Widespread adoption of mobile payments has not taken place despite a decade of trials in various countries based upon a mobile phone handset that does not have the technology capabilities of today’s smart phones. However, significant technology developments have led to widespread consumer adoption of smart phones and other devices that may now provide the foundation for wider consumer adoption of mobile payments. Understanding UK consumer cultural perceptions on the new phenomenon is one of the first steps to influencing purchase behaviour. This thesis is based upon a post-positivist philosophy and a social constructionist ontology that explores UK consumer perceptions of mobile payments through human cognitive and affective responses of consumer payment behaviour as these influence attitude that leads to adoption. However, UK consumer interest in mobile payments on its own is unlikely to be enough to change payment behaviour, although meeting specific payment needs can motivate consumers to amend their payment behaviour that can lead to widespread adoption. Inductive empirical research is used to explore UK consumer perceptions of mobile payments through sequential mixed methods. A questionnaire is used as the 1st research instrument with closed questions that explore various aspects of consumer interest in the mobile payments phenomenon. The key themes identified from the numerical analysis of the questionnaire data are used to guide the semi-structured interviews. Content analysis is then undertaken on the qualitative interview data from which new knowledge on consumer perceptions of mobile payments is identified. Analysis of the empirical data suggests that UK consumers have significant technology and security concerns which negatively affect consumer interest. Despite these concerns, UK consumers demonstrate interest in the mobile payments phenomenon when perceived usefulness benefits are identified. The perceived usefulness positively influences attitude that overcomes perceived risks which can lead to amended consumer payment behaviour and widespread adoption. In addition, UK consumers have a significant lack of trust towards unknown organisations as well as new market entrants although there is an increased level of trust in mobile payments provided by UK banks as well as other established organisations. This research fills an important gap in existing literature on consumer payment behaviour as it explores UK consumer cultural perceptions of the mobile payments phenomenon using smart phones and contactless consumer devices; whereas earlier consumer payment research is based upon a mobile phone handset that does not have the technology capabilities of today’s smart phones and has an Asian and Nordic cultural focus. Furthermore, this research provides UK empirical evidence that refines and extends existing research through the use of sequential mixed methods whilst adding to the understanding of UK consumer attitudes related to UK payment instruments.

The Near Field Communication (NFC) technology is a short-range radio communication channel which enables users to exchange data between devices. NFC provides a contactless technology for data transmission between smart phones, Personal Computers (PCs), Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and such devices. It enables the mobile phone to act as identification and a credit card for customers. However, the NFC chip can act as a reader as well as a card, and also be used to design symmetric protocols. Having several parties involved in NFC ecosystem and not having a common standard affects the security of this technology where all the parties are claiming to have access to client’s information (e.g. bank account details). The dynamic relationships of the parties in an NFC transaction process make them partners in a way that sometimes they share their access permissions on the applications that are running in the service environment. These parties can only access their part of involvement as they are not fully aware of each other’s rights and access permissions. The lack of knowledge between involved parties makes the management and ownership of the NFC ecosystem very puzzling. To solve this issue, a security module that is called Secure Element (SE) is designed to be the base of the security for NFC. However, there are still some security issues with SE personalization, management, ownership and architecture that can be exploitable by attackers and delay the adaption of NFC payment technology. Reorganizing and describing what is required for the success of this technology have motivated us to extend the current NFC ecosystem models to accelerate the development of this business area. One of the technologies that can be used to ensure secure NFC transactions is cloud computing which offers wide range advantages compared to the use of SE as a single entity in an NFC enabled mobile phone. We believe cloud computing can solve many issues in regards to NFC application management. Therefore, in the first contribution of part of this thesis we propose a new payment model called “NFC Cloud Wallet". This model demonstrates a reliable structure of an NFC ecosystem which satisfies the requirements of an NFC payment during the development process in a systematic, manageable, and effective way.

<p>Mobile payments are increasing in popularity in recent years. New mobile solutions are being developed in the form of new Internet capable mobile devices such as the IPhone and new wireless networks such as the LTE and WiMAX networks.</p><p>This report will present, explain and compare some of the most popular wireless networks that enable mobile payments, from a security point of view. The chosen networks are 3G with connection to GSM, and WLAN networks. The main security mechanisms involved in each network, and how they work will be studied. Security requirements and some of the most important threats each network faces will be presented and discussed. The main purpose of the report is to examine if mobile payments offer an acceptable level of security to the average user.</p>

Mobile payments are increasing in popularity in recent years. New mobile solutions are being developed in the form of new Internet capable mobile devices such as the IPhone and new wireless networks such as the LTE and WiMAX networks. This report will present, explain and compare some of the most popular wireless networks that enable mobile payments, from a security point of view. The chosen networks are 3G with connection to GSM, and WLAN networks. The main security mechanisms involved in each network, and how they work will be studied. Security requirements and some of the most important threats each network faces will be presented and discussed. The main purpose of the report is to examine if mobile payments offer an acceptable level of security to the average user.

Yes / The rapid evolution of mobile-based technologies and applications has led to the development of several different forms of digital payment methods (DPMs) but with limited enthusiasm in consumers for adopting them. Hence, several academic studies have already been conducted to examine the role of various antecedents that determines consumers’ intention to adopt DPMs. The degree of effect and significance of several antecedents found to be inconsistent across different studies. This provided us a basis for undertaking a meta-analysis of existing research for estimating the cumulative effect of such antecedents. Therefore, this study aims to perform a meta-analysis of five antecedents (i.e. attitude, cost, mobility, price value and innovativeness) for confirming their overall influence on intentions to adopt DPMs. The results of this study suggest that the cumulative effect of four out of five antecedents found to be significant while influence of price value was found insignificant on behavioural intentions. The recommendations drawn from this research would help to decide if and when to use such antecedents for predicting consumer intention to adopt DPMs.

När vi går och handlar är det självklart att betala för sina varor i butiken. Det finns många metoder för att genomföra denna betalning. Allt fler i Sverige har börjat överge användandet av kontanter. I takt med att kontanterna minskas visar statistiken att antalet kortanvändare ökar. Detta leder till att leverantörerna av korttjänsterna kan få en monopolliknande ställning där de kan sätta avgifter efter eget tycke utan konsekvenser. Ett alternativ som fortfarande håller på att etablera sig på marknaden är mobila betalningar. Endast 1 % av alla transaktioner består av mobila betalningar. Trots denna låga siffra har den framgångsrika mobila betaltjänsten Swish över 5 miljoner användare i Sverige. Mobila betalningar har förutsättningar för att fungera som en vanlig betalmetod i butiker men bristande tillit hos konsumenter hindrar de från att använda det som sin primära betalmetod. Detta leder till problematik när mobila betalningar ska etablera sig i marknaden. På grund av problematiken med mobila betalningar fokuserar denna studie på att identifiera och prioritera de faktorer som påverkar konsumenternas tillit till mobila betalningar. För att uppnå studiens syfte utfördes en kvantitativ enkätstudie med ett urval av respondenter. 130 respondenter svarade på enkäten där deras svar analyserades i ett analysprogram för att identifiera upplysande relationer i deras svar. Diskussionen som förs med grund i teori och den insamlade empirin där det framgår att respondenterna i större utsträckning bedömer säkerhet utifrån sin subjektiva uppfattning och baserar den på upplevelsen av gränssnittet. En överväldigande majoritet angav att fördelarna som mobila betallösningar erbjuder utöver de traditionella betallösningarna är viktiga för användandet av mobila betalningar. Respondenterna syftar även på att fördelarna är en viktig bidragande faktor till den tillit de känner. Slutligen diskuteras även hur den personliga integriteten påverkar valet av mobila betalningar. Resultatet av studien visar på att konsumenterna värdesätter säkerhet mest. Dock upplever konsumenterna att säkerheten är bristande men konsumenterna bortser från det. Fördelarna som mobila betalningar erbjuder är även en mycket viktig faktor för konsumenterna vid val av mobila betalningar. För att öka tilliten för mobila betallösningar bör säkerhet och fördelar vara fokus för betaltjänsteleverantören. Dock bör personlig integritet ses som en viktig faktor. Resultatet visar att en liten mängd respondenter prioriterar denna faktor vid val av mobila betalningar. Leverantörerna av betaltjänsterna bör därför även fokusera på personlig integritet för att attrahera de konsumenter som prioritera personlig integritet. / When we buy things in a store it is given that you also pay for the products you buy. There are a handful of payment services available on the market. More and more people choose to abandon cash as a payment method in Sweden. The usage of cash is in a negative trend and the number of card users increase, according to statistics. This in turns means that credit-/debit card providers will have a monopoly-like position over the payment market and can therefore set transactions fees that suit their needs. Only 1 % of all transactions consist of mobile payments. Despite these low numbers the successful mobile payment service Swish has over 5 million users in Sweden. Although mobile payments match all the criteria to be regarded as a payment service in stores, the lack of trust among consumers makes them not confident enough to use it as their primary payment method. This in turn creates problems for mobile payments to establish themselves on the market. With these problems in mind this study focuses on identifying and prioritizing factors that affect consumers trust for mobile payments. To answer this study’s research question a quantitative self-completion questionnaire was conducted with a selection of respondents. 130 respondents answered the self-completion questionnaire and the responses were used in a statistical analysis program to identify and create useful statistical data. A discussion that is grounded in theory and empirical data shows that the respondents mostly assesses safety based on their subjective perception, the subjective perception is often based on the perception of the application interface. Another interesting finding is that a majority of the respondent stated that benefits of mobile payment over traditional payment solutions are equally important. Respondents also point out that the benefits with mobile payments are an important contributing factor towards the trust they experience. Finally, a discussion about personal integrity and how it affects the choice of mobile payments is held. The result of the study shows that consumers value security the most. However, consumers perceive safety as inadequate, but they choose to ignore it. The benefits that mobile payments offer are also a very important factor for consumers in choosing mobile payments. To increase trust in mobile payment solutions, security and benefits should be the focus of the payment service provider. Even if the results only show a small number of respondents prioritizing personal integrity it should still be considered an important factor. Mobile payment providers should therefore also focus on personal integrity in order to attract customers who prioritize integrity.

The mobile payments industry has in recent years experienced large growth and rapid changes. Several different actors are trying to capture the market, to get enough users of their system to reach critical mass. This study investigates how a small Swedish mobile payments company have utilized its business network in their strive to reach critical mass, both in their domestic market and internationally.  The study intends to describe how the company has developed its network and which stages of the network development that have been the most important.  We utilize the ARA-model to analyze the business network and the Uppsala Model and born global theory to define how the company has internationalized.  Our main results indicate that our case company has the mindset of a born global but the particulars of the industry have forced it to internationalize following the Uppsala Model. The development of the business network have to a large part been dependent of the initial activities since this builds the credibility needed to work with large actors.  Moreover the business network is found to not only help the company, but to be essential for their plans on reaching critical mass.

The purpose of the study is to examine the challenges of digital payments, the risks they pose and the impact they have in society. Technology is constantly changing, companies need to keep in pace with technology in order to provide accurate and actual financial information. Therefore it is important to examine the digital transactions impact on accounting.The issue that has been chosen to be studied is to identify the challenges that banks and companies that provide digital payment solutions face and how they work with these challenges.The method that was chosen to achieve the study was the qualitative method and the empirical material were obtained by semistructured interviews. Six respondents participated in the study, four banks and two companies that provides digital payment solutions. The results are analysed with the help of previous research and chosen theoretical concepts of mobile payment, card payment, risks and safety, cost-effectiveness and acceptance of payment services.The result of the theoretical and empirical study implies that higher requirements are placed on banks and companies, they have to follow laws and directives in order to increase the security of digital payments. The study is in swedish. / Avsikten med studien är att undersöka de digitaliserade betalningssättens utmaningar, vilka risker de medför samt den inverkan de har i samhället. Tekniken förändras ständigt, därmed finns det ett behov av att företag håller jämna steg med digitaliseringen för att tillhandahålla korrekt och aktuell finansiell information. Därför finns det en väsentlig betydelse att undersöka de digitala transaktionernas inverkan på redovisning. Den problematik som har valt att studeras är vilka utmaningar som de digitaliserade betalningstjänsterna står inför samt hur banker och övriga företag som tillhandahåller digitala betalningslösningar arbetar med dessa utmaningar. Den valda metodansatsen är en kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet är insamlat av semistrukturerade intervjuer. I studien deltog sex respondenter, varav fyra banker samt två företag som tillhandahåller digitala betalningslösningar. Resultatet analyseras med hjälp av tidigare forskning och begreppen mobila betalningar, kortbetalningar, risker och säkerhet, kostnadseffektivitet samt acceptans av betalningstjänster. Teorin samt praktiken har medfört att det ställs högre krav på företag och banker, både från nationella samt internationella riktningar. Då de måste följa lagar och direktiv för att öka säkerheten kring digitaliserade betalningsalternativ.

Purpose – The purpose is to develop a greater understanding of what is requested by customers with regards to e-commerce and mobile payments and how managers attitude can affect the technological adaption process. Furthermore, a suggested framework will be presented on how SMEs can adapt to these changes. Problem – The move towards the cashless society has changed the business environment and increased the demand for mobile payments and e-commerce. The transition to implement new technologies requires resources in terms of time, money and knowledge. Therefore, this process can be challenging for SMEs. Design-Methodology-Approach – Primary data is collected through case studies and secondary data from previous research conducted. Two SMEs within the retail business in Jönköping is investigated using semi-structured interviews. The combined data is analyzed together with previous literature within the field. Findings – The findings show that customers’ demand of e-commerce and mobile payments has increased. A positive correlation between managers’ attitude towards new technology and the implementation process is found. To adapt to these technological changes, it is important for SME managers to invest equally in knowledge and technology.

Traditional authentication methods like Personal Identification Number (PIN) are getting obsolete and insecure for electronic-payments while mobile-payments are becoming more and more popular. Biometrics such as fingerprint and face recognition authentication methods seem to be a solution to this security issue as they are becoming a regular and integrated part of an average smartphone end-users purchase. However, for mobile-payments to be authenticated by biometrics, end-users acceptability of both technologies must be high. In this research, fingerprint and face recognition authentication methods are being tested with end-users and their current acceptability level is being determined based on interviews which are conducted upon finishing each testing scenario. The interview is using 39 questions which are determining previous usage of the technologies, their likeability, positives, negatives, and feelings about various features biometrics provide such as ease-of-use, stress-free method of payment, security, and many others. Additionally, one more authentication method is tested, namely two factor authentication consisting of one biometric method (fingerprint) and one traditional method (PIN) of authentication. The main goal for testing this method is to find out whether implementing (as currently it is not available) such technology into mobile-payments would be beneficial and how it scored in user-acceptance next to fingerprint and face recognition authentication methods. Once the user-acceptance level is determined the main reasons for it are presented. Last but not least, suggestions for improvements in this domain are presented so that biometrics are even more accepted by end-users who are performing mobile-payments on their smartphones.