The Multifibre Agreement ("MFA") regulated textile trade until 1 January 2005. It was predominantly focused on curtailing textile exports from developing countries, like South Africa and China. With the end of the MFA, a textile crisis occurred in South Africa due to the domination of the domestic market by more affordable Chinese textile products. This case study is applied to illustrate the inadequacy of domestic legislation to provide for the resolution of an international trade dispute that affects an industry. No legislation refers to the resolution of the trade dispute by entering into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU"), or recourse to the neutral dispute settlement body of the World Trade Organisation ("WTO"). Due to the absence of legislation that directly addresses either forum, all the power is vested• in the government to determine the appropriate course of action. Applications brought by textile industry representative bodies like TEXFED, CLOTRADE and SACTWU were inadequately investigated due to the limited powers of the independent investigative body, ITAC, and were ultimately abandoned. The government entered into a MOU with the Chinese government and in doing so violated international agreements, rights and obligations. An analysis of the inadequacy of the MOU that was entered into and the suitability of the WTO as dispute settlement body is conducted. It is concluded that the current legislation is inadequate in that it doesn't provide for recourse to the WTO and in that it doesn't clearly set out the obligations on government and the independent powers of an independent body. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

傳統涉外侵權行為準據法之選法，係依侵權行為地、法庭地、侵權行為地及法庭地併用來決定。以侵權行為地來選法，係指以行為事實發生地法來決定該侵權行為之成立及效力。適用行為地法的優點，是其結果對於判決結果可預測其可能性，避免法庭的選擇及法律的適用有一致性；缺點是侵權行為地常與當事人無實質上牽連關係，做為裁判當事人權利義務之準據法，不足以保護當事人權利。把所有侵權行為類型，一律以事實發生地法為準據法恐有不妥。例如製造者責任、名譽或信用的侵害、不正競爭等等侵權類型，應選擇與該類型侵權行為特徵相應的法律為準據法較為妥適。 美國於1960年代以後多已不再採行為地法，取而代之的是最重要牽連關係理論。法院選擇某一法律關係的準據法時，要綜合分析與該法律關係有關的各種因素，從質與量的角度將主客觀連結因素進行權衡，尋找或確定那一國家或法域與案件之事實和當事人有最重要牽連關係。最重要牽連關係理論優點在於選法規則具彈性、法制正規化；而缺點在於最重要關係標準過於抽象，法官在審理案件時，選擇法律若無一定的判斷標準，易流於形式及恣意。 我國涉外民事法律適用法現行條文第九條就因侵權行為而生之債，原則上採侵權行為地法。有關涉外侵權行為之損害賠償，我國法律及侵權行為地法均認為構成侵權行為者，不論行為地或結果發生地其一發生在我國，始得適用我國法律為請求損害賠償。惟採侵權行為地法，有時會發生不合理之結果。因此，涉外民事法律適用法修正草案爰參考奧地利國際私法第四十八條第一項、德國民法施行法第四十一條等立法例之精神，酌採最重要牽連關係理論，於但書規定另有關係最切之法律者，依該法律，以濟其窮。 我國的學者將分別適用法律(dépeçage)譯成「法律適用之分割方法」，美國學者認為就各個議題分別探討的選法分析方式對於解決現代的複雜法律訴訟具有重要性。分別適用法律制度的目的在於法律產生真衝突的情況下，分析出各個不同的特定議題，並適用有真正利益的法域法律。美國聯邦法院未曾使用過分別適用法律，各州的上訴法院及最高法院對於分別適用法律亦僅止於解釋何謂分別適用法律而已。分別適用法律恐會導致不符法律目的，然部分學者仍認為考量相關州的政策、保護正當的期待利益、特定法律領域的基本政策、結果的確定性、可預測性及統一性及適用法律便宜性等，似可採分別適用法律來解決法律之適用。我國最高法院97年度台上字第1838號及96年度台上字第1804號判決，擬嘗試跳脫我國涉外民事法律適用法，參考外國分別適用法律的（dépeçage）的法律制度，以突破傳統的準據法選法理論。 我國的涉外民事法律適用法的修正討論中，並沒有提到分別適用法律的問題。修正草案在有關消滅時效部分的議題，將分別適用法律特別提出討論，嘗試著要獨立規定準據法選擇的方式。涉外民事法律適用法修正條文草案第35條規定，請求權之消滅時效，依該請求權所由發生之法律關係所應適用之法律。其理由在於請求權之消滅時效，因各國關於其法律效果之規定不同，國際私法上有認定其為實體問題者，亦有以之為程序問題者。消滅時效規定於我國實體法，因此認定其為實體問題。由於消滅時效係針對特定之請求權而發生，而請求權又為法律關係效力之一部分，故應依其請求權所由發生之法律關係定其準據法。 立法者若認為消滅時效的問題有獨立認定準據法的必要性，應採用分別適用法律的方法，在各種法律關係中抽離出來，獨立認定其應適用的準據法為宜。在廣泛承認分別適用法律制度之前，我國或許可以考慮對於涉外侵權行為分為責任的成立及損害賠償的部分，分別規定應適用的準據法；前者依照我國原本的準據法選擇方式，後者之損害賠償認定的方式，則依照受害人常居所地或是本國法為標準。 / The law of selecting of the traditional tort applicable law concerning foreign affairs, and use the decision in accordance with spot of tort, spot of court, spot of tort and court. Selected the law by the tort, it is to determine establishment and effect of this tort by behavioral spot law of fact. Person who covered by behavior advantage of law, it is result that can predict possibility of the judgment, avoid the suitable to apply having consistency of choice and law of the court. The shortcoming is that the tort has not often involved the relation with the party in fact, as the applicable laws of party's rights and obligations of the judgment, it is non- enough to protect party's right. All tort types, it is probably improper to regard spot law of the fact as the applicable law without exception. Manufacturer responsibility, reputation or infringement, person who compete for type of infringing of credit, it is comparatively proper for applicable law to choose the law of the tort with corresponding characteristic with this type. It no longer adopted behavior law already after 1960 in U.S, the substitute is most important to involve relation theory. When the court chooses the applicable law of a certain legal relation, various factors of wanting comprehensive analysis to be related to this legal relation, will link the factor to weigh subjectively and objectively in terms of quality and quantity, will look for or confirm there is the most important relation of involving in the facts and parties of that land of country or legal field and case. Involve and concern theory advantage lying in selecting the regulation to be elastic, legal system regularization the most importantly. And the shortcoming lies in the most important relation standard is too abstract, the judge, while hearing a case, if do not have certain judging standard to choose law, it is apt to become a mere formality and wilfulness. The civil law concerning foreign affairs in our country is covered by article 9 of current clause and its debt cause of tort, adopt the law of tort spot in principle. About the compensation for damage of tort concerning foreign affairs, the person who forms tort for our country's law and tort, whether no matter the behavior or consequence one in the spot happens in our country, can begin to be applicable to the law of our country in order to ask for compensation for damage. Only person who adopt the law of tort, the unreasonable result takes place sometimes. So, concerning foreign affairs civil law suitable to apply law revision draft consult private international law of Austrian, 48th item 1, Germany civil law, article 41 legislative spirit of example, and adopt the relation theory, the persons who stipulate the law cut in the proviso most that there are relations besides the most importantly, depend on this law, in order to solve the conflict. Will the scholar of our country the applicable law of the difference (dépeçage) translate into ' the method of cutting apart that the law is applicable to ', what the American scholar is thought each topic to probe into separately selects law to analyze the way has importance in solving the modern complicated lawsuit. Differentiate applicable law of system produce situation that analyze each different particular conflict topics, is applicable to the law with real interests. American federal court has not used the differentiate the applicable law, the appellate court of every state and the Supreme Court also only explaining what it is mean. Differentiating the applicable law will probably result in not according with the legal purpose, but some scholars think that consider the policies of the relevant states, it suit to protect the proper expectation interests, basic policy, determinacy of the result, predictability, unity and applicable law in the particular legal field, can adopt, differentiate applicable law solve to suitable to apply law. The judgment of No. 1804 and No. 1838 of the Supreme Judicial Court of our country, is adjudicated on the platform try to take off our country concerning foreign affairs civil law suitable to apply law, consult foreign country differentiate the applicable law (dépeçage), for being which break through traditional select law theory. The amendments of Law Governing the Application of Laws to Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements of our country has not referred to the question of the applicable law of the difference. The draft is in the topic about the fulfillment of prescription, will differentiate the applicable law and especially propose discussing, the attempt should stipulate the way in which the applicable law choose independently. Concerning the 35th regulation of clause draft of law's revision, ask for the fulfillment of prescription of right, in accordance with asking for the law that right should be applicable to by the legal relation happening. Its reason lies in asking for the fulfillment of prescription of right, because various countries are about stipulating the difference of their legal results, assert it is entity's question. There are persons who regards it as procedure question on the private international law. The fulfillment of prescription and stipulate in the substantive law of our country, so assert it is entity's question. The fulfillment of prescription takes place to particular request, and a part of legal relation, so should be made its applicable law by the legal relation of request. If legislators think the question of eliminating prescription asserts the necessity of the applicable law independently, should adopt the way of differentiating the applicable law, release in various legal relations before coming out, assert the applicable law that it should be applicable independently. Before acknowledging differentiating the system of applicable law extensively, perhaps our country can consider that is divided into the establishment of responsibility and part of compensation for damage the tort concerning foreign affairs, should part regulation applicable law, the former choose the way according to our country's original applicable law, the way asserted in compensation for damage of the latter, often the spot of dwelling or this national law is a standard according to the victim.

Submitted by Timbo Noeme (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-08T18:55:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielaAndrade.pdf: 1158813 bytes, checksum: 7d18c40338f8288dcdc269c8c9505c85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T18:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielaAndrade.pdf: 1158813 bytes, checksum: 7d18c40338f8288dcdc269c8c9505c85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / The most liquid shares of the IBOVESPA index, reflect the behavior of stocks in general, and the relationship of macroeconomic variables in their behavior and are among the most actively traded securities in the Brazilian capital market. Thus, one can understand that there are consequences of factors that impact the most liquid companies that define the behavior of macroeconomic variables and the reverse is also true, fluctuations in macroeconomic factors also affect the most liquid stocks, as IPCA, GDP Selic and exchange rates. The study proposes an analysis of the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the behavior of most liquid shares of the IBOVESPA bovespa index, corroborating studies that seek to understand the influence of macroeconomic factors on the stock price and empirically contributing to the formation of investment portfolios. The work covered the period from 2008 to 2014. The results concluded that the formation of portfolios in order to protect the invested capital, must contain assets with negative correlation in relation to variables, which makes possible the composition of a reduced risk with portfolio. / As ações de maior liquidez do índice IBOVESPA, refletem o comportamento das ações de um modo geral, bem como a relação das variáveis macroeconômicas em seu comportamento e estão entre as mais negociadas no mercado de capitais brasileiro. Desta forma, pode-se entender que há reflexos de fatores que impactam as empresas de maior liquidez que definem o comportamento das variáveis macroeconômicas e que o inverso também é uma verdade, oscilações nos fatores macroeconômicos também afetam as ações de maior liquidez, como IPCA, PIB, SELIC e Taxa de Câmbio. O estudo propõe uma análise da relação existente entre variáveis macroeconômicas e o comportamento das ações de maior liquidez do índice IBOVESPA, corroborando com estudos que buscam entender a influência de fatores macroeconômicos sobre o preço de ações e contribuindo empiricamente com a formação de portfólios de investimento. O trabalho abrangeu o período de 2008 a 2014. Os resultados concluíram que a formação de carteiras, visando a proteção do capital investido, deve conter ativos com correlação negativa em relação às variáveis estudadas, o que torna possível a composição de uma carteira com risco reduzido.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of disability in people of 65 and older. Researches have shown several possible factors leading to knee osteoarthritis development. Patellofemoral joint maltracking has been thought to be associated with or caused edema in the knee; which is thought to be the early signs of osteoarthritis. Hoffa's fat pad is an intra-articular component of knee located under the kneecap. It has also been suggested as one marker for osteoarthritis, when MRI shows a presence of edema in it. Recently, edema in the superolateral region of Hoffa's fat pad has been hypothesized as a distinct signal than the edema on other regions. There is an interest in finding the relation of this superolateral edema with other factors of osteoarthritis development. OBJECTIVE: This thesis research project is aimed to assess the relation of kneecap-thighbone (patellofemoral) joint alignment, femoral trochlea morphology, and patellar height to edema in the superolateral region of Hoffa’s fat pad especially in the population with average age above 65 years old. The hypothesis is that the flatter trochlear morphology and abnormal patella alignment will have higher risk of superolateral edema. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study using a subset data from Multicenter Osteoarthritis (MOST) study, specifically at 60-month visit. This study measured the patellofemoral measurements (sulcus angle, lateral and medial trochlear inclination angle, trochlear angle, Insall-Salvati ratio, patellar tilt angle, and bisect offset) as the predictor variables, and semiquantitative scoring of MRI edema in superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad as the outcome variable. Logistic regression analyses were performed to find the strongly associated patellofemoral measurements to superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad edema. RESULTS: From the logistic regression analysis, trochlear angle, Insall-Salvati ratio, and bisect offset were highly associated with the superolateral edema. A further analysis, by categorizing the measurements to quartiles, was found that only the highest quartiles of both bisect offset and trochlear angle are associated with superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad edema when compared to the reference quartile. All quartiles of Insall-Salvati ratio are strongly associated with superolateral edema when compared to the reference quartile. CONCLUSION: Current study presents that people above 65 years old with high trochlear angle, extreme lateral patellar translation or bisect offset, and high patella riding have high risk of having superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad edema.

A presente dissertação trata da contratação administrativa como instrumento de fomento econômico, pelo prisma da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 e legislação posterior, com o objetivo de apurar se há suporte constitucional para o fomento das áreas escolhidas pelo legislador e contempladas pelo Direito Administrativo Contratual vigente; se é legítima a utilização das contratações públicas como instrumento de fomento, finalidade que extrapola o interesse direto da Administração na aquisição do bem, na execução da obra ou na prestação do serviço; e qual o impacto dessas medidas nos procedimentos de contratações administrativas. Na primeira parte do trabalho, com o objetivo de melhor compreender a relação entre a função estatal de incentivo e os contratos administrativos, são buscadas balizas constitucionais para a atuação do Estado como agente normativo e regulador da atividade econômica, mediante o melhor entendimento da sua função de incentivo e a busca de objetivos, pessoas e/ou áreas que poderiam ser destinatárias do fomento econômico, investigando-se no que consiste a vantagem a ser buscada pela Administração em suas contratações e a sua relação com o fomento econômico. Na segunda parte do trabalho, são examinadas as principais alterações legislativas que visam à utilização das contratações administrativas como instrumentos de fomento econômico, que foram agrupadas em dois blocos. Um para exame dos benefícios concedidos às microempresas, às empresas de pequeno porte, às cooperativas e para outras formas associativas; outro para exame das preferências estabelecidas para proteção do mercado nacional e do meio ambiente e para o incentivo à inovação tecnológica. / The present work deals with the administrative signings as an economic fomentation tool, through the prism of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988 and subsequent legislation, in order to determine whether there is constitutional support for the fomentation of the areas chosen by the legislator and, contemplated by Contractual Administrative Law in force; if is legitimate the use of public contractings as a fomentation tool, purpose that goes beyond the direct interest of the Administration at the acquisition of the property, carrying out the work or providing the service; and what impact of these measures in the procedures for administrative hirings. In the first part of the work, in order to better understand the relationship between the state function of incentives and administrative signings, constitutional goals are sought for the State acting as a normative and regulating agent of economic activity through a better understanding of their function incentive and the pursuit of goals, people and / or areas to be the recipients economic fomentation, investigating on what is the advantage to be sought by management in their hirings and their relationship with economic fomentation. In the second part of the work are investigated main legislative changes aimed at the use of administrative signings as instruments of economic fomentation, which were grouped into two blocks. One for the examination of the benefits granted to micro-enterprises, to small businesses, cooperatives and other forms of association; another exam of the preferences established for the domestic market protection and the environment and to encourage technological innovation.

Background The frequency of allergic contact dermatitis in children is not as negligible as had been originally thought. During the last decades, many reports have been published abroad concerning allergic contact dermatitis in children. However, the data about the Czech Republic were lacking. Aim of study The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of contact sensitization to the allergens of European baseline series in unselected child population. Material and Methods A group of 236 unselected schoolchildren aged between 6 and 16 years were patch tested with European baseline series in the years 2005 - 2006. Patch tests were evaluated in 218 (114 boys, 104 girls) according to the criteria of International Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Results One or more positive reactions had 67 children (30.7%). The top allergens in children were nickel sulfate, neomycin sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru) and fragrance mix I. Conclusion Results of patch tests in unselected set of Czech children are not very satisfactory. They indicate that the incidence of contact hypersensitivity in children is relatively frequent. It appears that the patch tests in the Czech Republic are not carried out on all children in whom they should be performed....

A presente dissertação trata da contratação administrativa como instrumento de fomento econômico, pelo prisma da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 e legislação posterior, com o objetivo de apurar se há suporte constitucional para o fomento das áreas escolhidas pelo legislador e contempladas pelo Direito Administrativo Contratual vigente; se é legítima a utilização das contratações públicas como instrumento de fomento, finalidade que extrapola o interesse direto da Administração na aquisição do bem, na execução da obra ou na prestação do serviço; e qual o impacto dessas medidas nos procedimentos de contratações administrativas. Na primeira parte do trabalho, com o objetivo de melhor compreender a relação entre a função estatal de incentivo e os contratos administrativos, são buscadas balizas constitucionais para a atuação do Estado como agente normativo e regulador da atividade econômica, mediante o melhor entendimento da sua função de incentivo e a busca de objetivos, pessoas e/ou áreas que poderiam ser destinatárias do fomento econômico, investigando-se no que consiste a vantagem a ser buscada pela Administração em suas contratações e a sua relação com o fomento econômico. Na segunda parte do trabalho, são examinadas as principais alterações legislativas que visam à utilização das contratações administrativas como instrumentos de fomento econômico, que foram agrupadas em dois blocos. Um para exame dos benefícios concedidos às microempresas, às empresas de pequeno porte, às cooperativas e para outras formas associativas; outro para exame das preferências estabelecidas para proteção do mercado nacional e do meio ambiente e para o incentivo à inovação tecnológica. / The present work deals with the administrative signings as an economic fomentation tool, through the prism of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988 and subsequent legislation, in order to determine whether there is constitutional support for the fomentation of the areas chosen by the legislator and, contemplated by Contractual Administrative Law in force; if is legitimate the use of public contractings as a fomentation tool, purpose that goes beyond the direct interest of the Administration at the acquisition of the property, carrying out the work or providing the service; and what impact of these measures in the procedures for administrative hirings. In the first part of the work, in order to better understand the relationship between the state function of incentives and administrative signings, constitutional goals are sought for the State acting as a normative and regulating agent of economic activity through a better understanding of their function incentive and the pursuit of goals, people and / or areas to be the recipients economic fomentation, investigating on what is the advantage to be sought by management in their hirings and their relationship with economic fomentation. In the second part of the work are investigated main legislative changes aimed at the use of administrative signings as instruments of economic fomentation, which were grouped into two blocks. One for the examination of the benefits granted to micro-enterprises, to small businesses, cooperatives and other forms of association; another exam of the preferences established for the domestic market protection and the environment and to encourage technological innovation.

El presente trabajo sintetiza las proposiciones teóricas relevantes para el análisis de los impactos económicos de los arreglos preferenciales comerciales (APC) que caracterizan a los procesos de apertura comercial implementados por las economías, desarrolladas y en desarrollo, en las últimas dos décadas. Estos arreglos se agrupan en tres tipos: los unilaterales (APCU), los regionales (APCR) y los multilaterales (APCM). El trabajo resume, además, los argumentos y proposiciones teóricas que responden a dos interrogantes. La primera, desde la perspectiva de una economía individual, ¿cuál de estos arreglos, o formas de estrategia comercial, origina los mayores beneficios económicos para una economía? Asumiendo que los APCM son la mejor opción de política comercial para todos los países del mundo que acuerdan estos arreglos, la segunda interrogante es ¿en qué medida los APCU, y en particular los APCR contribuyen (building blocks or friends), obstruyen (stumbing blocks or foes) o convergen (stepping stones) o no (strangers) a los APCM?---The present work synthesizes the relevant theoretical propositions for the analysis of the economic impacts of the preferential trade arrangements (PTAs) which have been part of the trade liberalization process implemented in the last two decades by developed and developing economies. These arrangements are divided in three groups of arrangements: i) unilateral (UPTAs), ii) regional (RPTAs) and iii) multilateral (MPTAs). In addition, this paper addresses two questions. The first one, (from the perspective of an individual economy) which of these arrangements benefit the most for an economy?. The second, to what extent UPTAs and especially RPTAs, contribute (or are \’ building blocks or friends\’), obstruct (or are \’stumbling blocks or friends\’) or converge (or are \’stepping stones\’) or not (\’strangers\’) to the PTAs?

Como produto da prática mercantil, a cláusula da nação mais favorecida (CNMF) é um fenômeno jurídico complexo. Enquanto sua estrutura variante não é passível de padronização, por se adaptar às necessidades da sociedade internacional em cada momento histórico, seu núcleo funcional permanece imutável. Na ordem econômica internacional, a descentralização do poder político provoca desconfianças nos agentes econômicos, resultando em um permanente estado de guarda e competitividade predatória. Para assegurar maior estabilidade às expectativas normativas, os Estados celebram tratados, a fim de alterar tais percepções, conferindo durabilidade às relações econômicas internacionais. Resultado da configuração contemporânea da governança econômica internacional, a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) simboliza a consolidação das expectativas normativas dos atores internacionais em torno do sistema multilateral de comércio (SMC). A OMC tem a função de consolidar o SMC, garantindo a posição de autoridade para corrigir as numerosas lacunas e antinomias jurídicas e reforçar a eficácia social, mediante a atuação de seu Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias (OSC). O SMC é um ordenamento jurídico, com lógica própria e princípios e regras específicos, que disciplina o mercado globalizado, cuja origem remonta à celebração do Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) em 1947. Prevista no artigo I:1 do GATT, a CNMF positiva o princípio da não discriminação, tendo por finalidade sistêmica desempenhar um papel dinâmico e integrado, ao: (i) assegurar transparência e dispersão de conhecimento; (ii) promover a cooperação internacional, a fim de eliminar ou reduzir, reciprocamente, as barreiras às trocas comerciais; (iii) vedar as práticas e instrumentos discriminatórios e protecionistas, tendo por função estender, automática, multilateral e incondicionalmente, as vantagens concedidas; e (iv) conservar as expectativas normativas, mediante a incorporação dos compromissos negociados ao SMC. Contudo, a proliferação de acordos preferenciais de comércio e de medidas protecionistas e discriminatórias pelos Estados-membros tem ameaçado o SMC de desautorização. Por recorrerem a exceções válidas à CNMF, esses fenômenos permitem a formação de relações discriminatórias e protecionistas, o que impacta negativamente as expectativas normativas dos agentes econômicos, ameaçando a função unificadora de sentido da CNMF, cujo resultado é a erosão da ideia de livre-mercado mundial. As reiteradas quebras de expectativas implicam problemas de coesão e eficácia normativa ao SMC, os quais são denominados desafios sistêmicos. Com efeito, o SMC sofre um processo de desestruturação, causado pela tensionada interação das dimensões ideacional e fática. Isso exige um controle de legalidade e de licitude dos atos jurídicos e das práticas dos Estados-membros. Em face desses desafios sistêmicos, a dissertação verifica se o artigo I:1 permanece como regra determinante para a decidibilidade do OSC. Para responder adequadamente, empregam-se os métodos analítico, hermenêutico e argumentativo, com um enfoque essencialmente dogmático, dentro de um ângulo crítico zetético. Ao fim da investigação, constata-se que a CNMF vem se consolidando como regra determinante para a construção do discurso jurídico-decisório pelo OSC. A confirmação jurisprudencial da imperatividade e da eficácia normativa do artigo I:1 reverbera reflexamente sobre os desafios sistêmicos, tendo o poderoso efeito de simbolizar a preferibilidade da incidência da CNMF sobre as relações econômicas internacionais. / As a product of commercial practice, the most-favored-nation clause (\"MFN\") is a complex legal phenomenon. While its variable structure is not subject to standardization, since it adapts to the needs of international society in each historical moment, its functional core remains unchanged. In the international economic order, the decentralization of political power leads to distrust of the economic agents, resulting in a permanent state of awareness and predatory competition. To ensure greater stability to the normative expectations, States enter into treaties in order to change such perceptions, providing durability to international economic relations. Result of the contemporary configuration of international economic governance, the World Trade Organization (\"WTO\") symbolizes the consolidation of the normative expectations of international actors around the multilateral trading system (\"MTS\"). The WTO has the mission of consolidating the MTS, ensuring a position of authority to correct the many shortcomings and antinomies of law and strengthen the social effectiveness through its Dispute Settlement Body (\"DSB\"). The MTS is a legal system, with its own logic and specific principles and rules, which regulates the globalized market, and has its origins in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. Set forth in Article I:1 of the GATT, the MFN establishes the principle of non-discrimination and has the systemic purpose of playing an integrated and dynamic role as it: (i) ensures transparency and dissemination of knowl edge,(ii) promotes international cooperation, by eliminating or reducing reciprocal barriers to trade, (iii) deters discriminatory and protectionist practices and instruments, being its function to extend, automatically, multilaterally and unconditionally, the benefits provided, and (iv) maintains the normative expectations, through the incorporation of negotiated concessions to the MTS. However, the proliferation of preferential trade agreements and protectionist and discriminatory measures by the member states has threatened the MTS of disempowerment. By resorting to MFNs valid exceptions, these phenomena allow the formation of discriminatory and protectionist relationships, which negatively impacts the normative expectations of economic agents, and threatening the harmonizing function of MFN; the result of which is the erosion of the global free market idea. Repeated breaches of expectations result in problems of cohesion and normative effectiveness of the MTS, which are called systemic challenges. Indeed, the MTS undergoes a process of disintegration, caused by the tensioned interaction of ideational and factual dimensions. This requires a control of legality and legitimacy of legal acts and practices of the member States. Given these systemic challenges, the dissertation verifies if Article I:1 remains the rule for determining the decidability of the DSB. In order to properly answer that, analytical, hermeneutic and argumentative methods are employed, with a primarily dogmatic focus, within a zetetic critical angle. By the end of the investigation, its stated that the MFN is becoming the consolidated rule for determining the construction of the legal and decision making discourse of the DSB. The confirmation from case law of the imperative nature and of the normative effectiveness of Article I:1 reverberates reflexively on the systemic challenges, having the powerful effect of symbolizing the desirability of MFN impact on international economic relations.

Se por um lado a estimação das vazões máximas pelos métodos tradicionais, estatístico (Análise de Frequência Local - AFL) e determinístico (Cheia Máxima Provável - CMP), vem sendo alvo de críticas, por outro, a Análise de Frequência Conjugada (AFC) e o método do Hidrograma Máximo Mais Provável (HMMP), mais recentemente proposto, evidenciam-se como ferramentas promissoras. A AFC consiste da combinação entre técnicas probabilísticas e determinísticas e o HMMP utiliza os conceitos do Hidrograma Unitário Curvilíneo (HUC) de Mockus e da distribuição temporal de chuvas dada por Huff. Este trabalho tem o intuito de aplicar os métodos AFL, AFC e HMMP de maneira a avaliar os procedimentos e peculiaridades de cada método e assim possibilitar uma análise comparativa. Os referidos métodos foram aplicados para as séries de vazões dos aproveitamentos hidrelétricos UHE Sobradinho e UHE Três Marias, localizados na bacia do rio São Francisco, e a estação fluviométrica Paso de Los Libres localizada na bacia hidrográfica do rio Uruguai. Foram avaliadas a estabilidade e a sensibilidade dos métodos à extensão da série, à variação da magnitude das menores vazões das séries de valores máximos e a influência da presença de outliers, nos valores máximos determinados. As análises da estabilidade e sensibilidade apresentam diferenças máximas entre as estimativas de vazões decamilenares de 321% para a Análise de Frequência Local, 64% para a Análise de Frequência Conjugada e 82% para o Hidrograma Máximo Mais Provável. Conclusões importantes foram obtidas, dentre as quais o fato dos métodos AFC e HMMP apresentarem vantagens em relação ao método AFL para todas as análises realizadas. O método do HMMP apresentou variação pouco significativa quanto à presença de outliers e influência da presença dos menores valores, sendo considerado o mais promissor dentre os três métodos e para as séries analisadas no presente trabalho. / If, on one hand, the estimation of peak flows by traditional statistical analysis (Local Frequency Analysis - AFL) and deterministic methods (Probable Maximum Flood - PMF) has been criticized, on the other, the Conjugated Frequency Analysis (AFC) and the method of Hydrograph Maximum Most Probable (HMMP), recently proposed, are highlighted as promising tools. The AFC consists of a combination of deterministic and probabilistic techniques and HMMP uses the concepts of Curvilinear Unit Hydrograph (HUC) by Mockus and temporal distribution of rainfall given by Huff. This paper aims to apply the AFL, AFC and HMMP methods in order to assess the procedures and peculiarities of each method and thus provide a comparative analysis. The methods were applied to the series of flows of hydroelectric Sobradinho and Três Marias, located in the São Francisco basin, and Paso de Los Libres fluviometric station located in the basin of the River Uruguay. Stability and sensitivity of the methods to extend the series, the variation of the magnitude of lower flows series of maxima and the influence of the presence of outliers in certain maximums were evaluated. The stability and sensitivity analyzes presented maximum differences between estimated decamilenares flow of 321% for the Analysis of Local Frequency, 64% for the Analysis of Combined frequency and 82% for Hydrograph Maximum Most Probable. The method presented HMMP negligible variation for the presence of outliers and influence of the presence of minor amounts, and it is considered the most promising among the three methods and for the series analyzed in this work.