Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur svensk Sjömansservices verksamhet utvecklats sedan två milstolpar, 2004 då ISPS koden trädde i kraft och 2007 när Sjömansservices verksamhet togs över av Sjöfartsverket från den tidigare myndigheten Handelsflottans Kultur- och Fritidsråd. Resultatet visar hur Sjömansservice verksamhet ser ut år 2016 och vad ISPS-koden och förflyttningen av verksamheten har betytt för Sjömansservice målgrupp; besökande sjömän. Kvalitativa intervjuer med representanter ur Sjömansservice ligger till grund för studien. Resultatet visar att sjömäns beteendemönster vid hamnbesök har förändrats. På grund av nya arbetsmoment går sjömän iland fler gånger per hamnvistelse, men under kortare tidsperioder. Detta mycket tack vara skiftarbete och nya arbetsmoment till följd av ISPS koden. Efter förflyttningen av verksamheten till Sjöfartsverket har man kunnat göra kostnadsbesparingar, till största delen på grund av nedskärningar i personalkostnader. Sjömansservice arbetar mycket i samarbetsform med kommuner, kyrkan och hamnar. Tillsammans arbetar man för att täcka upp välfärdsbehovet för sjömän i Sverige.

Para caracterizar a linha adesiva e a penetração do adesivo em de vigas de madeira lamelada colada (MLC), quatro espécies de madeira de reflorestamento Pinus sp, Schizolobium amazonicum (Paricá), Lyptus® e Tectona grandis (Teca) e quatro adesivos diferentes: (i) Purbond HB S390: adesivo à base de poliuretano; (ii) Jowapur 686.60: adesivo à base de poliuretano; (iii) Cascophen: adesivo à base de resina fenol-resorcinol e (iv) Melamina (MUF): adesivo à base de folmaldeído, foram utilizados na preparação de peças de madeira lamelada colada (MLC), seguindo instruções dos fabricantes dos adesivos. De cada viga, foram cortadas duas lâminas para analisar as características da adesão por meio de técnicas de microscopia, usando-se corpos de prova com dimensões adequadas a cada técnica utilizada. As linhas adesivas e as regiões de interfase foram submetidas à observação por microscopia óptica com luz polarizada, microscopia de fluorescência, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia confocal e microtomografia de raios X. Os adesivos Purbond HB S390 e Jowapur 686.60, apresentaram bolhas de ar na linha de cola após a cura, que podem ser relacionadas com comportamentos observados no cisalhamento das amostras, e o segundo ainda apresentou cristais e evidencias de tensão residual. Os adesivos MUF e Cascophen não apresentaram evidencias da presença de nenhum desses elementos. Os resultados das técnicas de microscopia mostraram que a penetração do adesivo resultante em cada caso, ocorreu nos vasos, no lúmen dos traqueídes e ao longo dos raios e está ligada à densidade das madeiras. As técnicas microscópicas mostraram-se complementares com informações características de cada uma delas. O tingimento das amostras facilitou a visualização das imagens na microscopia ótica, sendo útil na análise de tensão residual, formação de cristais e bolhas no adesivo, porém a técnica não permitiu a determinação de penetração de adesivo na interfase. A microscopia de fluorescência permitiu a visualização de todas as fases da linha adesiva, a profundidade da penetração grosseira e a identificação de bolhas. Porem os resultados têm pouco foco, baixa resolução e necessitam do uso de sonda fluorescente. A fluorescência confocal também permitiu identificação de todas as fases da região adesiva, profundidade de penetração grosseira e celular, com alta resolução e contraste de cores, porém gerou sombras nas regiões de irregularidade da superfície da amostra. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura permitiu a determinação precisa da espessura da linha adesiva na fase pura, a visualização do preenchimento de alguns lúmens, mas a escala de tons de cinza pode gerar dúvidas na diferenciação do adesivo e madeira. A micro CT permitiu determinar a penetração em três dimensões, com alta resolução, porém necessita de contraste adicionado ao adesivo para ensaio em madeiras de alta densidade. A partir desse estudo identificou-se a necessidade do uso das técnicas microscópicas como complemento nos estudos de ligações adesivas em MLC. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam que as técnicas microscópicas devam passar a fazer parte das normas para testes de qualidade de MLC. / Four species of reforestation species Pinus sp, Schizolobium amazonicum (Paricá), Lyptus® e Tectona grandis (Teca) and four different adhesives (i) Purbond HB S390: poliurethane based adhesive; (ii) Jowapur 686.60: poliurethane based adhesive; (iii) Cascophen: phenol-resorcinol resin based adhesive and (iv) Melamine (MUF): formaldehyde based adhesive were used in the assembling of glulam beans, according to the adhesive manufacturer\'s instructions. In order to characterize the glue line and the penetration of the adhesive in the preparation of the beans. Two slices were cut from each bean to evaluate the adhesion characteristics by microscopy techniques, using specimens appropriate for each technique. Thus, the glue lines and interphase regions were submitted to polarized light optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and X-ray microtomography. Purbond HB S390 and Jowapur 686.60 adhesives presented air bubbles in the glue line after cure, that can be related with shear tests, while the second also presented crystals and evidences of residual tension. MUF and Cascophen do not presented evidences of the presence of any of these elements. The results from the microscopic techniques revealed details of the penetration of the adhesives in each case and occurred in the vessels, lumen of the tracheid and along of the radius and is deeply related to the density of each wood. Microscopic techniques reveled to be complimentary with characteristic information from each one of them. Dyeing of the samples make easier the observation of optical microscopy images being useful in the analysis of residual tension, presence of bubbles and crystals in the adhesive. However, this technique did not allowed the determination of the characteristics of penetration in the samples. Fluorescence microscopy allowed observing of all phases of the glue line, coarse penetration deepness and identification of bubbles, but the results has poor focus and low resolution and requires fluorescent probe. Confocal fluorescence microscopy also allowed the identification of all phases in the glue line, coarse and cell penetration deepness observation, with high resolution and color contrast, however it generated shade in the irregular regions of the sample surface. Scanning electron microscopy permitted the precise determination of the glue line thickness in the pure phase, visualization of the fulfilling of some lumens, but the grey scale can generate doubts concerning the differentiation of the adhesive and wood in the images. X-ray microtomography allowed determining the 3D penetration profile, with high resolution, however it needed that contrast in introduced in the adhesive when testing high density woods. Thus, from this work it was verified the need of using microscopic techniques as complementary tool in studding adhesion in glulam beans. The results of this work point that the microscopic techniques should be part of the standards for gluelam quality testing.

No description available.

Para caracterizar a linha adesiva e a penetração do adesivo em de vigas de madeira lamelada colada (MLC), quatro espécies de madeira de reflorestamento Pinus sp, Schizolobium amazonicum (Paricá), Lyptus® e Tectona grandis (Teca) e quatro adesivos diferentes: (i) Purbond HB S390: adesivo à base de poliuretano; (ii) Jowapur 686.60: adesivo à base de poliuretano; (iii) Cascophen: adesivo à base de resina fenol-resorcinol e (iv) Melamina (MUF): adesivo à base de folmaldeído, foram utilizados na preparação de peças de madeira lamelada colada (MLC), seguindo instruções dos fabricantes dos adesivos. De cada viga, foram cortadas duas lâminas para analisar as características da adesão por meio de técnicas de microscopia, usando-se corpos de prova com dimensões adequadas a cada técnica utilizada. As linhas adesivas e as regiões de interfase foram submetidas à observação por microscopia óptica com luz polarizada, microscopia de fluorescência, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia confocal e microtomografia de raios X. Os adesivos Purbond HB S390 e Jowapur 686.60, apresentaram bolhas de ar na linha de cola após a cura, que podem ser relacionadas com comportamentos observados no cisalhamento das amostras, e o segundo ainda apresentou cristais e evidencias de tensão residual. Os adesivos MUF e Cascophen não apresentaram evidencias da presença de nenhum desses elementos. Os resultados das técnicas de microscopia mostraram que a penetração do adesivo resultante em cada caso, ocorreu nos vasos, no lúmen dos traqueídes e ao longo dos raios e está ligada à densidade das madeiras. As técnicas microscópicas mostraram-se complementares com informações características de cada uma delas. O tingimento das amostras facilitou a visualização das imagens na microscopia ótica, sendo útil na análise de tensão residual, formação de cristais e bolhas no adesivo, porém a técnica não permitiu a determinação de penetração de adesivo na interfase. A microscopia de fluorescência permitiu a visualização de todas as fases da linha adesiva, a profundidade da penetração grosseira e a identificação de bolhas. Porem os resultados têm pouco foco, baixa resolução e necessitam do uso de sonda fluorescente. A fluorescência confocal também permitiu identificação de todas as fases da região adesiva, profundidade de penetração grosseira e celular, com alta resolução e contraste de cores, porém gerou sombras nas regiões de irregularidade da superfície da amostra. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura permitiu a determinação precisa da espessura da linha adesiva na fase pura, a visualização do preenchimento de alguns lúmens, mas a escala de tons de cinza pode gerar dúvidas na diferenciação do adesivo e madeira. A micro CT permitiu determinar a penetração em três dimensões, com alta resolução, porém necessita de contraste adicionado ao adesivo para ensaio em madeiras de alta densidade. A partir desse estudo identificou-se a necessidade do uso das técnicas microscópicas como complemento nos estudos de ligações adesivas em MLC. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam que as técnicas microscópicas devam passar a fazer parte das normas para testes de qualidade de MLC. / Four species of reforestation species Pinus sp, Schizolobium amazonicum (Paricá), Lyptus® e Tectona grandis (Teca) and four different adhesives (i) Purbond HB S390: poliurethane based adhesive; (ii) Jowapur 686.60: poliurethane based adhesive; (iii) Cascophen: phenol-resorcinol resin based adhesive and (iv) Melamine (MUF): formaldehyde based adhesive were used in the assembling of glulam beans, according to the adhesive manufacturer\'s instructions. In order to characterize the glue line and the penetration of the adhesive in the preparation of the beans. Two slices were cut from each bean to evaluate the adhesion characteristics by microscopy techniques, using specimens appropriate for each technique. Thus, the glue lines and interphase regions were submitted to polarized light optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and X-ray microtomography. Purbond HB S390 and Jowapur 686.60 adhesives presented air bubbles in the glue line after cure, that can be related with shear tests, while the second also presented crystals and evidences of residual tension. MUF and Cascophen do not presented evidences of the presence of any of these elements. The results from the microscopic techniques revealed details of the penetration of the adhesives in each case and occurred in the vessels, lumen of the tracheid and along of the radius and is deeply related to the density of each wood. Microscopic techniques reveled to be complimentary with characteristic information from each one of them. Dyeing of the samples make easier the observation of optical microscopy images being useful in the analysis of residual tension, presence of bubbles and crystals in the adhesive. However, this technique did not allowed the determination of the characteristics of penetration in the samples. Fluorescence microscopy allowed observing of all phases of the glue line, coarse penetration deepness and identification of bubbles, but the results has poor focus and low resolution and requires fluorescent probe. Confocal fluorescence microscopy also allowed the identification of all phases in the glue line, coarse and cell penetration deepness observation, with high resolution and color contrast, however it generated shade in the irregular regions of the sample surface. Scanning electron microscopy permitted the precise determination of the glue line thickness in the pure phase, visualization of the fulfilling of some lumens, but the grey scale can generate doubts concerning the differentiation of the adhesive and wood in the images. X-ray microtomography allowed determining the 3D penetration profile, with high resolution, however it needed that contrast in introduced in the adhesive when testing high density woods. Thus, from this work it was verified the need of using microscopic techniques as complementary tool in studding adhesion in glulam beans. The results of this work point that the microscopic techniques should be part of the standards for gluelam quality testing.

Storage devices based on Multi-Level Cell (MLC) NAND flash can be found in almost all computer systems except rugged, industrial systems; even though MLC is less expensive and more dense than devices based on standard Single-Level Cell (SLC) NAND flash, MLC’s lower write endurance and lower retention has led system designers to avoid using it. This avoidance is unnecessary in many applications which will never come close to the endurance limits. Furthermore, new processes are leading to storage devices with higher write endurance. System designers should review the specific use-model for their systems and can select MLC-based storage devices when warranted. The result is lower system costs without worry of data loss due to write endurance.

No description available.

No description available.

Äventyr, värme och omväxling i livet var några av de anledningar som bidrog till att människor sökte sig till sjöss. Verkligheten såg annorlunda ut då än vad det har kommit till att bli idag. Förr gjordes fler världsomseglingar med fartyg och rederier med svenskt flagg och det spenderades mer tid till kaj. Syftet med detta arbete var att skapa en typ av “handbok”, som beskriver de rättigheter en sjöman kan förvänta sig vid en anställning på utlandsflaggat fartyg som seglar med ett Marine Labour Convention (MLC) avtal. Fokus har legat vid försäkringar, pensioner och social säkerhet. Med en kvalitativ datainsamlingsmetod sågs det till att all insamlad empiri blev noga undersökt vilket gjort arbetet objektivt. Slutsatsen blev således att en sjöman som är skriven i Sverige, mönstrar på ett utlandsflaggat fartyg, med en vilja att flytta utomlands till Kroatien som exempel, kommer till att får mer i lön och betala betydligt mindre i skatt, samtidigt som förmånerna i Sverige nästintill blir detsamma. / Adventure, warmth and change of atmosphere are the reason why many went to sea in the past. Unfortunately, the reality is different today, the ships and shipping companies that sail with the Swedish flag do few world voyages and with little time alongside. The purpose of this study is to create a type of "handbook". The handbook will examine what the minimum rights for a sailor are when sailing onboard a foreign-flagged ship sailing under the MLC agreement. It will also have covered moving abroad, insurances, pensions and social securities. With a qualitative data collection method, it was ensured that all collected empirical material was carefully examined which made this study objective. The conclusion is that a Swedish seafarer residing in Sweden that wants to sign on a foreign-flagged ship with an MLC agreement and is willing to become a Croatian resident and move to Croatia then the seafarer will most likely have a higher salary, have to pay significantly lower taxes and get almost all the same benefits as in Sweden.

<p>The main focus of this work is to improve the existing clinical machine model within the Pinnacle software planning system (at Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, CA). The incident energy fluence spectrum exiting from the accelerator head is considered an important element of the machine model. Relying on the Pinnacle auto modeling function to determine the relative photon fluence spectrum based on percent depth dose curves fitting for various filed sizes, led to different solutions when the process cycle were repeated. This work presents a new method for determining the Pinnacle photon energy fluence spectrum based on 6 MV Varian 21EX machine. A Monte Carlo simulation spectrum based on BEAMnrc code was attenuated to various depths of water. We determine that, the BEAMnrc spectrum attenuated by 15 cm of water gives the closest agreement between the computed and measured depth dose, similar to the clinical machine spectrum.</p> <p>Implementing the novel spectrum into a machine that retained the same modeling parameters as the clinical machine (21ex-JCC) shows a slight better calculation of the output factor. The MLC model parameters were also investigated, however, adjusting the MLC offset table was found to give significant improvements, especially for the small field geometries.</p> <p>The full impact of adjusting the photon energy spectrum, Off-Axis Softening Factor, MLC rounded leaf tip radius and MLC calibration offsets were investigated individually, resulting in a good model parameter fit. Several proposed supplementary setups were created to further assess our model. This include a geometry sensitive to MLC abutment leakage, the calculation of output factors for long and narrow MLC defined fields, and small square MLC and jaws defined fields. A Sun-Point diode detector was used in the measurement of the output factors for its accurate precision at small geometries. In addition, a GAFCHROMIC EBT2 film dosimetry was used in the measurement of the MLC abutment leakage.</p> <p>Our new model shows superior results in comparison to the clinical 21ex-JCC machine model, especially with MLC small field calculations. We conclude that relying on PDD curves and dose profiles validation method in assessing the model might not necessarily lead to the best machine parameters, since these are not sensitive to subtle changes in parameters that have important dosimetric consequences.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka om antalet anmärkningar och typer av anmärkningar hade förändrats sedan införandet av MLC. Undersökningsmaterialet är hämtat från Paris MoU årliga rapporter. Det var utifrån dessa som undersökningen genomfördes. Slutsatserna som vi kom fram till var, att sedan MLC infördes har totala antalet anmärkningar minskat under perioden 2011 till 2015.  Antal nyttjandeförbud har också minskat. Anmärkningar som endast berör arbetsmiljön har minskat sedan införandet av MLC. Allt fler anmärkningar, som tidigare hamnat under ILO, hamnar nu under MLC. De mest förekommande MLC anmärkningarna var ”Records of Seafarers´daily hours of work or rest” och ”Electrical”. Den vanligaste MLC anmärkningen som resulterade i nyttjandeförbud var ”Wages”. De anmärkningar som var vanligast vid en hamnstatskontroll beträffande övriga anmärkningar var ”Fire Safety” och ”Safety of Navigation”. / The aim of the study was to investigate whether the number of complaints and the types of complaints had changed since the introduction of the MLC. The research material is taken from the Paris MoU annual reports. It was from these that the survey was conducted. The conclusions that we came to was, that since the MLC was introduced, the total number of complaints have decreased during the period 2011-2015. The number of detentions have also declined. Remarks concerning only the work environment has declined since the introduction of the MLC. An increasing number of complaints, which had previously fallen under the ILO, will settle in the MLC.  The most common MLC remarks were "Records of Seafarers'daily hours of work or rest" and "Transport". The most common MLC complaint that resulted in the retention was "Wages". The remarks that were common at the Port State Control regarding the other allegations were "Fire Safety" and "Safety of Navigation".