Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Agricultural production generates a diversity of organic waste, including manure, which is often deposited on the soil without adequate treatment, that could damage the environment. Treatment processes such as composting and vermicomposting, enable reuse of these materials as organic fertilizers, for example in the production vegetables. This study aimed to quantify the nitrogen mineralization added to the soil by organic fertilizers produced based on cattle manure and evaluate the potential of these organic fertilizers in the lettuce seedlings production. First it was evaluated the nitrogen mineralization and the index of efficiency of three organic fertilizers. The treatments were: soil (control), soil + vermicompost manure produced from a compound of straw and manure, and soil + manure in nature . 360.5 mg of total nitrogen kg-1 of soil were by organic fertilizers. The results show that the efficiency index of the nitrogen treatments were: soil + vermicompost manure: 0.22; soil + vermicompost produced from a compound of straw and manure: 0.27, and soil + manure "in natura": 0.23, in 112 days. In the second stage of the study the growth of seedlings of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in substrates with these three organic fertilizers was evalued and compared to a commercial substrate. The fertilizers were used in the formulation of the substrates in the proportions of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% (v / v). The use of cattle manure in concentration of 20% to 60% and the evaluated vermicomposting, in dosages increasing from 20%, results in the production of lettuce seedlings with similar quality to the seedlings with the commercial substrate. / A produção agropecuária gera uma diversidade de resíduos orgânicos, entre eles o esterco bovino, que muitas vezes é depositado sobre o solo sem tratamento adequado, podendo resultar em riscos ao ambiente. Processos de tratamento, como a compostagem e a vermicompostagem, possibilitam a reutilização desses materiais orgânicos como fertilizantes, como por exemplo na produção de hortaliças. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar a mineralização do nitrogênio adicionado ao solo via fertilizantes orgânicos produzidos á base de esterco de bovino e avaliar o potencial destes fertilizantes orgânicos na produção de mudas de alface (Lactuca sativa L.). Primeiramente avaliou-se a mineralização do nitrogênio e o indíce de eficiência de três adubos orgânicos. Os tratamentos foram: solo (testemunha); solo + vermicomposto de esterco bovino; solo + vermicomposto produzido à partir de um composto de palha e esterco bovino; e solo + esterco bovino in natura . Foram adicionados 360,5 mg de N total kg-1de solo via fertilizantes orgânicos. Os resultados demonstram que o índice de eficiência do nitrogênio dos tratamentos foram: solo + vermicomposto de esterco bovino: 0,22; solo + vermicomposto produzido a partir de um composto de palha e esterco bovino: 0,27 ; e do solo + esterco bovino in natura : 0,23, no período de 112 dias. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi avaliado o crescimento de mudas de alface em substratos formulados a partir destes três fertilizantes orgânicos, em comparação a um substrato comercial. Os adubos foram utilizados na formulação dos substratos nas proporções de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% (v/v). A utilização de esterco bovino em dosagens de 20% a 60% e dos vermicompostos avaliados, em dosagens crescentes a partir de 20%, resulta na produção de mudas de alface com qualidade semelhante às mudas produzidas com o substrato comercial.

Nitrogen is usually the element present in higher concentration in pig slurry and the one that causes the major problems related to environmental pollution, since it is subjected of several transformations after soil slurry application. This work was carried out in order to evaluate the soil nitrogen biotransformation during the wheat straw and pig slurry decomposition. The experiment was conduced under controlled conditions, in the Soil and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Soil Department, UFSM - RS. The pig slurry, with the ammoniacal fraction enriched of 15N, and the wheat straw were applied to a Hapludalf soil. The experimental was set as a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The treatments were the following: T1 - Soil; T2 - Soil + straw in surface; T3 - Soil + incorporated straw; T4 - Soil + pig slurry in surface; T5 - Soil + incorporated pig slurry; T6 - Soil + incorporated pig slurry + straw in surface; T7 - Soil + incorporated pig slurry + incorporated straw; T8 - Soil + straw in surface + pig slurry in surface. Soil humidity was adjusted for 100% of the field capacity. The experimental units were conditioned in an incubator for 95 days to a temperature of 25ºC. The mineral N, organic N and 15N organic concentrations was determined in each soil experimental unit. The soil nitrogen nitrification rates of the slurry ammoniacal nitrogen and the mineralization/immobilization were estimated. The main conclusions were: a) the ammoniacal N of pig slurry is quickly nitrified with or without the incorporation of slurry into the soil; b) the mineralization of the organic nitrogen of pig slurry occur in the first days after the slurry application in the soil; c) the wheat straw incorporation favor the N immobilization compared to its maintenance in soil surface; d) the N application through of pig slurry together with wheat straw stimulate the microbial N immobilization; e) the mineral N position in the soil affects the amount of immobilized N, with the highest values observed when N is in the active decomposition zone of the straw. / O nitrogênio é, normalmente, o elemento presente em maior concentração nos dejetos de suínos e também aquele que provoca os maiores problemas de poluição ambiental, em função das inúmeras transformações a que está sujeito após a aplicação dos dejetos ao solo. Este trabalho foi realizado a fim de avaliar as biotransformações do nitrogênio no solo durante a decomposição de palha de trigo e dejetos líquidos de suínos. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento em condições controladas, no Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo e do Ambiente do Departamento de Solos, na UFSM - RS. Num Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico foram adicionados dejetos líquidos de suínos, com a fração amoniacal enriquecida com15N, e palha de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram os seguintes: T1 - Solo; T2 - Solo + palha em superfície; T3 - Solo + palha incorporada; T4 - Solo + dejetos em superfície; T5 - Solo + dejetos incorporados; T6 - Solo + dejetos incorporados + palha em superfície; T7 - Solo + dejetos incorporados + palha incorporada; T8 - Solo + palha em superfície + dejetos em superfície. A umidade do solo foi ajustada para 100% da capacidade de campo. As unidades experimentais foram acondicionadas em uma incubadora por 95 dias a uma temperatura de 25ºC. No solo de cada unidade experimental foram avaliados os teores de N mineral, N orgânico e 15N orgânico. Com base nestas avaliações, foram realizadas estimativas das taxas de nitrificação do N amoniacal dos dejetos e da mineralização e imobilização do N no solo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: a) o N amoniacal dos dejetos líquidos de suínos é rapidamente nitrificado com ou sem a incorporação dos mesmos ao solo; b) a mineralização da fração nitrogenada orgânica dos dejetos ocorre nos primeiros dias após a sua aplicação ao solo; c) a incorporação da palha de trigo favorece a imobilização de N, comparado a sua manutenção na superfície do solo; d) a aplicação de N, através dos dejetos, juntamente com a palha de trigo, estimula a imobilização microbiana de N; e) a localização do N mineral afeta a quantidade de N imobilizada, com os maiores valores sendo observados quando o N permanece na zona de decomposição ativa da palha.

Il a été récemment montré que la vasorine (Vasn), d’abord décrite comme une protéine membranaire de type I qui neutralise TGFb, était exprimée par les ostéocytes et les ostéoblastes et impliquée dans le métabolisme du phosphate et du calcium. L’analyse MicroCT a montré que des souris Vasn -/- présentaient des signes de rachitisme avec des volumes osseux trabéculaires et corticaux fortement réduits. Ici, nous explorons pour la première fois l’expression et les fonctions de Vasn dans le territoire craniofacial. Nous démontrons que 1) Vasn est exprimée au sein de la dent en formation par les odontoblastes et les cémentoblastes et dans l’os alvéolaire par les ostéoblastes et les ostéocytes, 2) des souris Vasn -/- présentent un phénotype dentaire mixte associant des signes de rachitisme tels qu’une croissance réduite du squelette, une dentine minéralisée moins épaisse, des chambres pulpaires élargies et des signes supplémentaires évoquant une hypophosphatasie , principalement une formation perturbée de la racine avec des canaux dentaires élargis. Toutes ces données suggèrent un rôle important de Vasn dans la minéralisation de l’os et de la dent, probablement en régulant le dépôt de matrice et son organisation, plutôt que le processus de minéralisation lui-même. / Vasorin (Vasn), first described as a type I membrane protein which neutralizes TGFβ, has been recently shown to be expressed by osteocytes and osteoblasts and involved in the phosphate and calcium metabolism. MicroCT analysis have indicated that Vasn -/- mice displayed signs of rickets with dramatically reduced trabecular and cortical bone volumes. Here, we explored for the first time Vasn expression and function in the craniofacial area. We demonstrated that 1) Vasn is expressed in the forming tooth by odontoblasts and cementoblasts and in the alveolar bone by osteoblasts and osteocytes, 2) Vasn-/- mice present a mix cranial and dental phenotype associating signs of rickets such as, reduced skull growth, reduced thickness of mineralized dentin, and enlarged pulp chambers, and additional signs evokating hypophosphatasia, namely disturbed root formation with enlarged root canals. All these data suggest an important role of Vasn in bone and tooth mineralization, probably by regulating matrix deposition and organization rather than the mineralisation process itself.

Le ranélate de strontium, prescrit dans le traitement de l'ostéoporose ménopausique, possède 2 atomes de strontium stable pouvant se fixer au minéral osseux. Le strontium a un effet dissociant sur le remodelage osseux, diminuant la résorption tout en augmentant la formation. Cependant, ses effets osseux ne sont pas complètement élucidés, en particulier ses interactions avec le minéral. Chez le singe, le strontium maintient à un niveau physiologique les propriétés intrinsèques majeures du tissu osseux, que ce soit aux niveaux tissulaire global ou des unités de remodelage. Chez la femme ostéoporotique ménopausée traitée par le ranélate de strontium, les caractéristiques du cristal d'apatite sont maintenues à un niveau physiologique. Par ailleurs, quelle que soit la durée du traitement (2 à 96 mois), le strontium est toujours distribué de façon hétérogène, présent principalement dans l'os récent formé pendant le traitement, les aires osseuses contenant du strontium augmentent progressivement mais de moins en moins avec la durée du traitement. Le contenu osseux focal en strontium est stable de 2 à 60 mois puis augmente de 60 à 96 mois, et la minéralisation secondaire est maintenue à un niveau physiologique. Enfin, après 6 et 12 mois de traitement, le ranélate de strontium maintient normaux les principaux paramètres reflétant la minéralisation secondaire, et ses effets sont similaires à ceux de l’alendronate. En conclusion, le ranélate de strontium maintient une qualité normale de la minéralisation secondaire, que ce soit à court ou à long terme, et quel que soit le modèle étudié. Le ranélate de strontium maintient également la microdureté osseuse, les caractéristiques minérales et organique tissulaires, ainsi que la structure du cristal d'apatite / Strontium ranelate, a treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, contains 2 atoms of stable strontium which interact with bone mineral. Strontium have a dissociating effect on bone remodeling, decreasing resorption while increasing formation. However, its bone effects are not fully clarified, in particular its interactions with mineral. In monkeys, strontium maintains the major intrinsic properties of bone at a physiological level, either at the global tissue or the bone structural units levels. In postmenopausal women treated with strontium ranelate, the characteristics of apatite crystals are maintained at a physiological level. Moreover, whatever the duration of treatment (2 to 96 months), strontium is always heterogeneously distributed, mainly present in recent bone formed during treatment, bone areas containing strontium progressively increase but less and less with the duration of the treatment. Focal bone strontium content remains stable from 2 to 60 months and then increase from 60 to 96 months, and secondary mineralization is maintained at a physiological level. Finally, after 6 and 12 months of treatment, strontium ranelate maintains normal the main parameters reflecting secondary mineralization, and its effects are similar to those of alendronate. To conclude, strontium ranelate maintains a normal quality of secondary mineralization, either after a shortterm or a long-term treatment, and whatever the model studied. Strontium ranelate also maintains bone microhardness, tissular mineral and organic characteristics, as well as the structure of apatite crystals

Le bitume, fraction la plus lourde du pétrole brut, sert de liant de granulats dans la fabrication de revêtements routiers. Ce matériau complexe est particulièrement difficile à manipuler et à transporter du fait de sa viscosité très élevée à température ambiante. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de fabriquer une nouvelle classe de matériau, de la poudre de bitume, en couplant l’émulsification et la chimie sol-gel. En effet, des capsules organo-minérales composées d’un cœur de bitume et d’une écorce de silice ont été synthétisées à partir de deux types d’émulsions, les émulsions de Pickering ainsi que les émulsions dites « classiques »stabilisées par des tensioactifs et minéralisées par deux précurseurs de silice, un amorceur moléculaire pur, le TEOS, et une solution de silicate de sodium. Ce nouveau bitume, facilement manipulable, peut être stocké dans des conditions sévères de pression et de température et libère son cœur de bitume par association d’une action thermique et mécanique afin d’assurer ses fonctions d’enrobage. De plus, une étude du comportement interfacial bitume-phase aqueuse a été réalisée afin de proposer des hypothèses pour expliquer la stabilité fragile des émulsions de bitume que nous avons pu observer. / Bitumen, the heaviest fraction of crude oil plays the role of aggregate binder in road manufacturing. This complex material is very difficult to handle and transport due to its very high viscosity at room temperature. The aim of this PhD thesis was to elaborate a new class of material, bitumen powder, by coupling emulsion science and sol-gel chemistry. Indeed organo-mineral capsules made of a bitumen core anda silica shell have been synthesized from two types of emulsions: Pickering emulsions and "classical" emulsions i.e. surfactant-stabilized emulsions and using two silica precursors: the TEOS molecular initiator and sodium silicate solution. This new bitumen is easy to handle, can be stored in drastic pressure and temperature conditions while releasing the bitumen core under combination of heat and mechanical stirring to ensure aggregate coating. In addition a bitumen-water interface study has been performed in order to propose some hypotheses to explain the observed fragile stability of bitumen emulsions.

Les eaux minérales naturelles se distinguent de l’eau potable par leur contenu en sels minéraux et en éléments traces. Leur utilisation à des fins thérapeutiques s’effectue sous contrôle médical dans des établissements thermaux. La gestion des réseaux de distribution ainsi que la qualité microbiologique de l’eau font l’objet de réglementations. Malgré la mise en place de procédures spécifiques, les établissements thermaux sont régulièrement confrontés à des contaminations microbiologiques majoritairement dues à P. aeruginosa. Ce pathogène opportuniste possède d’importantes capacités d’adaptation, de résistance et de persistance dans l’environnement, notamment sous forme de biofilms. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d’apporter des éléments de compréhension sur le comportement de P. aeruginosa dans les réseaux de distribution d’eau minérale naturelle et de valider l’efficacité de produits de traitement. L’influence de la composition minérale de 3 eaux sur les capacités à former du biofilm de 9 souches de P. aeruginosa d’origines diverses a pu être démontrée. Il apparait que les quantités de biofilms produites au bout de 24 h sont moins importantes pour la minéralisation forte. La modulation de la production de facteurs de virulence en fonction de la qualité de l’eau est corrélée à l’action spécifique de certains ions et à la biodisponibilité du fer. En conditions de minéralisation forte il a été montré que les matériaux organiques favorisent la formation de biofilm de P. aeruginosa tandis que les matériaux métalliques ont tendance à la défavoriser. L’efficacité d’une séquence de traitement de postes de soins a pu être validée sur un modèle de biofilm âgé de 24 h et sur tous les matériaux. / Natural mineral waters are distinguished from drinking water bytheir content in minerals and trace elements. Their use for therapeuticpurposes under medical control is performed in spas. Management ofdistribution networks and the microbiological quality of water are subjectto regulations. Despite the establishment of specific procedures, spas areregularly confronted with microbiological contamination mainly due to P.aeruginosa. This opportunistic pathogen has substantial adaptive capacity,resistance and persistence in the environment, under biofilm.The aim of this thesis work is to bring understanding on the P.aeruginosa behaviour in the natural mineral water distribution networksand validate the effectiveness of treatment products.The influence of the mineral composition of 3 waters on biofilmformation capacity of 9 P. aeruginosa strains of various origins could bedemonstrated. It appears that the amount of biofilm produced after 24 hare less important for the strong mineralization. Modulation of theproduction of virulence factors depending on the water quality iscorrelated to the specific action of certain ions and iron bioavailability. Inhigh mineralization conditions it has been shown that organic materialspromote biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa while metallic materials tendto disadvantage it. The efficiency of a treatment sequence of a patient pointof use has been validated on the 24 h biofilm model and on all materials.

Um estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de uma fitase e duas fontes de Zinco (Zn), Cobre (Cu) e Manganês (Mn) sobre o desempenho produtivo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em frangos de corte. Um total de 528 pintos da linhagem Cobb 500, machos com um dia (d) de idade foram distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 12 repetições de 11 aves cada. Um arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 foi utilizado, sendo duas suplementações de fitase (com ou sem) e duas fontes minerais (inorgânica ou orgânica). A suplementação de fitase foi de 500 unidades de fitase (FTU)/kg, enquanto Zn-Cu-Mn foram suplementados em concentrações de 32-30-32 ou 100-120-100 ppm para as formas orgânica e inorgânica, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar de duas fases: inicial (1 a 12 d) e crescimento (12 a 25 d). As dietas foram formuladas de forma a atender as exigências nutricionais dos animais de acordo com a idade, exceto para Fósforo (P) disponível (Pd) e Cálcio (Ca), que tiveram níveis reduzidos (0,32% e 0,77 % na dieta inicial e 0,23% e 0,71 % na dieta crescimento para Pd e Ca, respectivamente). Os níveis de metionina nas dietas foram reduzidos conforme a adição de minerais orgânicos, que tinham como agente quelante metionina hidróxi-análoga (HMTBA). As tíbias das aves foram coletadas aos 12 e aos 25 dias de idade para determinação do teor de cinzas, Ca e P Aos 25 dias, também, foi coletado conteúdo ileal para determinação da digestibilidade ileal aparente da matéria seca (MS), Ca e P. A suplementação de fitase aumentou o ganho de peso (GP) e a conversão alimentar (CA) dos frangos dos 12 aos 25 dias e também no período acumulado (1 a 25 d). Foi observada interação entre fontes minerais e as fitases para digestibilidade de MS e P (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca foi maior nos frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com fitase, e também naqueles que receberam fontes inorgânicas de Zn-Cu-Mn. Os frangos que receberam dietas com fitase tiveram melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade de Ca e P (P<0,05). A fonte orgânica de microminerais resultou em maior o conteúdo de tíbia em percentual aos 12 dias. A suplementação de 500 FTU/kg de fitase nas dietas à base de milho e soja também levou a um aumento no conteúdo de cinzas das tíbias aos 12 e 25 dias, mas não houveram diferenças entre o conteúdo de Ca e P entre os animais alimentados com e sem fitase. Conclui-se que a suplementação de fitase melhora o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade ileal de Ca e P e a mineralização óssea, e que concentrações mais baixas de minerais, através do uso de fontes orgânicas, podem ser utilizadas sem prejuízos ao desempenho animal. / A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of phytase and mineral sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. A total of 528 Cobb x Cobb 500 male chicks were distributed into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 11 birds each. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used with two enzyme supplementation (with or without) and two mineral sources (inorganic or organic). Phytase supplementation were 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg whereas Zn-Cu-Mn were supplemented in a concentration of 32-30-32 or 100-120-100 ppm in organic and inorganic forms, respectively. A two-phase feeding program was used, from 1 to 12 (starter) and from 12 to 25 d (grower). Diets were formulated to meet bird’s nutritional requirements according to age, except for Available Phosphorus (Av.P) and Calcium (Ca), that were formulated at 0,32% and 0,77% in starter and 0,23% and 0,71% in grower, to Av P and Ca, respectively. Methionine levels were reduced according to organic minerals supplementation, that had hydroxy-analogue methionine (HMTBA) as the chelating agent. Tibiae were collected at 12 and 25 d to measure ash, Ca and P content Also, at 25 d, ileal contents were collected to determine apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), Ca and P. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher with phytase supplementation from 12 to 25 d and 1 to 25 d. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was higher in animals fed diets with phytase and also in those receiving inorganic minerals. Ca and P digestibility were improved by phytase. Interactions between mineral sources and enzyme were observed to DM and P digestibility. Treatment consisting of inorganic minerals and phytase was associated with higher values of P and DM digestibility. Organic mineral source improved ash content in percentage at 12 d. Supplementing phytase to the diets led to an increase in the percentage of ash content at 12 and 25 d, but there were no statistical differences in Ca and P content between animals receiving diets with or without the enzyme. In conclusion, phytase has benefitial impacts on performance, digestibility and bone mineralisation, and lower concentrations of minerals, with organic source, can be supplied without losses to animal performance.

Broiler litter (BL) is a high value manure available to Kentucky crop producers to utilize as a fertilizer. The rate of BL application, timing of application, and method of application are all important factors to take into account when utilizing BL. A laboratory incubation was conducted to observe nitrogen (N) mineralization rates of BL amended soils over time under different conditions. Different application methods, application rates, watering frequencies, and bedding materials were used to determine their influence on N mineralization. Broiler litter applied on the soil surface, at lower rates, at lower watering frequency resulted in lower mineralization rates than BL that was incorporated, at higher rates and higher watering frequency. The rice hull bedding BL treatments had a significantly higher initial amount of NH4+-N than the wood-based bedding materials. The increased NH4+-N content produced a lower pH due to higher rates of nitrification. The difference in NH4+-N resulted in the rice hull BL treatments containing more inorganic N throughout the incubation. The wood-based BL contained significantly more carbon (C), zinc (Zn), and potassium (K). The results collected will help improve current nutrient recommendations and provide information that will help utilize BL more efficiently and economically.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22130号 / 農博第2376号 / 新制||農||1073(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R1||N5238(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 德地 直子, 教授 北島 薫, 准教授 舘野 隆之輔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This work is focused on improvement of particle formation and separation processes in drinking water. These include the comparison of the dynamics of different coagulation reagents (aluminum sulphate and ferric sulphate) to find the optimal dose of coagulant. During centrifugation test is important to find such a setting centrifuge where we get the best results. In this work we studied the influence of the total mineralization at the optimum dose of coagulant.