Este trabalho trata da Idade Média nos livros didáticos brasileiros, compreende o estudo da crise do século XIV nas coleções escolares. O estudo, de cunho documental, foi desenvolvido utilizando-se como fonte os livros didáticos em circulação nas escolas públicas de Ensino Médio ao longo do período de vigência das duas primeiras versões do Programa Nacional do Livro para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM). A averiguação se deu tendo como norte a busca de explicações para o seguinte problema: que relações existem entre os esquemas explicativos apresentados nos livros didáticos e as interpretações formuladas pela historiografia acadêmica da primeira metade do século XX? O corpus documental foi extraído das 14 (quatorze) obras que integram a relação das fontes utilizadas e foi trabalhado por meio da análise do conteúdo. As análises foram desenvolvidas a partir de algumas questões norteadoras. De modo geral, discutiram-se os limites da apropriação de que a historiografia escolar tem feito das teses inauguradas pela historiografia acadêmica da primeira metade do século XX. Nesse estudo, verificou-se que a questão em torno do diálogo entre a historiografia escolar e a acadêmica deve ser relativizada. Considerou-se que, em certa medida e no que tange a determinados aspectos da relação, o diálogo existe, pois há correspondentes, porém, é um diálogo restrito, submetido a regras específicas que a escrita escolar impõe. Na tentativa de reafirmar um padrão unilateral de verdade, as obras escolares acabam por sugerir alterações que tendem a não expressar fielmente os pressupostos, as proposições e os elementos oriundos das teses que as inspiraram. Valendo-se de fios, até certo ponto frágeis, as obras se ocupam em coser esquemas originários de teses diversas, na tentativa de desenvolvimento de uma explicação que, embora própria, se mostra pouco hábil em superar as limitações da tradição presente na escrita dos livros didáticos. / This research deals with the Middle Ages in Brazilian textbooks, it includes the study of the \"fourteenth-century crisis\" in school collections. Through documentary evidence, the study made use of source textbooks in circulation in public schools during high school throughout the period of the first two versions of the National Book Program for Secondary Education (PNLEM). The investigation aimed at searching for a plausible answer to the following problem: what are the existent relationships between the explanatory schemes presented in textbooks and the interpretations made by the academic historiography of the twentieth century first half? The documentary corpus was extracted from the fourteen (14) works that are part of the list of sources used and it was worked through analysis of its contents; analyses were developed from some guiding questions. Overall, it discusses the limits of ownership that school historiography has done from the theses inaugurated by academic historiography of the twentieth century first half. The study verified that the question about the dialogue between the school and the academic historiography should be relative. It was felt that to some extent and with respect to certain aspects of the relationship, there is a dialogue, as there are equivalent elements. However, it is a restricted dialogue, subject to special rules imposed by school writing. In an attempt to reassert a unilateral standard of truth, the school works eventually suggest changes, which tend not to express faithfully the assumptions, propositions and the elements derived from theories that inspired them. The school textbooks end up making use of fragile threads to some point and occupy themselves in \"sewing\" schemes originated in related systems to various theories in an attempt to develop a scheme that although original, proven little capable at overcoming the tradition limitations present in the textbooks writing.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas_Colaco.pdf: 5470959 bytes, checksum: daac12a3095d3c96ecc96dda82ceba81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-15 / This paper seeks to recognize, understand and systematize the geographic and cartographic knowledge produced in the Middle Ages. But also sought to relate this knowledge with the visual arts, especially the medieval painting. Thus, the guiding element research has been focused on trying to find and display the similarities and congruences in the production process and construction of the knowledge mentioned hours. Notably by studying the production of medieval knowledge, it is observed that geography was aimed at describing places, spaces and unreal and fanciful beings who existed only in the imagination of the Christian and medieval man, and Cartography was used to represent and locate these places and utopian spaces. This is because the design and representation of space by the medieval scholar were far from scientific accuracy of the classical period as well as the artistic and cultural effervescence lived, especially at the dawn of modernity. Clearly, the great technical and conceptual changes occurred in painting from the XIII century seem to decisively influence the development of modern design and representation of space, characterized mainly by the geometrization of form and movement, but also by the technique of creation the perspective is born originally in the sphere of Renaissance painting to then be appropriated by the Geography and Cartography. / Neste trabalho procurou-se conhecer, compreender e sistematizar o conhecimento geográfico e cartográfico produzidos na Idade Média. Mas também se buscou relacionar tais conhecimentos com as artes visuais, especialmente a pintura medieval. Desse modo, o elemento norteador da pesquisa esteve centrado na tentativa de encontrar e apresentar as congruências e similitudes no processo de produção e construção dos conhecimentos hora citados. Notadamente, ao estudar a produção do conhecimento medieval, observa-se que a Geografia esteve voltada a descrever lugares, espaços e seres irreais e fantasiosos que só existiram no imaginário do homem cristão e medieval, e a Cartografia foi utilizada para representar e localizar esses lugares e espaços utópicos. Isso porque a concepção e a representação do espaço pelo erudito medieval estavam distante da acurácia científica do período clássico, assim como da efervescência artística e cultural vivida, sobretudo, na aurora da modernidade. É evidente que as grandes transformações técnicas e conceituais ocorridas no campo da pintura a partir do século XIII parecem influenciar decisivamente o desenvolvimento da moderna concepção e representação do espaço, caracterizada, sobretudo, pela geometrização da forma e do movimento, mas também pela criação da técnica da perspectiva que nasce, originalmente, na esfera da pintura renascentista para, depois, ser apropriada pela Geografia e pela Cartografia.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas_Colaco.pdf: 5470959 bytes, checksum: daac12a3095d3c96ecc96dda82ceba81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-15 / This paper seeks to recognize, understand and systematize the geographic and cartographic knowledge produced in the Middle Ages. But also sought to relate this knowledge with the visual arts, especially the medieval painting. Thus, the guiding element research has been focused on trying to find and display the similarities and congruences in the production process and construction of the knowledge mentioned hours. Notably by studying the production of medieval knowledge, it is observed that geography was aimed at describing places, spaces and unreal and fanciful beings who existed only in the imagination of the Christian and medieval man, and Cartography was used to represent and locate these places and utopian spaces. This is because the design and representation of space by the medieval scholar were far from scientific accuracy of the classical period as well as the artistic and cultural effervescence lived, especially at the dawn of modernity. Clearly, the great technical and conceptual changes occurred in painting from the XIII century seem to decisively influence the development of modern design and representation of space, characterized mainly by the geometrization of form and movement, but also by the technique of creation the perspective is born originally in the sphere of Renaissance painting to then be appropriated by the Geography and Cartography. / Neste trabalho procurou-se conhecer, compreender e sistematizar o conhecimento geográfico e cartográfico produzidos na Idade Média. Mas também se buscou relacionar tais conhecimentos com as artes visuais, especialmente a pintura medieval. Desse modo, o elemento norteador da pesquisa esteve centrado na tentativa de encontrar e apresentar as congruências e similitudes no processo de produção e construção dos conhecimentos hora citados. Notadamente, ao estudar a produção do conhecimento medieval, observa-se que a Geografia esteve voltada a descrever lugares, espaços e seres irreais e fantasiosos que só existiram no imaginário do homem cristão e medieval, e a Cartografia foi utilizada para representar e localizar esses lugares e espaços utópicos. Isso porque a concepção e a representação do espaço pelo erudito medieval estavam distante da acurácia científica do período clássico, assim como da efervescência artística e cultural vivida, sobretudo, na aurora da modernidade. É evidente que as grandes transformações técnicas e conceituais ocorridas no campo da pintura a partir do século XIII parecem influenciar decisivamente o desenvolvimento da moderna concepção e representação do espaço, caracterizada, sobretudo, pela geometrização da forma e do movimento, mas também pela criação da técnica da perspectiva que nasce, originalmente, na esfera da pintura renascentista para, depois, ser apropriada pela Geografia e pela Cartografia.

John of Damascus was an early eighth century theologian in the Jerusalem Patriarchate. His family supplied financial administrators in Syro-Palestine for most of the seventh century, who were involved in surrendering Damascus to the Arabs if not also to the Persians. They thrived in the sectarian environment under the Umayyads. Numerous Greek Lives paint John in legendary terms; however, these are late and unreliable. I deconstruct the Lives decoupling his timeline from Byzantine Iconoclasm, arguing that there is no evidence and good reason to think that he did not leave the Arab administration because of vexed piety, persecution or administrative language change. Rather, focusing on the chronicler's treatment of John's family, I argue that John left office for his own reasons. I propose that John was instrumental in a quid pro quo: cathedral for patriarchate negotiation. Consequently, the Arabs built the Damascus Mosque on the site of the cathedral church of St John the Baptist, and the (dyothelite) Chalcedonian party moved to Jerusalem, where they reestablished the Jerusalem Patriarchate. Thus, I argue the context of John's polemical works is Jerusalem and patriarchal policy. Further, I argue that John was commissioned to produce something like 'proto-school' texts in the context of debate in the Anastasis with internal Maronite and external West and East Syrian interlocutors. Then I look at one example of John's theological creativity to show how this context impinged on his theological program. John appropriates Maximus the Confessor's term perichoresis and reduces its scope to the Incarnation while moving it into the doctrine of God for the first time. I show that he does this for polemical reasons in order to contravene each of his interlocutors with a simple biblical rhetorical model providing Chalcedonian monks in debate with a simple formula against better educated foes. This thesis demonstrates that reading John out of context fails to appreciate his creative response to these local exigencies.

It is a pity that Old English poetry is not more widely known, not only because it is beautiful and powerful but because to read it is to experience a different way of thinking. It is also a pity - or opportunity - that many first-year Old English students express a "love-hate" relationship with the language. Therefore, it is worth trying to discover what there is in the poetry to interest the general educated public and create enthusiasts among undergraduates. The multitudinous answers, found herein, have one over-riding answer: the Anglo-Saxon way of thinking. Old English poetry opens a door into a dim past by disclosing, in puzzle-piece hints, that epistemological world, which becomes more fascinating the more one pokes around in it. This dissertation seeks to give the beginning student and the reader from the general educated public a chance to wander in this landscape where, generally, only scholars tread.

The metamorphosis of man to beast has fascinated audiences for millennia. The werewolves of medieval literature were forced to conform to the Church's view of metamorphosis and, in so doing, transformed from bestial and savage to benevolent and rational. Analysis of Marie de France's Bisclavret, the anonymous Arthur and Gorlagon, the Irish tale The Crop-Eared Dog, and the French roman d'aventure Guillaume de Palerne reveals insight into medieval views of change, identity, and what it meant to exist in the medieval world. Each of these tales is told from the werewolf's point of view, and in each the wolf undergoes a fury or madness where he cannot seem to help turning savage and harming people. This 'rage of the wolf' lies at the root of the identities of these werewolves, reflecting the conflict between good and evil, the physical and the spiritual, and Church doctrine and a rapidly changing society.

Ce projet s’intéresse à un objet particulier : l’armure. Celle-ci, dont la fonction première était de protéger le combattant, s’est adaptée entre le XIIIe et le XVIIe siècle aux bouleversements qu’ont connu les pratiques de guerre et l’organisation des armées dans cette période. L’armure pouvait aussi avoir une autre fonction, celle de distinguer socialement son porteur. Ainsi, à la fin du Moyen Âge l’armure est à la fois un objet de grande consommation et d’usage courant mais également un produit de luxe. Sa fabrication, dominée par différents centres de productions internationaux comme les villes Milan et Nuremberg, demandait un savoir-faire spécifique pour travailler et mettre en forme le métal.Dans le but d’éclairer d’une part les techniques et savoir-faire anciens, d’autre part la circulation et les échanges dans l’espace européen, ce projet aborde l’étude de l’armure par sa matérialité, en mettant en œuvre une approche archéométallurgique. Un corpus spécifique, de plus d’une centaine d’objets, caractéristique de l’évolution de l’équipement défensif des combattants mais également des grands centres de production européens a ainsi été constitué. L’analyse du métal a permis de déterminer la nature des matériaux employés ainsi que les techniques de fabrication de ces objets. L’étude des inclusions non métalliques a quant à elle permis de discuter de l’origine géographique du métal utilisé pour la fabrication des pièces.De façon générale, les résultats ont montré l’emploi d’alliages de natures variées, parfois très hétérogènes pour réaliser les plates d’armures. Néanmoins en moyenne le métal employé possède une dureté proche de celle d’un acier homogène à 0,4-0,5% de carbone. Les alliages trempés de dureté élevée demeurent très minoritaires dans le corpus étudié. Des spécificités ont néanmoins été relevées, comme l’utilisation d’un matériau spécifique, associant plusieurs feuilles de métal aux propriétés différentes qui pouvait offrir à l’armure de meilleures propriétés défensives. Les informations acquises ont également permis d’étudier les pratiques mises en œuvre par les armuriers que ce soit pour la fabrication d’une armure complète, la production massive de pièces en « série », ou issues d’un même atelier. Les résultats relatifs à la nature et au travail du métal nous ont ainsi amené à questionner le rôle du maitre armurier qui signait les objets et la signification de cette signature pour un atelier. / The project focuses on a specific object: armor. Between the 13th and early 17th centuries, war practices have undergone major changes, both on the technological level, as well as the organizational one. Accordingly, defensives arms were adapted to the new needs in order to protect their owners. Armor was also in some cases a mark of social distinction. Thus, at the end of the Middle Ages, armor was both an object for everyday military use, massively produced, and a luxury attire. Its fabrication was dominated by several prestigious European centers of production like Milan and Nuremberg and required specific technical skills to shape the metal.In order to shed light on some of the techniques and ancient skills, along with the circulation and exchanges in the European space, this project addresses the study of armor through its materiality, by implementing an archeometallurgical approach. A specific corpus of over a hundred artefacts was collected, characteristic of the evolution of the defensive equipment of the fighters but also of the great European centers of production. Physicochemical analysis of the metal can decipher its nature and reveal the technical skills of the craftsmen. Non metallic phases analysis has allowed to test hypotheses on the provenance of the materials employed.Overall, the results showed the use of alloys of varying nature, sometimes highly heterogeneous, to realize the plates of armor. However, on average the metal employed has a hardness close to a homogeneous steel with 0.4-0.5% carbon. Hardened alloys of high hardness remain very minor in the studied corpus. Specificities were nevertheless noted, such as the use of a specific material, combining several sheets of metal with different properties that could offer better defensive properties. The information acquired also allowed to study the workshop practices implemented by the armorers, whether for the manufacture of a complete set of armor, the mass production of "serial" pieces, or those originating from the same workshop. The results relating to the nature and hammering of the metal have led us to question the exact nature of the intervention of the master armorer who signed the artefact and the significance of the signature of a workshop.

La création des premières universités au tournant des XIIe et XIIIe siècles a constitué une véritable révolution dans le monde de l’enseignement. Bologne, Oxford, Paris, ont vu affluer toute une population de jeunes gens avides de connaissances, en provenance de tout l’Occident chrétien. Dans ces villes et dans quelques autres où s’était installée, quelques décennies plus tôt, une nouvelle classe sociale de commerçants et d’artisans, la cohabitation entre ces deux mondes fut pour le moins difficile. Les habitants acceptaient mal ces étudiants souvent dissipés qui ne parlaient pas la même langue qu’eux et il fallut tout le soutien des papes et des rois qui placèrent les universitaires sous leur protection en leur attribuant de nombreux privilèges. Forts de cette reconnaissance, certains en profitèrent à l’excès et devinrent homicides à l’occasion d’une rixe qui tourna mal, ou cambrioleurs suite à une mauvaise rencontre dans une taverne. Plusieurs se servirent de leurs connaissances pour user de faux en écriture. D’autres, adolescents en quête de sexualité, eurent des rapports prohibés avec les femmes ou les filles des bourgeois.Il n’est évidemment pas question de généraliser, de donner, à l’occasion de quelques exemples, une image de la réalité ne correspondant pas à ce qu’étaient, dans leur immense majorité, les étudiants médiévaux, ceux qui allaient devenir, quelques année plus tard, l’élite intellectuelle de la société. Des cas de dérives ont cependant existé et ont revêtu différentes formes. A partir de sources certes parcellaires mais malgré tout diversifiées, ce sont les différents aspects de cette délinquance mais aussi ses spécificités et ses évolutions au cours des trois derniers siècles du Moyen Âge, qui sont explorés dans cette thèse qui concerne l’Histoire mais aussi à d’autres sciences humaines, la sociologie et le droit en particulier. / The creation of early universities at the turn of twelfth and thirteenth centuries has been an absolute revolution in education world. Bologna, Oxford, Paris, have seen influx of young people eager to learn, coming from all Christian west. In these towns and a few others where had installed a new social class of shopkeepers and craftsmen, living together these two worlds had been at least difficult. Inhabitants were hard to accept these unrulies students who spoke another language, and it was nécessary than popes and kings put them under their protective custody by allocating them a lot of privileges. Wealth of this recognition, some of them took exessive advantages and became manslaughters on the occasion of a fight that degenerated, or burglars after a wrong encounter inside a tavern. Several used their knowledges by forging of documents. Some others, teenagers in search of sexuality, engaged prohibited intercourses with wifes or daughters of the burghers.It is obviously out of the question of generalization by giving, on the occasion of some examples, a picture of the reality that don’t correlate with that were the vast majority of medieval students, those who were to become, a few years later, the intelligentsia of society. However, drifts have been available in various ways. From fragmented but varied sources, these are the different aspects of that deliquency, and also specificities and evolutions over the last three centuries of Middle Ages, which are explored in this thesis about history and also other human sciences, particularly sociology and law.

Cette thèse examine la relation des Maghrébins avec la mer au Moyen Âge et son rôle dans l’enrichissement de la vie économique, sociale et mentale des habitants du littoral. Mare nostrum des Romains était considéré pendant les premiers siècles de l’Islam comme la mer des Byzantins par opposition à la mer des ténèbres, pour qualifier l’océan Atlantique. Mais pendant les siècles suivants, les musulmans investissent progressivement la Méditerranée et rivalisent avec Byzance et le monde latin pour la maîtrise des techniques de navigation et la domination du commerce maritime. Source de richesse, de conquête et d’affirmation du pouvoir, la mer a généré chez les Maghrébins des représentations à la fois objectives et mythologiques. Héritées d’anciennes civilisations, elles ont été constamment remodelées et enrichies par les Maghrébins au prisme de leurs pratiques quotidiennes, mais aussi grâce à leurs contacts avec le monde extérieur. / This dissertation analyses the relationship of the Maghribis with the sea in the Middle Ages and its role in the enrichment of the economical, social and mental life of the inhabitants of the shore. The Roman Mare nostrum was considered in the first centuries of Islam as the sea of the Byzantines, in opposition to the sea of Darkness, to describe the Atlantic ocean. But during the following centuries, muslims progressively take over the Mediterranean and compete with Byzance and the Latin world to master the technics of navigation and to dominate the maritim trade. Source of wealth, conquests and assertion of power, the sea engendered by the Maghribis both objective and mythological representations. Inherited from ancient civilizations, they have been constantly reshaped and enriched by the Maghribis thanks to their daily practices, but also due to their contacts with external worlds.

In the small town of Västergarn on Gotland lies a rather impressive rampart, circa one kilometre long. Excavations of the area inside of the rampart, as well as excavations of the rampart itself, have yielded no conclusive answers regarding the dating and main purpose of the rampart and the settlement that supposedly lies within. This paper aims to shed some light on the date and purpose of the Västergarn rampart. This will mainly be done by a comparative study, where the Västergarn Rampart will be compared to other ramparts, one in Waterford and one in Birka. In this analysis the construction, mainly of the core construction of the ramparts, will be taken into consideration but aspects such as terrain and building material will also be considered. The results of earlier research in and around the Västergarn area will also be used to then come to a comprehensive theory regarding the dating and purpose of the Västergarn rampart.