Le 12 mai 1965 sont établies les relations entre la République fédérale et l’Etat d’Israël. Aujourd’hui le débat sur la nature des relations met en lumière une certaine réalité : les relations sont différentes des autres liens que l’Allemagne entretient avec d’autres Etats.Agir pour la sécurité et le droit à l’existence de l’Etat israélien est l’engagement constant de la République fédérale ce qui la place dans une position délicate d’équilibre entre la responsabilité morale historique qui la contraint à s’impliquer d’une part et une normalité qui l’obligerait à se distancer.La question du Proche-Orient est la pierre d’achoppement entre les deux Etats ce qui l’oblige également à trouver un équilibre entre les attentes contradictoires de l’Etat israélien et des Etats arabes.Dans ces conditions comment la République fédérale adapte-t-elle sa politique extérieure ? / On 12 May 1965 the diplomatic ties between Israel and Germany were established. Actually the debate on the nature of the bilateral ties highlights a certain reality : the relation between the two states are different from the others.The steady commitment of Germany to act for the security and the right of Israel to exist contrains Germany to find a balance between its moral, historical responsability and normality which obliges Germany to take a distance from past.The question of Middle East is a stumbling block which leads Germany to find a balance between the contradictory expectations of the State of Israel and the Arabian states.Under these circumstances how does Germany adapt its foreign policy ?

Vers fin de 2002 et début 2003, la Turquie a adopté une diplomatie active au Moyen-Orient dans un cadre de désordre et de déséquilibre de force entre les différentes puissances. Notre point de départ est l'arrivée d'une nouvelle élite en tant qu'événement instigateur et accélérateur de la reconstruction du rôle de puissance régionale. L'analyse de la politique arabe de la Turquie a recours aux notions du «rôle national» et de «puissance régionale» comme un binôme complémentaire visant à déterminer les préceptes fondateurs de la politique régionale turque en termes de source de projection, de dynamiques d'action et d'intérêt national. A partir de ce cadre théorique et de notre enquête de terrain, nous présentons une analyse critique de la littérature et une reconsidération des fondements épistémologiques et ontologique du processus de conceptualisation en Relations Internationales, notamment du terme de « puissance régionale ». L'apport de cette thèse au niveau méthodologique, en termes de définition d'un cadre conceptuel approprié à la théorisation et aux spécificités des études de cas traités, permet de reformuler la politique arabe en tant que dynamique de renaissance d'une nouvelle Turquie. En affirmant un rôle de puissance régionale, l'AKP dispose d'un répertoire d'action plus affirmé et autonome qui concilie les exigences du rôle régional avec ses alliés occidentaux et voisins d'une part ainsi que ses intérêts nationaux d'autre part. La politique arabe présente un microcosme de la politique étrangère turque et détermine comment la Turquie a émergé en tant que puissance régionale au niveau global, à partir de l'embryon militaro-séculier / By the end of 2002 and the beginning of 2003, Turkey adopted an active diplomacy in the Middle East in a context of instability and persistent rivalry between different powers. This study considers the arrival of a new political “conservative” elite as an instigator and accelerator event in the reconstruction of the Turkish role as a regional power. The analysis of the Arab policy of Turkey is based on a conceptual framework that relies on two complementary notions, the “national role” and the “regional power.” Both determine the founding precepts of the Turkish regional policy in terms of source of projection, dynamics of action and national interest. In light of this theoretical framework and the field work undertaken on the Arab policy, this study adopts a critical analysis of the literature. By reconsidering the conceptualization process in the International Relations discipline, the thesis focuses on the term of “regional power role” in order to conceal the epistemological and ontological deficiencies in different theoretical concepts that aim to understand world politics like “regional power.” Accordingly, this study provides a different method in theorizing by formulating a conceptual framework that is more adapted to global politics' reality in terms of considering the specificities of the different cases and the various configurations of regional powers. By relying on the “regional power role”, the Arab policy analysis reveals the emergence of a new Turkey. A more assertive and autonomous diplomacy is adopted by the AKP that conciles the exigencies of this role with its Western allies and neighbours from one side and its national interests from the other side

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / This study is a part of an environmental impact assessment of the Gulf War on the desert and the coastal zones of Kuwait. Due to the appearance of many new surface features, a study was necessary to characterize their spectral signatures as detected by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. A sophisticated image analysis was applied to the Landsat TM scene. An unsupervised classification technique produced a thematic map of the area. Data was collected on the ground at eighty sites in southeastern Kuwait. A radiometer (SE-590) was used to identify the spectral reflectance of desert surface features. A Global Positioning System (GPS) reading on each site was also recorded to register accurately the field observations on a specific pixel from over 72 million pixels in the lower right scene of Kuwait. Field data were collected on surface feature color, soil grain stze, vegetation types and density, and the amount of oil or soot contamination. Statistical correlation's and companson of Landsat and the SE-590 measurements in the visible and near-infrared bands describe the interaction between radiation and different desert surfaces. The oil lakes class was identified to have the lowest reflectance of all the classes. Brightness values gradually increase as less oil, soot or desert vegetation is found. The highest brightness value belongs to the class which represents active sand.

This Critical Discourse Analysis examined the classroom discourse of six secondary social studies teachers during lessons dedicated to the study of Africa and the Middle East. The study focused on the phenomenon of otherness and the ways in which teachers contribute to or challenge the depiction of various African and Middle Eastern populations as the other. The study found that no normative discourse existed within or across classrooms whereby teachers consistently portrayed African or Middle Eastern populations as the other. Teacher employed multiple contending discourses that both promoted perceptions of otherness while also explicitly challenging and deconstructing such notions. The study found that teachers tend to frame the study of Africa and the Middle East around narratives of conflict. These narratives restrict the classifications available for understanding certain communities and reinforce associations of violence, radicalism, and terrorism with Africa and the Middle East.

Service quality is an integral part of the product/service offering provided to a customer. Along with continuously identifying customer expectations and perceptions about service quality, it is imperative for service providers to also investigate whether the service quality increases customer satisfaction and their behavioural intentions. This PhD study theoretically contributes by evaluating one comprehensive service quality model, SERVQUAL designed by Parasuraman et al. (1988), for its potential applicability. The study further contributes by identifying a gap in the literature that the original SERVQUAL model does not entirely represent LCC service quality therefore, LCCSQUAL is proposed: a revised conceptual model with twenty-five variables that reflect the industry-specific attributes of LCC services in the Middle East. LCCs became a common feature in the West after the appearance of Southwest airline in 1971, however in the Middle East; LCCs are a relatively new phenomenon. LCCs are growing rapidly due to the current development of the aviation industry, deregulation and open skies policies in many parts of the Middle East. Most research to date has focused on LCCs in Western or Asian culture, whereas limited research has been conducted in the Middle East region, hence, this study will focus on highlighting the historical development of the Middle East’s aviation industry and the phenomenal growth of the region’s LCCs. This research is first of its kind in the Middle East to be conducted on the LCC service quality as well as in a new cultural background and therefore, it is important to consider that passengers’ are influenced by their culture while making decisions, however; the original SERVQUAL model developed by Parasuraman et al. in (1985) does not include culture as one of the influences in consumer. This PhD study, therefore, bridges another gap in the knowledge by testing the LCCSQUAL in Middle Eastern culture. This PhD followed a multi methodology using both inductive and deductive approaches consisting of qualitative (interviews and a focus group discussion) and quantitative (a self-administered survey questionnaire) methods at Dubai International airport, which has a dedicated LCC terminal. A total of 540 questionnaires was distributed; however, only 516 were finally employed for quantitative analysis. For qualitative analysis, nine in-depth interviews with senior executives of LCC airlines and seven LCC passenger interviews was conducted along with one focus group interview with seven Emirati ladies, first time LCC travellers. Content analysis and NVivo 10 were utilised for qualitative findings and descriptive analysis, Spearman’s rank correlation, factor analysis and cross tabulation were employed to examine the quantitative results. Comparing the results of both methodologies indicated that, passengers experienced wider gaps in the tangibility, reliability and responsiveness dimensions of LCC service quality in the Middle East. The findings of the study concluded that LCC passengers have higher expectations of the LCC services due to receiving luxury services for a long time in the Middle East region. The revised model; LCCSQUAL was tested in the Middle Eastern culture with additional variables and is recommended to be further developed to be culture and country specific. Factor analysis results also highlighted that there are gaps between the expectations and perceptions of the passengers travelling with LCC. This study concludes with several recommendations to LCC management, such as, on-time performance, well-trained staff and crew members, providing clear information to the passengers and providing quality services with low fares.

In an age of globalisation, conflicting identities and cultures continue to remain a source of seemingly intractable conflict. Educative interventions are meanwhile increasing in trend among academics, politicians and multilateral aid organisations. Each regard education as a long-term solution to contemporary social and security issues. Supporting literature on the relationship between education and identity suggests that formal education has a powerful influence on students’ outlook on life, their loyalties and their identities. This premise suggests that when questioned about global issues, Egyptian students who attend international schools within their own country of origin should show more signs of cosmopolitanism and global mindedness than their nationally educated peers. Yet, contrary findings to that of prevailing discourse suggest that education’s ability to shape values and loyalties is likely overemphasised when placed in the context of foreign curricula and international education. At times, students of international schools involved in this study showed more signs of nationalism than their nationally educated counterparts, and presented as equally traditional, conservative and ‘anti-West’ as their compatriots. The thesis thus argues that when education is placed within an international framework, its ability to socialise is significantly weakened, as it is faced with considerable firewalls that are yet to be adequately acknowledged in the discussion of post-national citizenship education. Using a combination of interpretative and critical research methods, rich and original qualitative data was gathered on attitudes and lifestyles of elite Egyptians enrolled at a variety of Egypt’s private international schools. Twenty-two international school educated Egyptian students, and a control group of 21 nationally educated Egyptian students of the same socio-economic background were invited to participate in specially tailored one-to-one interviews to measure their degree of cosmopolitan attitudes. Supplementary participant observations of Egyptian families actively involved in Egypt’s international education community were also conducted to consider the complementarity of the students’ home lives with their school lives. Focus groups were held with students of international schools to determine their views and attitudes towards global issues and other communities. All findings from this research were assessed alongside large-scale values surveys including the World Values Surveys and the Arab Youth Surveys. With the large sample size of pre-existing opinion polls, and the unique isolation of curriculum type as an independent variable in this study, it was possible to assess the transformative impact that an international education plays in the expression of values and beliefs of Egyptian students. The findings of this thesis have multidisciplinary value. For political science readers, the study offers a critical and epistemological analysis of concepts of cosmopolitanism, Westernisation, globalisation and global citizenship. For readers of the Middle East, it is a study into Egyptian youth today and their conflicting identities and loyalties. The Egyptian experience of private international schools and foreign investment is representative of a regional trend, and valuable to those wishing to consider competing narratives for identity in twenty-first century Middle East societies. Finally, it is a study that has an added value to educationists as it explores the role education plays on identity, and more specifically the role of international schools on globalisation and international mindedness. The growing trend of research and analysis that focuses on increased global connectedness and a culturally converging world makes this thesis an important and timely contribution. In an effort to extend the debate beyond the prevailing macro-analyses of change through globalisation, this thesis stresses the importance of looking at global interconnectivity at the micro-level, and particularly how young people navigate and negotiate their identity within the context of increasingly transnational spaces. Through this endeavour, it has reached a critical evaluation of our current understanding of a ‘post-national’ future, through the attitudes and opinions of some of today’s internationally educated generation.

Este trabalho busca analisar como a condição de emergência (de país de capacidades intermediárias) do Brasil no sistema internacional – em particular sua característica reformista ou revisionista da ordem – se coadunou com o projeto de política externa inaugurado em 2003 e motivou um reforço da inserção brasileira no Oriente Médio. Em suma, busca-se mapear as relações entre o Brasil e o Oriente Médio desde 2003 por meio do process-tracing e compreender como a política para a região se relaciona com a inserção internacional brasileira em uma perspectiva mais ampla e quais os seus condicionantes. Destarte, o trabalho pretende, por meio da consideração do caso específico do estreitamento das relações entre Brasil e Irã, Egito e Turquia, introduzir, para além dos determinantes domésticos, a dimensão sistêmica, frequentemente negligenciada nas investigações brasileiras, para analisar a política externa do Brasil. Para além da busca da internacionalização de suas empresas e do incremento comercial, a diplomacia do País iniciou um esforço de maior envolvimento em questões políticas de vulto internacional, amparada no tradicional princípio do universalismo. Logo, a política para o Oriente Médio apresenta importância fundamental no esforço de penetração do Brasil em áreas fora da sua área de influência tradicional. A concepção da “autonomia pela diversificação”, que motiva a aproximação com a região, deve ser compreendida no âmbito da busca brasileira de redistribuição e reconhecimento no sistema internacional. A ação externa brasileira dirigida ao Oriente Médio, em um contexto de entropia no sistema internacional, busca a revisão da ordem por meio do soft balancing, sobretudo via constituição de redes – inclusive de mediação. / This paper seeks to examine how Brazil's emerging country condition in the international system - in particular its reformist or revisionist character - conformed with the foreign policy project inaugurated in 2003 and led to a strengthening of the Brazilian projection in the Middle East. In short, we seek to map the relations between Brazil and the Middle East since 2003 through process-tracing and to understand how its policy for the region relates to Brazilian international integration in a broader perspective and what are its conditioning factors. Thus, the work aims, through the consideration of the specific cases of the rapprochement between Brazil and Iran, Egypt and Turkey, to introduce, in addition to domestic determinants, the systemic dimension, often overlooked in Brazilian research, to analyze Brazilian foreign policy. In addition to the pursuit of internationalization of its companies and to trade improvement interests, the country's diplomacy initiated a greater involvement in international efforts on major policy issues, based on the traditional principle of universalism. Therefore, the policy for the Middle East has fundamental importance in Brazil's efforts to penetrate areas outside of its traditional area of influence. The concept of "autonomy through diversification," which motivates the rapprochement to the region, must be understood within the Brazilian search for power redistribution and recognition in the international system. Brazil's foreign action towards the Middle East, in a context of entropy in the international system, seeks to reform the current order by means of soft balancing, especially via the development of networks, including mediation.

O sistema internacional vem, nas últimas duas décadas, sofrendo modificações em direção à multipolaridade. Países emergentes, como o Brasil, têm buscado maior projeção internacional, motivados por esse cenário em transformação e pela necessidade de promover mudanças no sentido de maior participação das decisões internacionais. Levando em consideração que a legitimidade é necessária à manutenção do poder internacional, pois os custos do uso exclusivo da coerção são muito altos, faz-se necessário o estudo da percepção dos atores internacionais, por ser base para a formação da legitimidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho é explicar a percepção de um Estado sobre a atuação de outro. Tendo em vista a relevância da compreensão da projeção internacional brasileira nesse cenário de crescente multipolaridade, cabe analisar a percepção de outros Estados sobre a atuação do Brasil em novas áreas, como o Oriente Médio, e avaliar a atual estratégia brasileira de inserção internacional. Os países estudados são Arábia Saudita, Argélia, Bahrain, Marrocos, Qatar e Tunísia. Foram utilizados os conceitos de leitura da realidade internacional e de postura diante do sistema internacional para explicar os fatores que influenciam a percepção dos atores internacionais. / The international system has been undergoing changes towards multipolarity in the two last decades. Emerging countries, such as Brazil, have been seeking to increase their international projection, motivated by the transformation of this scenario and by the necessity of promoting changes in order to participate more of international decisions. Taking into account that legitimacy is required to the maintenance of international power, as the costs of using exclusively coercion are too high, it is necessary to study the perception of international actors, because it is the basis of legitimacy. In this sense, the objective of this dissertation is to explain the perception of one State about another. Given the relevance of understanding Brazilian international projection in this scenario of increasing multipolarity, it is worth analyzing the perception of other states about Brazilian action in new areas, such as the Middle East, and evaluating its current strategy of international insertion. The countries analyzed are Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Bahrain, Morocco, Qatar and Tunisia. The study uses the concepts of how states understand the international reality and how they stand before it in order to explain the factors that influence their international perception.

There is a legal separation in Jordan between Sharia' (Islamic) Law and Civil Law. Both types of law come together to create criminal law that has a negative effect on women's rights. Laws in Jordan are evolving in the right direction but are not going far enough to protect women from violence. This study explores the issues of violence against women in Jordan through a study the Jordanian legal system and the experience of women who suffer violence. The working of the Jordanian justice system is presented by analysing the responses of state and non-state institutions dealing with violence against women. Included in the research is an analysis of feminist concerns with the law and the position of women in society. My concern is with the way in which women's inferior position impacts on their experience of violence and their ability to obtain redress and access protection. The methods used to complete this study included qualitative data collections such as field observations, and semi-structured participant interviews. It also extended to archival work in which I studied official reports and public policies on VAW. My study attempts to explain the structure of gender relations and women's experiences of violence in the context of Jordanian society by using feminist theory. The empirical work conducted in Jordan considered the effectiveness of law in serving victims. Further analysis considers how the Jordanian socio-economic and legal environment influences women's decisions on whether to seek help. The research found that there is a need to introduce better-developed law accompanied by additional policy measures to affect an essential change in attitudes. This requires changing some laws and policy programmes to increase awareness of legal rights. Additionally, I will suggest that applying Islamic law to women's rights can also give women more freedom and provide them with additional opportunities to access protection. The research identified a need for coherence between Civil and Sharia' (Islamic) Law in developing civil and criminal remedies which would align Jordan's domestic law to its international obligations.

Denna studie utfördes med syfte att studera hur andra generationens invandrare i Sverige upplever representationen i västerländska TV-serier och huruvida deras verklighetsbild kring landet överstämde med det fiktiva. Studien analyseras utifrån ett postkolonialt perspektiv med teorier som inkluderar Orientalism, representation och stereotyper. Frågeställningen grundade sig i huruvida dessa intervjupersoner kände sig representerade och om bilden av kulturen och landet var rättvist gestaltad samt hur de upplevde serierna kontra verkligheten. Metoden som användes för att besvara frågeställningen var kvalitativa intervjuer där resultatet visade att intervjupersonernas verklighet upplevelser inte stämde överens med vad som visats i serierna då mycket utav det som framställt var enligt deras tolkningar konstruerade stereotyper. / This study was conducted with the purpose of studying how the second generation of immigrants in Sweden experience the representation in western television series and how their reality image of the country overlooked the fictive. The study is analyzed based on postcolonial perspectives and theories that include representation, orientalism and stereotypes. The aim was based on whether or not these interviewees felt represented and if the image of the culture and the country were fairly visualized and how they experienced the series vs reality. The method used to answer the question was qualitative interviews where the results showed that the actual experiences of the interviewees did not match with what was shown in the series. Based on their interpretations a big part of the series was constructed by stereotypes.