一般優惠房貸是政府提供購屋家戶進入房市購屋之貸款利息補助；然而，這項全面性的補貼措施究竟補貼到哪些購屋者？此問題將牽涉到該補貼措施是否公平。是以，本文試圖從申貸人及其所購產品之屬性探討該措施之公平性，透過二項羅吉特模型（Binomial Logistic Model）探究「什麼樣的購屋者，購買了什麼樣的房屋，會選擇申貸使用政府優惠房貸？」；另一方面，購屋者在具有其他政策性房貸申貸資格的情況下，「何種特質的特殊身份補貼購屋者會選擇搭配一般政府優惠房貸？」，本研究希望藉由上述兩項問題之討論，企圖了解優惠房貸政策對於個體家戶之影響，在補貼公平層面中究竟是扮演著「雪中送炭」或是「錦上添花」的角色。 研究結果發現，一般優惠房貸之提供在住宅補貼公平面成效上之效果是弊多於利。首先在補貼對象上，購屋目的為自住之購屋者，其選擇使用政府優惠房貸的發生比較非自住目的購屋者高出約2倍；而首購購屋者選擇使用政府優惠房貸之發生比較非首購購屋者多出了54%。這代表一般優惠房貸的提供讓首購自住購屋者有相對較高的機率使用政府優惠房貸達成購屋目標，在補貼對象上相對達到了部分效果；然而，由於政府過度利用貸款補貼方式刺激房市以達景氣復甦之效果，以及貸款利息補貼制度設計上的盲點（包括申貸資格之缺乏限制與多種補貼措施並行等），高所得貸款購屋者傾向選擇使用政府優惠房貸之發生比較低所得購屋者高出約3.23倍，因而造成這些購屋者得以接受雙重補貼；此外，當購屋者購買品質越好之住宅，其使用一般政府優惠房貸的機率也越大，上述結果皆表示這項補貼措施並不能排除高所得購屋者獲得政府優惠房貸補貼，也因而造成政府優惠房貸在補貼公平性之負面作用。是故，在未來的補貼政策中，除應繼續整合現行住宅貸款利息補貼措施外，並應試圖建立一套更嚴謹的申貸資格審查標準，以確保政府所提供之住宅補貼能夠對最需要的民眾有所幫助。

國內首家專營住宅抵押貸款保證保險公司-美商聯合保證保險股份有限公司(United Guaranty, UG)，已獲得主管機關核准，於民國93年7月20日成立分公司，從事住宅抵押貸款保證保險業務。購屋者可因購買住宅抵押貸款保證保險，而使銀行願意提供高貸款成數的貸款服務，如此購屋者可降低自備款，而銀行的信用風險亦可得到保障。然此類保險業務對保險公司而言風險極大，若遇上經濟蕭條、失業率高漲時，損失率將快速提高，例如：美國於1930年代出現經濟大蕭條，許多產險公司因住宅抵押貸款保證保險業務理賠金額過多而紛紛倒閉，致使美國監理機關規定保險公司承作住宅抵押貸款保證保險業務需採單一險種（mono-line）的方式經營；再者，我國雖於民國54年奉准試辦「住宅抵押貸款償還保證保險」業務，其辦理目的在配合政府實行國宅政策，並協助個人在財力範圍內自置住宅，之後太平產險於民國86年推出「1090專案」，雖有一定的業務量卻也造成不少流弊，使保險公司承擔極大風險，故國內保險監理機關對住宅抵押貸款保證保險業務的態度趨於嚴格。 本文主要在探討住宅抵押貸款保證保險於我國保險法上之適用，及其於實務上運作已發生或可能發生的問題。保險法雖於民國81年增訂保證保險專節，使保證保險有法源依據，但由於規定過於簡單，故我國保險學界與實務界對其定位有相當分歧的看法，住宅抵押貸款保證保險屬保證保險的一種，故藉由探討保證保險的法律性質與定位，以釐清住宅抵押貸款保證保險可能產生法律適用上的疑義。而對於住宅抵押貸款保證保險的實務運作，則是藉由介紹國外住宅抵押貸款保證保險發展與趨勢，針對國內當前金融環境與風險管理的角度，試著提出對國內住宅抵押貸款保證保險發展方向與監理方向上之建議。

In most developing countries, housing finance and mortgage lending are undergoing changes driven by financial deregulation policies, which include interest rate decontrol and privatization. In this study, we analyze detailed residential mortgage data from housing finance institutions (HFIs) in Kenya, to determine the impact of deregulation on loan performance. Using a hazard model, we find that interest rates, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exchange rate, and deregulation are significant in explaining the hazard of mortgage delinquency. We use a before and after deregulation framework to analyze the influence of deregulation on the probability of mortgage delinquency, and find that the number of delinquent loans increased after deregulation, the duration of loans from time of loan origination to time of delinquency decreased, and that loan repayment was also faster after deregulation. The study concludes that deregulation increased both the probability of delinquency as well as the probability of loan prepayment in Kenya. Our interpretation of the results is that, borrowers reacted to increasing interest rates, trigger events, and availability of cheaper funds elsewhere, while lenders reacted to increased competition introduced by deregulation by adopting more flexible credit risk analysis as well as teaser rates to attract demand. Given the scarcity of literature relating to mortgage finance in sub-Sahara Africa, this study provides valuable insight into the current lending environment, feasibility of future lending, and includes suggestions for improvement.

The debate over federal income tax treatment of home mortgage interest (HMI) has largely overlooked an important, and possibly unintended political and economic consequence of our federal income tax system. The distribution of the for home mortgage interest deduction tax benefit across states is a possible missing consideration. Specifically, this study offers a federalist1 perspective on the federal income tax benefit from the deduction for HMI - one of the largest personal federal tax expenditures on the books. This dissertation analyzes current national political rhetoric from a federalist perspective. Discussion also includes background, current status, and proposed changes to the tax code for of the HMI deduction. First, a Tobit regression is used to analyze the distribution of the HMI tax benefit across states and to test for disproportionate distribution across states in benefit derived from the federal income tax deduction for home mortgage interest beyond that which is explained by income. This initial part of the study is also the precursor to a hierarchical analysis seeking to identify significant factors affecting the distribution of the benefit of the HMI deduction across states. The Ernst and Young/University of Michigan Individual Model File of 1992 tax returns is the primary data source for this initial part of the investigation. The second part of the analysis examines the effect of sets of factors in a causal hierarchy on the HMI deduction benefit. By first controlling for the effects of personal and identifiable state characteristics on HMI deduction benefit, the possible existence of a residual socio-political force is tested. The primary data sources for this part of the study are the 1990 Census of Population and Housing 5% Public Use Microsample as well as tax data extracted from the Statistics of Income, Individual Public Use Tax File, Level III Sample, as well as others. Ridge regression is used for hypothesis testing. Results indicate the existence of a significant difference in the benefit from home mortgage interest deduction across states holding income constant. This study also finds that a set of personal as well as a set of state market, legal and tax characteristics significantly influence the taxpayer's HMI deduction benefit, and that a residual difference in benefit across states after controlling for personal and identified state attributes. Future study should examine the source of residual across state differences (attributed to socio-political differences between states). Federal housing goals may be frustrated as the effective subsidy actually helps support higher home prices in areas where high housing costs may already be a barrier to potential new homeownership. The concepts and techniques applied in this study could easily be applied to other provisions of federal tax, or to any other tax system in a federation for that matter.

This thesis demonstrates that consumer leverage can contribute to financial crises such as the subprime mortgage crisis characterised by increased bankruptcy prospects and tightened credit access. A recession may follow even when the leveraged sector is not a production sector and can be triggered by seeming positive events such as a technological innovation and a relaxation of borrowing conditions. The first preliminary chapter updates the Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist (1999) approach with financial frictions in the production sector to a two-sector model with consumption and housing. It shows that credit frictions in the capital financing decisions of housing firms are not sufficient to capture the negative consumer experience with falling housing prices and relaxed credit access during the recession. The second chapter brings the model closer to the subprime mortgage crisis by shifting credit constraints to the consumer mortgage market. Increased supply of houses lowers asset prices and reduces the value of the real estate collateral used in the mortgage which in turn worsens the leverage of indebted consumers. A relaxation of borrowing conditions turns credit-constrained households into a potential source of disturbances themselves when market optimism allows them to raise their leverage with little downpayment. Both cases demonstrate that although households are not production agents, their worsening debt levels can trigger a lasting financial downturn. The third chapter develops a chained mortgage contracts model where both homeowner consumers and the financial institutions that securitize their mortgage loan are credit-constrained. Adding credit constraints to the financial sector that provides housing mortgages creates opportunities for risk sharing where banks shift some of the downturn onto indebted consumers in order to hasten their own recovery. This consequence is especially evident in the case of relaxed credit access for banks. Financial institutions repair their debt position relatively fast at the expense of consumers whose borrowing ability is squeezed for a long period despite the fact that they may not be the source of the disturbance. The result mirrors the recent subprime mortgage crisis characterised by a sharp but brief decline for banks and a protracted recovery for mortgaged households.

This graduation thesis focuses on analyzing the impact(s) of the recent American mortgage crisis. The main goal is to study measures that have been taken to overcome this crisis andv evaluate them. The thesis is divided into four parts. The aim of the first part is to quantify the size of the United States housing bubble. The second part brings in the estimates of losses to individual financial institutions in the USA. The third part concentrates on detailed analysis of the arrangements that have been used to overcome mortgage crisis and consequential financial crisis. The last part compares the measures taken in order to solve the recent crisis with the ones that had been taken to overcome the Great Depression.

Diploma thesis discusses questions about internal audit. I have focused on internal audit in the bank. I analyzed four czech banks if they had established internal audit section and Audit Comitee and how many internal auditors they employ. In the second practical part I described internal audit as a process. I demonstrated it on the internal audit of mortgage credit process.

En bostad kan ses som en investering och finansieras oftast med ett bostadsslån från en bank. Finansinspektionen som fungerar som ett tillsynsorgan till bankverksamheterna har agerat mot en osund kredithantering med hjälp av införandet av ett bolånetak. Tidigare finansiella kriser har visat på svårigheterna att i förväg föreställa sig effekterna av framtida osäkerheter. Vid ett bostadslån kommer kreditgivaren och kredittagaren behöva resonera kring framtida osäkerhet som medföljer skuldsättningen. En ökad skuldsättning i förhållande till disponibel inkomst för varje enskild låntagare skulle innebära en ökad risk för bankens stabilitet. En kris i en bank kan skapa stora ekonomiska konsekvenser för samhällsekonomin. Bankerna arbetar för att motverka de risker med deras verksamhet genom att kvalitetssäkra krediterna. Vad som utgör risk och osäkerhet är en uppskattning som görs av varje individ då det kan ses som något unikt. Det gör att man ofta agerar på ofullständig information och trots bristen på fullständig information ska parterna ingå ett avtal där framtiden kan vara osäker.Genom att fördjupa oss i kredithanteringsprocessen vill vi undersöka hur bankerna arbetar med risk och osäkerhet genom rådgivning till deras bostadslånskunder. Vi har även haft till syfte att undersöka privatrådgivarens uppfattning och förhållningssätt till kredittagarens skuldsättning. Vi har undersökt hur banken ser på kredithantering genom att granska deras årsredovisningar och fördjupat oss i denna arbetsprocess genom att intervjua en privatrådgivare från respektive utvald bank. Dialogen mellan kreditgivare och kredittagare ger en inblick hur aktörerna arbetar för att vara proaktiva i kredithanteringen inför den osäkerhet som är förknippad med ett bostadslån.Vi kan konstatera från vår empiri och teori att det är svårt att kalkylera och bedöma den risk som är förknippad med ett bostadslån. Den totala risken med skuldsättningen beror på marknadsmekanismer som kan vara svåra att förutse. De inblandade aktörerna gör enbart prognoser vilket betonar att det inte finns någon definitiv säkerhet i parternas relation. Riskhanteringen vid krediter handlar om att försöka skapa en förståelse för potentiella händelser. Rådgivarens förmåga att skapa en förståelse hos kunderna om innebörden med ett bostadslån är av stor vikt.Vi kan konstatera att rådgivarna möter risker och osäkerheter genom att försöka vara proaktiva. Rågivarna agerar proaktivt genom att kalkylera faktiska förhållanden och samtidigt föra ett resonemang för att vara trygga i att kunden uppfattar att omständigheter kan förändras. Rådgivarna vill således möta kunderna genom att försäkra att det finns en förståelse i deras beslut. Proaktiviteten i bemötandet yttrar sig i faktorer så som försäkringar, men också amortering och framför allt buffertsparande. Vi kan konstatera att amortering är en god ekonomisk syn och sunt ur ett risk- eller osäkerhetsperspektiv. Sparande kan användas för att hantera oförutsedda utgifter. Buffertsparandet ger kunden möjligheten att vara flexibel för att inte vara beroende av sin inkomst på kort sikt. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

The aim of this diploma theses is to identify possible causes of rapidly rising household debt in the Czech republic at the beginning of the 21st Century and its impact on macroeconomic aggregate indicators. The theoretical part deals with the credit expansion in economic theory, money creation, effects of changes in money supply, monetary and fiscal policy. The analytical part of the thesis evaluates the growth of indebtedness of Czech households in terms of various indicators, debt structure, reasons of growing household debt and other macroeconomic context. The issue of households debt problems and the ability to repay their obligations is mentioned as well as the comparison with developed economies.

Dissertation deals with the Federal reserve system, which is the central Bank of the United states of America. The dissertation is supposed to analyze monetary politics of FED with regard to the possible connection of this institution with the last financial crisis. Chapter nbr. I. introduces short history of the central banking in the USA, the situation before FED was created, circumstances with the enactment of Federal Reserve act from 1913, followed by foundation of FED and first of all about its task during the period of Great depression in the 30th of the 20th century. Enclosed is the overview of critical economical opinions how the FED was functioning. The second part of the dissertation describes the monetary politics of FED before the crisis years 2000-2007. It evaluates the main steps the FED undertook to prevent or alleviate the incomming crisis. Further it evaluates these steps with recommendations of renowned and respected economists. Next chapter deals with the mortgage market crisis and with the monetary politics of FED between the years 2007-2011. This chapter also describes different situation of FED and European central bank and their monetary politics as a reaction to the mortgage crisis. Fourth and last chapter is aimed at the possible cause of the financial crisis and present development of FED.