in public health. Our work focused first on a current state of knowledge about antiplasmodial chemotherapy. In a view to develop the study of the anti-infective properties of the 2-trichloromethylquinazoline scaffold, a second part presented antiplasmodial pharmacomodulation at position 4 using Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction, optimized with the LC/MS technology. A third part concerned other pharmacomodulation reactions, especially at positions 2 and 4, using especially SNAR reactions. A fourth part consisted in the research of the mechanism of action of the best antiplasmodial quinazolines by using the affinity chromatography on immobilized inhibitor approach. The multi-step functionalization of the most potent derivatives by a spacer side chain was followed by their anchoring onto various solid supports, so as to generate different biocompatible specific matrices. One of them, put in contact with a parasitic lysate, allowed the identification of two original plasmodial targets: the GTPase Pfrab6 and the pyruvate-kinase PfpyrK1. Finally, a fifth part presented the antileishmanial pharmacomodulation of the 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one scaffold, especially at position 4 of the quinoline ring, involving SNAr reactions (with amines, phenols or thiophenols) or pallado-catalyzed coupling reactions (in particular Suzuki-Miyaura), some of them being optimized under microwave irradiation.
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Plasmas micro-ondes en cavité résonnante à la pression atmosphérique : étude des plasmas d'hélium et applications au traitement des matériaux / Microwave plasmas at atmospheric pressure in resonant cavity : study of helium plasmas and applications to materials treatmentPerito Cardoso, Rodrigo 14 December 2007 (has links)
Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire portent sur l’étude des plasmas d’hélium générés par micro-ondes en cavité résonnante à la pression atmosphérique et sur leurs applications en traitement de surfaces. Tout d’abord, un état de l’art sur les plasmas micro-ondes à la pression atmosphérique et leurs applications est présenté. Ensuite, un modèle collisionnel-radiatif de la décharge et de la post-décharge d’hélium pur est établi. Les résultats du modèle sont comparés aux mesures expérimentales obtenues à 2500 K et un jeu de sections efficaces et de constantes cinétiques valables pour ces conditions est proposé. Expérimentalement, des analyses par spectroscopie d’émission et d’absorption sont employées. La température du gaz est déterminée par la méthode du spectre rotationnel synthétique en fonction de la puissance, de la concentration et de la nature des impuretés introduites dans l’hélium. Il s’avère que le volume du plasma est un paramètre déterminant sur la température du gaz. La concentration du métastable He(23S), en décharge continue et pulsée, est déterminée par absorption laser. En décharge continue, la concentration du métastable est divisée par trois avec 360 ppm d’impureté, la nature de l’impureté n’ayant pas d’importance. En revanche, en post-décharge la nature de l’impureté est déterminante. Les mesures réalisées indiquent que He+ et non He2+ serait l’ion majoritaire. Concernant les applications de ce type de plasma, nous avons travaillé en post-décharge uniquement. Nous avons démontré la faisabilité du procédé de dépôt de SiOx à partir d’hexaméthyldisiloxane. Nous avons aussi montré que la nitruration du titane à haute température était possible / The present work deals with the study of helium microwave plasmas at atmospheric pressure generated in a resonant cavity and their applications in surface treatment. First of all, a state of art of microwave atmospheric pressure plasmas and their applications is presented. Next, a collisional-radiative model for pure helium discharge and post-discharge is described. The results of the model are compared to experimental data obtained at 2500 K and a coherent set of cross-sections and rate constants is obtained for these conditions. Emission and absorption spectroscopy diagnostics are employed to characterize the helium plasma. The gas temperature is determined by the rotational synthetic spectra method. The evolution of the gas temperature, as a function of the input power, the concentration and the nature of impurities in helium, is measured. It turns out that the plasma volume plays a significant role on the gas temperature. The He(23S) concentration is determined by laser absorption in pulsed and continuous mode. In continuous mode, the metastable concentration is divided by 3 with 360 ppm of impurity, regardless of the nature of the impurity. Nevertheless, during the post-discharge, in pulsed mode, the nature of the impurity plays an important role. These measurements support the idea that He+ and not He2+ is the main ion. Concerning the applications, only post-discharges are utilized. We demonstrate that deposition of SiOx using hexamethyldisiloxane as precursor can be efficient. We show that titanium nitriding at high temperature is possible
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