No / Due to significant challenges and increase in competition within the global environment, manufacturing companies need to focus on Manufacturing Planning and Control (MPC) systems in order to gain a competitive edge. This research paper describes a contribution towards the design and implementation of a bespoke MRP II system for a SME company dealing in tool reclamation. The paper covers the investigation of currently available MRP II systems and also investigates the present MPC system of the concerned SME company. On the basis of these investigations, a new/bespoke design has been proposed and developed for an MRP II system that is tailor-made for the aforementioned company. The newly designed MRP II system has been developed (using MS Access and Visual Basic for Application i.e. VBA) as a database planning tool of MPC system and contains the critical modules Demand Management (DM), Rough Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP), Master Production Scheduling (MPS), Material Requirements Planning (MRP), and Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP). The bespoke MRP II system has been tested within the real manufacturing environment existing in the SME company with positive results. The key outcome of the research has shown that even small SME’s can design and implement their own MRPII system, which is particular and relevant to their own special manufacturing environment, using a minimal of time, software and financial resources.

全文分七章。 第一章緒論，說明本研究之研究動機、目的、架構、研究方法及研究範圍和限制。第 二章豐田生產力式，說明此生產方式的基本觀念及其兩大支柱：及時化與自動化，並 說明看板制度在此系統中扮演的功能。第三章物料需求規劃，敘述物料需求規劃的理 論基礎及系統的設計與實施，並說明其適用的條件。第四章豐田生產方式與物料需求 規劃之比較。第五章豐田生產方式與物料需求規劃整合系統設計，說明此整合系統之 必要性及其系統設計要點，系統的建立。第六章應用實例說明。第七章結論與建議。

Timing of ordering of inventory items is of very great importance in Materials Requirement Planning. Uncertainties in timing can have an adverse effect on the system performance. Most often the lead time variation contribute to timing uncertainties; and their effects are reflected in added costs. Lead time error effects are investigated in this thesis. The study attempts to estimate the effects through some relevant costs, and their variations across the lot sizing rules. The hypotheses for this study are 1) Between any two lot sizing rules, there will be a significant difference in error coats due to combined effect of purchased lead time error and manufacturing lead time errors; 2) Relative cost performance of lot sizing rules in MRP is influenced by the lead time errors; 3) There will be a difference in error cost between lot for l o t rule and least total cost rule even with single source of lead time variation. To carry out the study a MRP programme was developed, in FORTRAN 77 with provisions to include the lot sizing rules while exploding the structure. The lot sizing rules used in the study are Lot for Lot, Silver and Meal heuristics, Wagner-Whitin algorithm, Least total cost, Least unit cost and Part Period balancing. A simulation model is developed using GPSS/PC, to test the hypotheses. An hypothetical production situation with three end items, each with a different product structure is designed. In addition, a master production schedule and a job shop are also structured. Appropriate distributions are assumed for both manufacturing lead times and purchase lead times. These provide the stochastic variables in the simulation experiments. A series of experiments were carried out with the model to investigate into the variations of costs amongst lot sizing rules. Results of the simulation experiments prove that there are costs associated with lead time errors in MRP. These error costs vary significantly with different lot sizing rules. It is also found that the resultant error costs vary significantly even with a single source of lead time variation. Least unit cost rule gives the beat performance having least error costs. Lot for Lot rule has shown the worst performance amongst the lot sizing rules considered. Other interesting results have emerged out of the study.

<p>The Small and Medium-size Enterprises are the key bone of the economy of many nations. The usual definition of SME’s, make up 99.8% of the approximately 19 million enterprises of the European Union (ISO, 2002) and Sweden is not an exception. That is why SME’s faces the strategic challenge of achieving sustained profitable growth. To meet this challenge, SME’s must develop capabilities to integrate their systems. Since ICT gives so many advantages to support the Supply Chain, and MRPII software’s have become a very popular tool in the last thirty years; Our purpose is to answer the following research question:</p><p>How can MRP II-type computer systems be used effectively to support the manufacturing and organizational integration?</p><p>The research started with on-site observations and interviews but the development of a model and a survey was needed. After, we linked the research with an already accepted model. The results show how important the human aspect and the accuracy are in the effective usage of an MRP II. It also demonstrates that the MRP II philosophy must be accepted to use the MRP II software profitably. Nevertheless, we modeled the vicious cycle that our case company might deal with, tried to find the root cause and give recommendations to break it.</p> / <p>Små och Mellan- stora företag är många nationers byggstenar. Den vanligaste definitionen av SME´s utgör 99,8% av de uppskattningsvis 19 miljoner företag inom Europeiska Unionen (ISO, 2002) och Sverige är inget undantag. Det är anledningen till att SME´s möter den strategiska utmaningen att uppnå ihållande och vinstgivande tillväxt. För att ta sig an denna utmaningen måste SME´s utveckla förmågor att integrera sina system. Eftersom ICT ger så många fördelar att stödja utbudskedjan, och eftersom MRP II mjukvaror har kommit att bli ett populärt verktyg de senaste trettio åren, kommer vårt syfte bli att svara på följande fråga:</p><p>Hur kan datasystem av typen MRP II användas för att på ett effektivt sätt underlätta integrering av tillverkning och organisation?</p><p>Undersökningen startade med observationer samt intervjuer på plats, men utförandet av en statistisk undersökning och en modell var nödvändig efter det att vi redan hade kopplat ihop arbetet med en redan accepterad modell. Reasultaten visar hur viktig den mänskliga faktorn samt exaktheten är i användandet av en MRP II. Den visar också att MRP II filosofin måste vara accepterad innan man kan använda MRP II mjukvaran på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Likväl har vi illustrerat den onda cirkeln som vårt företag måste försöka ta sig ur, försökt hitta den underliggande orsaken och slutligen att ge rekommendationer för att bryta den.</p>

<p>The Small and Medium-size Enterprises are the key bone of the economy of many nations. The usual definition of SME’s, make up 99.8% of the approximately 19 million enterprises of the European Union (ISO, 2002) and Sweden is not an exception. That is why SME’s faces the strategic challenge of achieving sustained profitable growth. To meet this challenge, SME’s must develop capabilities to integrate their systems. Since ICT gives so many advantages to support the Supply Chain, and MRPII software’s have become a very popular tool in the last thirty years; Our purpose is to answer the following research question:</p><p>How can MRP II-type computer systems be used effectively to support the manufacturing and organizational integration?</p><p>The research started with on-site observations and interviews but the development of a model and a survey was needed. After, we linked the research with an already accepted model. The results show how important the human aspect and the accuracy are in the effective usage of an MRP II. It also demonstrates that the MRP II philosophy must be accepted to use the MRP II software profitably. Nevertheless, we modeled the vicious cycle that our case company might deal with, tried to find the root cause and give recommendations to break it.</p> / <p>Små och Mellan- stora företag är många nationers byggstenar. Den vanligaste definitionen av SME´s utgör 99,8% av de uppskattningsvis 19 miljoner företag inom Europeiska Unionen (ISO, 2002) och Sverige är inget undantag. Det är anledningen till att SME´s möter den strategiska utmaningen att uppnå ihållande och vinstgivande tillväxt. För att ta sig an denna utmaningen måste SME´s utveckla förmågor att integrera sina system. Eftersom ICT ger så många fördelar att stödja utbudskedjan, och eftersom MRP II mjukvaror har kommit att bli ett populärt verktyg de senaste trettio åren, kommer vårt syfte bli att svara på följande fråga:</p><p>Hur kan datasystem av typen MRP II användas för att på ett effektivt sätt underlätta integrering av tillverkning och organisation?</p><p>Undersökningen startade med observationer samt intervjuer på plats, men utförandet av en statistisk undersökning och en modell var nödvändig efter det att vi redan hade kopplat ihop arbetet med en redan accepterad modell. Reasultaten visar hur viktig den mänskliga faktorn samt exaktheten är i användandet av en MRP II. Den visar också att MRP II filosofin måste vara accepterad innan man kan använda MRP II mjukvaran på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Likväl har vi illustrerat den onda cirkeln som vårt företag måste försöka ta sig ur, försökt hitta den underliggande orsaken och slutligen att ge rekommendationer för att bryta den.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Magdeburg. / Includes bibliographical references.

The import of yeast tRNALys (tRK1) into human mitochondria in the presence of cytosolic extract suggests that human cell possesses machinery for tRK1 import. Here, we show that precursor of mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA synthetase (preKARS2) interact with tRK1 and its derivatives containing tRK1 import determinants, and facilitates their import into isolated mitochondria and in vivo, when preKARS2 was overexpressed or downregulated. tRK1 import efficiency increased upon addition of glycolytic enzyme enolase, previously found as an actor of RNA import in yeast. We found that tRK1 and its derivatives translocate into mitochondrial matrix in polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) dependent manner. Furthermore, a point mutation preventing trimerization of PNPase affect import of 5S rRNA and MRP RNA into mitochondria and subsequently mitochondrial translation. Overexpression of the wild-type PNPase induced an increase of 5S rRNA import into mitochondria and rescued translation.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au mode d’exploitation de la demande prévisionnelle pour le pilotage des flux amont dans un contexte de production de masse de produits fortement diversifiés et de dispersion géographique des unités de production. Lorsque l’information prévisionnelle est mal exploitée, des phénomènes, similaires à l’effet coup de fouet connu en chaîne logistique aval, apparaissent en chaîne logistique amont altérant durablement sa performance. Dans le but de contrer certains des mécanismes à l’origine de ces phénomènes, nous avons proposé une adaptation de la MRP permettant d’exploiter au mieux l’information prévisionnelle. L’adaptation de la MRP repose sur une méthode de calcul des besoins basée sur l’exploitation statistique des nomenclatures de planification et la diffusion d’informations sur les niveaux de recomplètement le long de la chaîne logistique amont. Cette approche a été testée avec succès sur plusieurs cas d’application dans l’industrie automobile / In this PhD dissertation, we investigated the way of exploiting the demand forecasts for the upstream flow management in a context of mass production of highly diverse products and of geographical dispersion of the production units. When the forecasts are poorly exploited, phenomena similar to the well-known bullwhip effect in the downstream supply chain appear in the upstream supply chain altering permanently its performances. In order to counter some of the mechanisms underlying these phenomena, we proposed an adaptation of the MRP to perform the exploitation of the forecasted demand. The adaptation of the MRP is based on a calculation method that uses the planning BOM for calculating and transmitting replenishment levels along the upstream supply chain. This approach has been successfully tested on several application studies in the automotive industry

The Small and Medium-size Enterprises are the key bone of the economy of many nations. The usual definition of SME’s, make up 99.8% of the approximately 19 million enterprises of the European Union (ISO, 2002) and Sweden is not an exception. That is why SME’s faces the strategic challenge of achieving sustained profitable growth. To meet this challenge, SME’s must develop capabilities to integrate their systems. Since ICT gives so many advantages to support the Supply Chain, and MRPII software’s have become a very popular tool in the last thirty years; Our purpose is to answer the following research question: How can MRP II-type computer systems be used effectively to support the manufacturing and organizational integration? The research started with on-site observations and interviews but the development of a model and a survey was needed. After, we linked the research with an already accepted model. The results show how important the human aspect and the accuracy are in the effective usage of an MRP II. It also demonstrates that the MRP II philosophy must be accepted to use the MRP II software profitably. Nevertheless, we modeled the vicious cycle that our case company might deal with, tried to find the root cause and give recommendations to break it. / Små och Mellan- stora företag är många nationers byggstenar. Den vanligaste definitionen av SME´s utgör 99,8% av de uppskattningsvis 19 miljoner företag inom Europeiska Unionen (ISO, 2002) och Sverige är inget undantag. Det är anledningen till att SME´s möter den strategiska utmaningen att uppnå ihållande och vinstgivande tillväxt. För att ta sig an denna utmaningen måste SME´s utveckla förmågor att integrera sina system. Eftersom ICT ger så många fördelar att stödja utbudskedjan, och eftersom MRP II mjukvaror har kommit att bli ett populärt verktyg de senaste trettio åren, kommer vårt syfte bli att svara på följande fråga: Hur kan datasystem av typen MRP II användas för att på ett effektivt sätt underlätta integrering av tillverkning och organisation? Undersökningen startade med observationer samt intervjuer på plats, men utförandet av en statistisk undersökning och en modell var nödvändig efter det att vi redan hade kopplat ihop arbetet med en redan accepterad modell. Reasultaten visar hur viktig den mänskliga faktorn samt exaktheten är i användandet av en MRP II. Den visar också att MRP II filosofin måste vara accepterad innan man kan använda MRP II mjukvaran på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Likväl har vi illustrerat den onda cirkeln som vårt företag måste försöka ta sig ur, försökt hitta den underliggande orsaken och slutligen att ge rekommendationer för att bryta den.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:58:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3243_1.pdf: 2650926 bytes, checksum: 186584c4399be884bf093669435a8b3d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O sistema MRP-I evoluiu para MRP-II na década de 70 e hoje existem diversas variações de sistemas para planejamento e controle da produtividade dos recursos organizacionais. Estas ferramentas tornaram-se obrigatórias, pois os clientes vêm exigindo preços cada vez mais baixos e produtos com melhores qualidades. Neste contexto, um dos maiores operadores logísticos do Brasil implantou um modelo específico de Planejamento e Controle da Produção (PCP), com foco na Gestão da Produtividade. Além de disponibilizar uma ferramenta para os gestores realizarem o planejamento das operações, a implantação do processo tinha como objetivo criar um novo indicador para a organização: o Indicador de Produtividade. Contudo, o sistema implantado não possuía uma base de dados unificada e seu controle era realizado através de planilhas eletrônicas elaboradas por uma equipe específica. De acordo com a estrutura de cada Filial e Setores da companhia, uma nova planilha deveria ser elaborada incluindo novas fórmulas de cálculos. A investigação do processo verificou que a equipe GEPROD gastava um tempo considerável na consolidação das informações para criação dos relatórios principalmente no controle das planilhas eletrônicas. O objetivo desta dissertação é automatizar o processo de PCP (Planejamento e Controle da Produção) instalado no Operador Logístico, permitindo sua implantação mais rapidamente em um número maior de Filiais, dando velocidade ao processo e criando controles a fim de evitar entradas de dados inconsistentes. Além disto, o mesmo visa a padronização das fórmulas de cálculos envolvidas no processo, construção de uma base de dados consolidada para facilitar a criação de relatórios e o acompanhamento das atividades. Este trabalho utilizou metodologias da Engenharia de Software para construção de um software capaz de apoiar o modelo de PCP instalado e alcançar os objetivos pré-estabelecidos. Os benefícios e resultados deste trabalho foram constatados através de observação in loco e entrevistas informais com os principais envolvidos (Gerentes e Supervisores do processo GEPROD). A automação do processo gerou economia de horas gastas pela equipe GEPROD com atividades repetitivas, facilitando a execução e acompanhamento das atividades do dia-a-dia do processo de Gestão e Produtividade, além de permitir aos integrantes da equipe GEPROD ganho de tempo na análise dos processos operacionais em busca de melhorias contínuas. Este trabalho também permitiu maior controle das informações, confiabilidade nos dados e no processo facilitando a implantação do processo em outras Filiais