Idag blir det allt vanligare med träbyggnader högre än två våningar. Detta tillsammans med en modern arkitektur som ger stora öppna planlösningar ställer höga krav på bjälklagen i träbyggnader. Problematiken med långa spännvidder för bjälklag i trä är att klara kraven för svikt och nedböjning. Dessa krav måste uppfyllas för att säkerställa funktioner hos andra byggdelar och för att människor inte ska uppleva att golvet sviktar eller vibrerar på ett obehagligt sätt. Ett träbjälklag bestående av limmade balkar av sidobräder har utvecklats. Bjälklaget är utformat av balkar med I-tvärsnitt i primärriktningen och rektangulära balktvärsnitt i sekundärriktningen. Examensarbetet omfattar laborativa provningar och beräkningar dels för att bestämma en böjelasticitetsmodul för varje enskild limmad balk och dels för att bestämma styvhetsegenskaperna för bjälklaget. De limmade träbalkarna ingår i ett forskningsprojekt vid Växjö universitet finansierat av KK-stiftelsen, som syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna att tillverka en konkurrenskraftig produkt genom att i grönt tillstånd (otorkat) limma ihop bräder från stockens yttre delar till balkar. Balkarna levererades limmade och hyvlade till universitet där en böjelasticitetsmodul först bestämdes för varje enskild balk. Därefter monterades balkarna ihop till ett fullskaligt bjälklag som provades med olika försöksuppställningar/lastfall varvid deformationen mättes upp. Dessa deformationer blir underlag för att bestämma bjälklagets styvhet. Böjstyvheten i primärriktningen uppgår till 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m enligt beräkningar baserade på laborativa resultat. Böjstyvheten i sekundärriktningen uppgår till 4,5 % av primärriktningens böjstyvhet, dvs. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att böjstyvheten är hög i båda riktningar i jämförelse med vanliga träbjälklag. / In Sweden it becomes more and more common with wood buildings higher than two floors. This along with a modern architecture that gives big open plan solutions sets high requirements on the floor systems in wood buildings. The complexes of problems with long spans for floor systems in wood are to match the requirements for elasticity and deformation. These requirements must be met in order to ensure functions of other construction components, and not be unpleasant for people to walk on with respect to vibrations. A wooden floor system consisting of green glued side wood sections has been developed. The floor system is made with I-profiled beams in the primary direction and rectangular cross-sections in the secondary direction. This diploma work is based on that through elaborative testing and numeric calculations to decide the stiffness properties for each individual green glued side wood section and for the floor system. The glued side wood sections are included in a project at Växjö University, which is financed by the KK-foundation. The sections were delivered glued and planed to the university where the stiffness properties were first determinded for each individual section. Then, the sections were assembled to one fully sized floor system that was exposed to different experiments as the deformation was measured. These deformations were later used in order to decide the stiffness of the floor system. The stiffness in the primary direction was prescribed to 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m after calculations using results from the tests. The stiffness in the secondary direction amounts to 4,5% of the primary directions stiffness, i e. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. To sum up, one can say that the stiffness is high in both directions compared to regular wooden floor systems.

The development of steam turbines is continuously moving forward and the aim is oftento develop configurations with higher power output. Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB is currently in the beginning of a development project which replaces a single turbine with two interconnected turbines with higher pressure and temperature of the steam than before. To ensure reliable quality and hold down costs is it an advantage to do most of the assembly before delivery to site.This thesis work at Linköping University has been written in collaboration with Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB, Finspång. The objective of this work is to investigate the possibility to mount two turbines and a gearbox on a turbine frame. Theframe will be used both for transportation and during operation.The thesis considerate analyses of the turbine layout and critical parameters that may affect a turbine frame. In addition was a frame concept developed and evaluated with respect to solid mechanics and alignment of the shaft arrangement.Our conclusion is that there are good possibilities to install the equipment on a frame and achieve demands due to solid mechanics and alignment of the shaft arrangement.We recommend Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB to carry on with the project and do further investigations of the natural frequency of the frame concept, compare financial advantages and disadvantages together with possibilities for transportation.

I digitala kretsar kan både bit-parallella och bit-seriella interface förekomma.T ex kan en integrerad digital krets (IC-krets) internt använda sig av bit-parallella aritmetiska kretsar medan dess kommunikation med andra integrerade kretsar sker bit-seriellt. Genom att använda seriell kommunikation mellan IC-kretsar kan antalet ben på kapslarna effektivt begränsas. Detta examensarbete gick ut på att göra en layoutgenerator för generering av en parametriserbar serie/parallellomvandlare och en parallell/serieomvandlare. När en krets använder sig av både bit-seriell och bit-parallell representation av data behövs dessa för att omvandla mellan formaten. / In digital circuits both bit-parallel and bit-serial interfaces can occur. For example, an integrated digital circuit can use bit-parallel arithmetic circuits internally while its communication with other integrated circuits is bit serial. By using serial communication between IC:s the number of pins on the packages can be effectively limited. The purpose of this final project work was to create a layout generator for generation of a parametrizable serial/parallel converter and a parallel/serial converter. If a circuit uses both bit-serial and bit-parallel representation of data these are needed to convert between the formats.

A cost-effective 25 Gb/s directly-modulated transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) packaging solutions by transistor outline (TO)-Can materials and processes were proposed and demonstrated. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a high bandwidth TO-Can header for high-speed laser module, to verify a method, to propose a three-version of 25 Gb/s TO-Can laser module packaging, and to analyze in the frequency-domain and time-domain, and to experimentally demonstrate a 25 Gb/s TOSA. Usually, the transmission bandwidth of a conventional TO-Can laser module is limited below 10 GHz. To overcome this limitation and figure out the solution, firstly, the geometric structure of a conventional TO-56 header was analyzed by using transmission line models and electrical characteristics of the TO-56 header through a three-dimensional electromagnetism full-wave simulation software. The simulated results were in good agreement with the measured results and verify the applicability. Furthermore, we found that the 3-dB bandwidth of a conventional TO-56 header was limited at 16.7GHz. In this study, the first version of TO-Can header V1 was proposed to overcome the problem of the discontinuous impedance. By applying the TO-Can header V1, a TO-Can laser module package was proposed. The electrical characteristics parameters of the TO-Can header V1 were extracted and combined with small-signal equivalent circuit models of laser diode to simulate the electrical characteristics of the entire TO-Can laser module by the circuit simulation tool. Since bent inside feed-leads and two-step coaxial feed-through holes of the TO-Can header V1 were difficult to achieve in our laboratory equipments, the second version of TO-Can header V2 was proposed and verified experimentally. A 25 Gb/s TO-Can laser module with a matching resistor by adopting the TO-Can header V2 was proposed. The simulated results of this solution by considering with bonding-wires showed that the transmission bandwidth and eye diagram could achieve requirements of 25 Gb/s transmissions. Finally, the third version of 25 Gb/s TO-Can laser module adopted the TO-Can header V2 and an AlN submount of L-shaped microstrip line was proposed, fabricated, and measured. A DFB LD chip with a 3-dB bandwidth of 21.2 GHz was modeled and used in the simulation and the fabrication. Due to the parasitic effect induced by bonding-wires and die-bonding structure, the variation of high frequency performance of the laser module was simulated comprehensively. By referring to the proposed structure, a TOSA was fabricated by a conventional TO-Can and TOSA fabrication equipments and processes. The measured 3-dB bandwidth of the TOSA was 18.7 GHz. A clear eye diagrams of 25 Gb/s and BER testing for BTB and SMF transmission were obtained. This cost-effective solution of the TOSA is compatible with existing automatic TO-Can process lines and can be fabricated massively. Therefore, the results of this study of proposed TOSA can be applied in the next generation networks of 100GBASE-LR4, OTU4, and 32GFC. The presented simulation and verified technique may provide sufficient estimation and step-by-step analysis to assist the high-speed and high-density optical communication applications and various product developments in the future.

When multiple cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) are set up in a backlight module, parasitic capacitances are inevitably existent between the lamps and the aluminum back-plank. These parasitic capacitances are different from each other in introducing different leakage currents, and in turn cause current imbalance between lamps with undesired unequal brightness of the backlight module. In order to tackle this current imbalance problem, it relies critically upon a balance driving scheme. This thesis adopts the impedance-matching principle for a uniform light output. A detailed analysis and design of the balance circuit is implemented in a direct-type backlight module, which employs a series resonant parallel-loaded inverter with a transformer to generate a high AC voltage to drive multiple lamps. Adding appropriate capacitors on the load resonant circuits helps alleviate the discrepancy among lamp currents. Based on the experimental results, the maximum total current deviation is defined as an index of the current imbalance for multiple lamps system. Accordingly, the minimum impedance ratio can be provided for the designers to achieve balance driving. A prototype of the multi-lamp driving circuit with balance capacitors is designed and built for a backlight module with 16 lamps in a 32-inch liquid crystal display (LCD). Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the current balance scheme.

Solar cell production has served as the most important link in solar photovoltaic¡]PV¡^ supply chain from upstream silicon raw material and wafer supply to downstream module and system installation. The PV industry enjoyed a miraculously rapid growth in recent years with Taiwan ranking No. 4 in global solar cell production in 2008. However, in the wake of the financial storm, the industry has gone through some unprecedented changes in the market due to the severe global demand shrinkage. Looking ahead, challenges also lie in product assimilation and profit erosion. Difficulty will increase with market concentration and global operation; while the low yield of capital investment in R & D in the new industry adds on the pressure, too. This thesis proposes a four-step global development strategy for Taiwan solar cell industry after a SWOT analysis. Producers are advised to exert current strengths in developing tolling business in the short term for elevating uptime and capacity, while, in the long run, they should coordinate more efforts in brand-building and innovation for differentiation. Efforts should also be persisted to strengthen linkage within the supply chain and to extend ties with the government, end market, or other industries to create better synergy. Meanwhile, the government is expected to provide incentives for strategic research, to assist in cross-business alliance with Taiwan leading IT technologies and to bridge between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits for enhanced cooperation in solar PV industry, to ensure Taiwan¡¦s firm grip in the rising industry of global alternative energy.

<p>Idag blir det allt vanligare med träbyggnader högre än två våningar. Detta tillsammans med en modern arkitektur som ger stora öppna planlösningar ställer höga krav på bjälklagen i träbyggnader. Problematiken med långa spännvidder för bjälklag i trä är att klara kraven för svikt och nedböjning. Dessa krav måste uppfyllas för att säkerställa funktioner hos andra byggdelar och för att människor inte ska uppleva att golvet sviktar eller vibrerar på ett obehagligt sätt.</p><p>Ett träbjälklag bestående av limmade balkar av sidobräder har utvecklats. Bjälklaget är utformat av balkar med I-tvärsnitt i primärriktningen och rektangulära balktvärsnitt i sekundärriktningen. Examensarbetet omfattar laborativa provningar och beräkningar dels för att bestämma en böjelasticitetsmodul för varje enskild limmad balk och dels för att bestämma styvhetsegenskaperna för bjälklaget.</p><p>De limmade träbalkarna ingår i ett forskningsprojekt vid Växjö universitet finansierat av KK-stiftelsen, som syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna att tillverka en konkurrenskraftig produkt genom att i grönt tillstånd (otorkat) limma ihop bräder från stockens yttre delar till balkar. Balkarna levererades limmade och hyvlade till universitet där en böjelasticitetsmodul först bestämdes för varje enskild balk. Därefter monterades balkarna ihop till ett fullskaligt bjälklag som provades med olika försöksuppställningar/lastfall varvid deformationen mättes upp. Dessa deformationer blir underlag för att bestämma bjälklagets styvhet.</p><p>Böjstyvheten i primärriktningen uppgår till 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m enligt beräkningar baserade på laborativa resultat. Böjstyvheten i sekundärriktningen uppgår till 4,5 % av primärriktningens böjstyvhet, dvs. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att böjstyvheten är hög i båda riktningar i jämförelse med vanliga träbjälklag.</p> / <p>In Sweden it becomes more and more common with wood buildings higher than two floors. This along with a modern architecture that gives big open plan solutions sets high requirements on the floor systems in wood buildings. The complexes of problems with long spans for floor systems in wood are to match the requirements for elasticity and deformation. These requirements must be met in order to ensure functions of other construction components, and not be unpleasant for people to walk on with respect to vibrations.</p><p>A wooden floor system consisting of green glued side wood sections has been developed. The floor system is made with I-profiled beams in the primary direction and rectangular cross-sections in the secondary direction. This diploma work is based on that through elaborative testing and numeric calculations to decide the stiffness properties for each individual green glued side wood section and for the floor system.</p><p>The glued side wood sections are included in a project at Växjö University, which is financed by the KK-foundation. The sections were delivered glued and planed to the university where the stiffness properties were first determinded for each individual section. Then, the sections were assembled to one fully sized floor system that was exposed to different experiments as the deformation was measured. These deformations were later used in order to decide the stiffness of the floor system.</p><p>The stiffness in the primary direction was prescribed to 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m after calculations using results from the tests. The stiffness in the secondary direction amounts to 4,5% of the primary directions stiffness, i e. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. To sum up, one can say that the stiffness is high in both directions compared to regular wooden floor systems.</p>

記憶體是半導體產品之一，其規格及運用皆已標準化，沒有很大的差異性，價格受到供需的影響，因時因地而各不相同。由於，記憶體供應來源只局限少數幾家廠商，交易金額往往是百萬美元計，任何價格的變動都會影響企業營收，但是對記憶體模組業者而言，價格變動是常態，比其他的零組件波動性更強。在沒有進入障礙、價格波動、沒有龐大設廠資金及技術涉入下，記憶體模組業者，如何以更有效率的模式經營企業，以取得世界市場一席之地。 記憶體模組業者除了提供Memory Module外，現也經營Flash產品。這是因為Flash 產品的零件來源、組裝及通路與Memory Module有類似共通性，但Flash產品才崛起數年，而市場成長高於Memory Module，吸引許多非記憶體模組業者進入該市場，這其中包括國際性大廠，對現有的記憶體模組業者，如何以記憶體模組的經營模式，複製於Flash產品是另外一個課題。 本研究是探討記憶體模組業者，在記憶體模組及Flash 產品的經營模式，分別從其與供應商之關係、自有能力調整及與通路商之配合方式著手。此方式可以一窺記憶體模組業者，實際的經營方式與其他資訊硬體廠商大不相同，也構成外人無法知悉的進入障礙。 藉由廠商訪談，可以瞭解業者對記憶體模組及Flash產品運作的方式，最後本研究對記憶體模組業者提出二項建議：分別為面對變動環境下，應具備有的經營策略；如何強化自有的能力以面對未來的競爭。 / Memory, one of the semiconductor products, is a homogeneous product in terms of specification and application. Its prices are subject to the market - the supply and the demand at a certain time and place. The memory world is dominated by a limited number of makers, and one transaction usually amounts to millions of US dollars. A slight change in market price, therefore, would result in a noticeable number on the bottom line. However, to the memory module makers, price fluctuation is normal, though it is much more volatile than any other components. This study intends to explore how memory module makers can play a key role in the global market by getting more efficient under the premises that there are no entry barrier, price fluctuation, nor huge capital investment and high-tech involvement required. Memory modules players also carry flash products for these two products having similarity in their component source, assembly and marketing channel. The flash product, which appeared to the market just a few years ago, is a high-growth product and thus attractive to a herd of non-memory module makers, including international giants. How to apply the memory module business model to the flash product is a key subject for the existing memory module players. This study is aimed to discuss the business models used by memory module players to the memory modules and to the flash products. Relationship with suppliers, self adjustability and distributorship are separately explored herein. The finding is module players are actually running the business in a way greatly different from other hardware players and such difference in fact poses an entry barrier to the outsiders. Interviews with the industry players were conducted to gain insights to the business approaches being taken. At the end of this study, two suggestions are forwarded: the must-have business strategies in the ever-changing environment and the competitiveness for future challenges.

In this thesis, the circuits which comprise the front-end of a millimeter-wave transmit-receive module are investigated using a state-of-the-art 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS process for use in radar remote sensing applications. In Chapter I, the motivation for a millimeter-wave radar in the context of space-based remote sensing is discussed. In addition, an overview of Silicon-germanium technology is presented, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of design challenges at millimeter-wave frequencies. In Chapter II, a brief history of radar technology is presented - the motivations leading to the development of the transmit-receive module for active electronically scanned arrays are discussed, and the critical components which reside in nearly every high-frequency transmit-receive module are introduced. In Chapter III, the design and results of a W-band single-pole, double-throw switch using SiGe p-i-n diodes are discussed. In particular, the design topology and methods used to achieve low-loss and high power handling over a wide matching bandwidth without sacrificing isolation are described. In Chapter IV, the design and results of a W-band low-noise amplifier using SiGe HBT's are discussed. The design methodologies used to achieve high gain and exceptional noise performance over a wide matching bandwidth are described. Concluding remarks and a discussion of future work are in Chapter V.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη, την ανάλυση και την κατασκευή μιας καινοτόμας τοπολογίας μονοφασικού αντιστροφέα για τη διασύνδεση φωτοβολταϊκών γεννητριών, μικρής ισχύος, με το ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο των αστικών περιοχών. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Στα πλαίσια του θεσμού της πρακτικής άσκησης, ένα τμήμα της εκπονήθηκε στην τεχνική εταιρία Πάραλος Α.Ε. Σκοπός της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι συμβολή της στη μελέτη των νέων τεχνολογιών στον τομέα των φωτοβολταϊκών (Φ/Β) μονάδων διεσπαρμένης παραγωγής, λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν τις υψηλές θερμοκρασίες λειτουργίας που μειώνουν δραστικά την διάρκεια ζωής των ηλεκτρολυτικών πυκνωτών και συνεπώς των ίδιων των μετατροπέων. Επί του πρακτέου διερευνάται και κατασκευάζεται μια βελτιωμένη εκδοχή του υψίσυχνου μονοφασικού αντιστροφέα ρεύματος βασιζόμενου στην τοπολογία Flyback. Η βελτίωση αφορά την ενσωμάτωση ενός κυκλώματος αποσύζευξης της ισχύος, που εξομαλύνει το ρεύμα εισόδου αναιρώντας την ανάγκη χρήσης ηλεκτρολυτικού πυκνωτή τόσο στην είσοδο, όσο και στο κύκλωμα αποσύζευξης αυξάνοντας έτσι τη διάρκεια ζωής του μετατροπέα, καθιστώντας τον με αυτόν τον τρόπο κατάλληλο για εφαρμογές «Φωτοβολταϊκών Πλαισίων Εναλλασσόμενου Ρεύματος» (AC-PV Modules). Ο συγκεκριμένος αντιστροφέας έχει προταθεί στη διεθνή επιστημονική βιβλιογραφία και στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αναλύεται κατά κύριο λόγο η μεθοδολογία κατασκευής του ώστε να διευρευνηθεί η λειτουργία και η απόδοσή του Αρχικά έγινε μια διεξοδική θεωρητική ανάλυση και μελέτη των καταστάσεων λειτουργίας του αλλά και της συνολικής συμπεριφοράς του βελτιωμένου αντιστροφέα ρεύματος τοπολογίας Flyback. Με την εμπειρία που αποκτήθηκε στην διάρκεια της πρακτικής άσκησης, ακολούθησε η συσχέτιση των παραμέτρων του αντιστροφέα και η επιλογή αυτών ώστε να ανταποκριθεί στις προδιαγραφές που τέθηκαν και να ανταπεξέλθει στα δεδομένα του ηλεκτρικού δικτύου της Ελλάδας. Το επόμενο βήμα ήταν η προσομοίωση της τοπολογίας σε ηλεκτρονικό υπολογιστή με ειδικό πρόγραμμα προσομοιώσεων ηλεκτρικών κυκλωμάτων (PSpice). Επιβεβαιώθηκε η λειτουργία του, έγινε ο βέλτιστος σχεδιασμός και τέλος πραγματοποιήθηκε ο κατά το δυνατόν ακριβέστερος υπολογισμός των απωλειών στα διάφορα στοιχεία ώστε να γίνει ορθή επιλογή των ημιαγωγικών στοιχείων του μετατροπέα. Τέλος, έγινε η κατασκευή του αντιστροφέα με πυκνωτή αποσύζευξης της ισχύος και επιβεβαιώθηκε πειραματικά η ορθή λειτουργία του για διάφορες συνθήκες λειτουργίας. Έπειτα συγκεντρώθηκαν μετρήσεις, αφ’ ενός μεν για την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων σχετικά με την απόδοση, αφ’ ετέρου δε για σύγκριση με τα αναμενόμενα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα. / This diploma thesis deals with the study, analysis and implementation of a novel single phase inverter which is used for the interconnection of small photovoltaic (PV) generators with the electric utility grid of urban regions. This work was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Patras. The diploma thesis was also partially conducted within the internship at the engineering company Paralos S.A. This project pertains to the sector of Dispersed Power Generation PV systems, especially to Alternating Current Photovoltaic Modules (AC-PV Modules) systems in which a low power dc-ac utility interactive inverter is individually mounted on a PV module. Taking into account that the lifetime of the ac module inverter is shortened because it operates under very high atmospheric temperature, an improved Flyback-type single phase high frequency current source inverter is proposed. The improvement relies on the integration of a power pulsation decoupling circuit which aims at input current smoothing without using electrolytic capacitors and enables employment of film capacitors with small capacitance not only for the dc input line but also for the decoupling circuit. The additional circuit is expected to extend the lifetime of the inverter since the use of electrolytic capacitors under a high temperature environment drastically shortens their life.The proposed inverter circuit has already been presented in the international scientific community but the current thesis mainly analyzes the implementation methodology and investigates the inverter’s performance and behavior. Initially, a thorough theoretical analysis was made on the flyback-type utility interactive inverter’s operation and its circuit configuration. Subsequently, analytical mathematical equations were developed to describe the relationships between the parameters of the proposed inverter. Using these equations, the electric components were selected, as to meet up with the Greek electric utility grid specifications. The next step is the simulation of the topology, which was performed by a specialized on electric circuit simulation computer program (PSpice). The proper behavior of the simulated circuit was confirmed and the precise losses of the components were calculated through the program. Regarding this fact, the components were selected for an optimal design of the inverter. Last but not least, the Flyback-type current source inverter with decoupling capacitor was constructed and its operation was experimentally confirmed. Also, measurements of the inverter’s performance were collected.