Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) have grown steadily in recent years.  SMEs generate 59.7 % of value-added and 65.5 % of employment in the ‘non-financial business economy’ in Sweden. It's important for the success of SMEs to be ready to provide high product availability to customers at minimal operation costs. The challenges faced by SMEs are tougher in global competition. There is a rapid growth in the industrial revolution to deal with the challenges as well as competition. This work mainly focuses on implementing resource planning (RP) and adapting to the latest technologies of Industry 4.0 into SMEs to face the challenges. But incorporating Industry 4.0 in a major struggle in the SMEs.  The thesis provides a view of Resource Planning implementation. The authors describe the resource planning implementation techniques and define the requirements for its successful implementation. Resource Planning (RP) adoption factors have been studied quite extensively over the years. However, this master thesis tries to investigate the less explored area of resource planning. Relatively a smaller amount of research has been conducted, when it comes to implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies especially in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs).  Industry 4.0 provides new paradigms for the industrial management of SMEs. Supported by a growing number of new technologies, this concept appears more flexible and less expensive than traditional enterprise information systems. This paper presents a literature review of existing applied research covering different Industry 4.0 issues about SMEs. Furthermore, the analysis is done to understand the correlation between the identified factors of Industry 4.0 technologies. The research findings indicate that the use of IoT and Cloud computing are major advantages for resource planning in an SME. The results from the analysis are presented in a framework designed for the future adaptation of these technologies. Despite the research limitations, the findings show a high advantage. Finally, the author suggests a future scope of research.

En la actualidad, en la industria de alimentos se ha diagnosticado un exponencial crecimiento en la demanda, en todos los rubros pertenecientes a este sector. Uno de estos es la industria de panificación, en la que el principal motivo de desarrollo, crecimiento y cambio son las exigencias de los clientes vinculados a criterios como precios reducidos, aumento de la calidad, variedad de productos entre otras variables que una empresa debe tener en cuenta para ser competitiva en el sector, y a su vez mantener un nivel de rentabilidad y margen de contribución. Para ello, es indispensable tener una correcta planificación de cada proceso considerando con igual importancia tanto al proceso de producción como a los adyacentes a este. Dichos procesos se vinculan a la compra de las materias primas en calidad, precio o tiempos de recepción, el cálculo preciso del pronóstico de la demanda y la correcta gestión de inventarios que son indispensables para asegurar un producto final de calidad al alcance del cliente. El presente artículo propone un nuevo modelo que se basa en el uso del enfoque lean y técnicas combinadas para lograr un competitivo manejo de los procesos mencionados anteriormente. Para ello, se plantea el uso conjunto de herramientas tales como la homologación de proveedores, MRP, lote económico de compra de materiales (EOQ) y estandarización de proceso de trabajo, para mejorar los problemas relacionados a una producción defectuosa por una mala gestión de materiales que asciende a un índice actual de 11.43%. Luego de la implementación de la propuesta se obtuvo una reducción de aproximadamente el 58% de ella como sustento de la efectividad del método y su corroboración a la mejora continua con una simulación llegando a verificar los resultados. / Currently, an exponential growth in demand has been diagnosed in the food industry, in all items belonging to this sector. One of these is the baking industry, in which the main reason for development, growth and change are the demands of customers linked to criteria such as reduced prices, increased quality, variety of products, among other variables that a company must have. in account to be competitive in the sector, and in turn maintain a level of profitability and contribution margin. For this, it is essential to have a correct planning of each process considering with equal importance both the production process and those adjacent to it. These processes are linked to the purchase of raw materials in quality, price or reception times, the precise calculation of the demand forecast and the correct inventory management that are essential to ensure a quality final product available to the customer. This article proposes a new model that is based on the use of the lean approach and combined techniques to achieve a competitive management of the processes mentioned above. For this, the joint use of tools such as supplier approval, MRP, economic materials purchase lot (EOQ) and standardization of the work process is proposed, to improve the problems related to defective production due to poor material management which amounts to a current rate of 11.43%. After the implementation of the proposal, a reduction of approximately 58% was obtained in support of the effectiveness of the method and its corroboration to continuous improvement with a simulation, verifying the results. / Trabajo de investigación

[pt] A Gestão de Estoque eficiente permeia a escolha do método de controle mais adequado, principalmente em empresas que apresentem grande variedade de itens em estoque, quando a definição de métodos diferentes para cada item pode resultar em ganhos pela redução de excessos ou faltas, assim como pela redução de custos administrativos dessa gestão. A empresa estudada se insere nesse contexto, pois apresenta excesso de materiais em estoque, bem como faltas de alguns itens, gerando prejuízos financeiros decorrentes da má gestão de seu estoque. Assim, por adotar a mesma política de controle de estoque para todos os itens, que abrangem de materiais de administração predial a equipamentos de exploração de petróleo e gás, essa empresa se depara com a necessidade de implementar controles de estoque mais adequados para cada um desses itens. Desse modo, este trabalho propõe responder a seguinte pergunta-chave de estudo: Qual a política de gestão de estoques mais adequada para cada produto analisado? Para responder a essa pergunta, o trabalho propõe a elaboração de um Diagrama de Decisão que auxilie na tomada dessa decisão. Para tanto, busca classificar esses SKU quanto a Curva ABC para valor (RS), volume consumido e criticidade, sendo esta última definida com apoio do Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Além disso, analisa as distribuições de demanda e de lead time de cada SKU como parâmetros para auxiliar nessa decisão, formando um diagrama onde os nós representam esses parâmetros (Curva ABC, Demanda e Lead Time) e os caminhos correspondem as classificações internas de cada um desse parâmetros, apontando, ao final de cada caminho, qual o melhor controle de estoque para o SKU analisado considerando o Kanban e o MRP como alternativas. Aplicou-se a Design Science Research (DSR) como método de estudo. Com a aplicação desse método pretende-se que o Diagrama proposto seja um artefato capaz de atender as diferentes áreas de negócio da empresa, contribuindo para disseminação de uma ferramenta padrão para a tomada de decisão quanto ao método de controle de estoque a ser empregado para cada SKU. Assim, espera-se que o artefato proposto posso contribuir com todas as áreas da empresa, ampliando o conhecimento gerado na área de negócio delimitada para este estudo. Por fim, o trabalho contribuiu com o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta capaz de atender as necessidades da empresa quanto a adoção de diferentes métodos de controle de estoques, indiferentemente da área de negócio a qual se aplica. Além disso, na área delimitada para implementação deste estudo, a aplicação desse diagrama obteve a redução do excesso e das faltas para os SKU analisados, bem como apresentou forte potencial de redução de custos administrativos em função da possibilidade de adotar métodos mais simples de controle de estoque para alguns itens. / [en] Efficient Inventory Management permeates the choice of the most appropriate control method, especially in companies that have a wide variety of items in stock, when the definition of different methods for each item can result in gains by reducing excesses or shortages, as well as by reduction of administrative costs of this management. The studied company is part of this context, as it presents an excess of materials in stock, as well as shortages of some items, generating financial losses resulting from the mismanagement of its stock. Thus, by adopting the same inventory control policy for all items, which range from building management materials to oil and gas exploration equipment, this company is faced with the need to implement more adequate inventory controls for each of these tems. Thus, this paper proposes to answer the following key study question: What is the most adequate inventory management policy for each product analyzed? To answer this question, this work proposes the elaboration of a Decision Diagram that helps in making that decision. Therefore, it seeks to classify these SKU as the ABC Curve for value (Rs), volume consumed and criticality, the latter being defined with the support of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In addition, it analyzes the demand and lead time distributions of each SKU as parameters to assist in this decision, forming a diagram where the nodes represent these parameters (ABC curve, Demand and Lead Time) and the paths correspond to the internal classifications of each one of these parameters, pointing, at the end of each path, which is the best stock control for the SKU analyzed considering Kanban and MRP as alternatives. Design Science Research (DSR) was applied as a study method. With the application of this method, the proposed Diagram is intended to be an artifact capable of serving the different business areas of the company, contributing to the dissemination of a standard tool for decision making regarding the inventory control method to be employed for each SKU. Thus, it is expected that the proposed artifact can contribute to all areas of the company, expanding. Finally, the work contributed to the development of a tool capable of meeting the company s needs regarding the adoption of different inventory control methods, regardless of the business area to which it applies. In addition, in the area defined for the implementation of this study, the application of this diagram obtained the reduction of excess and shortages for the SKUs analyzed, as well as presenting a strong potential for reducing administrative costs due to the possibility of adopting simpler methods of controlling stock for some items.

Работа посвящена эмпирическому исследованию проблемам повышения эффективности деятельности промышленных предприятий. Считается, что ключевым направлением развития любого предприятия является его производственное планирование. С учетом тенденций и особенностей современного рынка, предполагается, что наиболее перспективным решением является внедрение гибридной системы производственного планирования, которая объединяет в себе элементы наиболее результативных методологий. В работе разработан методический подход к управлению производственным планированием на предприятии, базирующийся на самодиагностике состояния системы оперативного планирования и алгоритме по выбору вида производственного планирования, в основе которого лежит оценка функционирования системы с помощью показателей эффективности предприятия, имеющих как прямое, так и косвенное влияние, что позволит повысить эффективность управления и изменить состав и приоритеты основных ресурсов предприятия. / The research is devoted to an empirical study of the problems of improving the efficiency of industrial enterprises. It is hypothesized that the key direction of development of any enterprise is its production planning. Taking into account the trends and features of the modern market, it is assumed that the most promising solution is the introduction of a hybrid production planning system that combines elements of the most effective methodologies. There is developed a methodological approach to the management of production planning at the enterprise. It is based on 2 steps: the first step is self-diagnosis of the state of the operational planning system and the second on algorithm for choosing the type of production planning, which is based on the assessment of the system functioning using the enterprise performance indicators that have both direct and indirect influence, which will increase the management efficiency and change the composition and priorities of the main resources of the enterprise.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons les relations entre le principe de réflexion MRP introduit par Moore, les propriétés d'arbres généralisées ITP et ISP introduites par Weiß, ainsi que les propriétés square introduites par Jensen et développées par Schimmerling. Le résultat principal de cette thèse est que MRP+MA entraine ITP(λ, ω2) pour tout cardinal λ ≥ ω2. Ce résultat implique par conséquent que les méthodes actuelles pour prouver la consistance de MRP+MA nécessitent au moins l'existence d'un cardinal supercompact. Il s'avère que MRP seul ne suffit pas à démontrer ce résultat, et nous donnons la démonstration que MRP n'entraine pas la propriété d'arbre plus faible, à savoir TP(ω2, ω2). De plus MRP+MA n'entraine pas le principe d'arbre plus fort ISP(ω2, ω2). Enfin nous étudions les relations entre MRP et des versions faibles de square. Nous montrons que MRP implique la négation de square(λ, ω) et MRP+MA implique la négation de square(λ, ω1) pour tout λ ≥ ω2.

Le pilotage de flux dans les chaînes logistiques représente un enjeu majeur pour les entreprises qui leur permet d'améliorer la qualité du service vis-à-vis des clients tout en réduisant les coûts. Plusieurs travaux s'intéressent à cette problématique en proposant des outils pour un meilleur pilotage. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de ces travaux et a pour objectif de proposer de nouvelles politiques de pilotage de flux.<br />Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons effectué une synthèse des politiques existantes en mettant en évidence leurs similarités et leurs différences. Ceci nous a permis de proposer une classification de ces politiques en se basant sur le type de l'information disponible sur la demande, ce qui représente un outil d'aide au choix de la meilleure politique de pilotage dans un contexte industriel donné.<br />Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons effectué une extension des politiques de gestion de stock classiques, basées sur une approche de renouvellement de la consommation, à des politiques basées sur une approche de pilotage par les besoins futurs, ces besoins étant exprimés sous forme de prévisions. Ceci nous a permis de développer des nouvelles politiques dynamiques de gestion de stock sur prévisions basées sur la notion d'incertitude prévisionnelle. Nous avons également effectué une étude numérique comparative de ces politiques qui met en valeur les bénéfices de l'utilisation des prévisions de la demande dans le pilotage de flux. Par ailleurs, nous avons analysé les équivalences qui existent entre les différentes politiques de pilotage de flux, traitées dans le cadre de cette thèse, ce qui nous a permis de donner une vision globale plus cohérente de ces politiques et de mettre en exergue les relations qui existent entre elles.

Este trabalho tem por proposta analisar os modelos utilizados nos processos de gestão de materiais e compras para itens MRO em uma empresa do setor agroindustrial com ênfase no gerenciamento destes itens e das atividades executadas para sua aquisição a fim de identificar as melhores práticas de gestão visando à manutenção de seus estoques em níveis considerados satisfatórios. O estoque de itens MRO pode ter tanta importância para a empresa quanto o estoque de matérias-primas, haja vista o custo de interrupção da produção, como mão-de-obra parada, equipamento ocioso, prazos de entrega adiados e a perda de encomendas ou de clientes em decorrência de paradas não programadas que a má administração destes recursos pode causar. Além disso, o custo da oportunidade perdida em se obter rendimento durante o tempo de uma eventual parada, o lucro cessante, demonstra como o mau planejamento ou a falta deste para itens MRO pode prejudicar os indicadores de desempenho de uma organização. O trabalho foi dividido em duas fases: a análise conceitual e a análise prática. Na análise conceitual, o pesquisador estabeleceu os temas à cerca dos processos para gestão de materiais e compras em geral e avaliou sua aplicabilidade para itens MRO. Na análise prática, o pesquisador, por meio de pesquisa-ação com a aplicação da metodologia Transmeth (NUMA, 2003), analisou os processos praticados pela empresa citada, a fim de promover o mapeamento e a análise dos processos inerentes à função gestão de materiais e compras para itens MRO. Finalmente, o pesquisador propôs um modelo de gestão de materiais e compras de itens MRO para as empresas que atuam neste segmento. / The purpose of this work is analyzing the models employed in MRO material and purchasing management processes in an agro industrial company focusing on the management of these items and their purchasing activities, performed in order to identify the best management practices aiming the maintenance of their stocks at satisfactory levels. The MRO items stocks can be as important as raw-material stocks, considering the production interruption cost: employees without work, idle equipments, postponed deliveries and the loss of orders of clients due to unscheduled production interruption, which can be caused by the bad administration of these resources. Moreover, all the profit loss and a bad or the absence of planning for MRO items management can damage the performance indicators of an organization. This work was divided into two phases: conceptual analysis and practical analysis. Through the conceptual analysis, the researcher established the topics regarding the material and purchasing management processes in general and evaluated its applicability to MRO items. In the practical analysis, the researcher, applying an action-research methodology based on Transmeth methodology, analyzed the processes employed by an agro industrial company in order to map and evaluate the MRO material management and purchasing. Finally, the researcher suggested a MRO material management and purchasing model for agro industrial companies.

Establecer la gestión por procesos significa adoptar la mejor forma de gestión en la organización y a la vez ejecutar planes de mejora continua cuando alguno de los procesos no resulta ser eficiente. Desarrollar estas mejoras en el rubro joyero requiere de una serie de recursos como son la tecnología, mano de obra calificada, materia prima y proveedores confiables, que ofrezcan productos de calidad y cumplan con las fechas y horarios establecidos. Es por esta razón, que la empresa en estudio busca proveedores que cumplan con tales características, de manera que se puedan realaciones a largo plazo con los clientes, pues a partir de ellos se determina el ritmo de producción y los futuros ingresos a la compañía. La finalidad del presente proyecto de investigación consiste en realizar el análisis del comportamiento de una empresa que fabrica joyas de oro durante los últimos dos años y, a partir de este, presentar una serie de propuestas de mejora de los procesos realizados para aumentar la productividad, y así garantizar la satisfacción de las necesidades de nuestros clientes, tanto internos como externos. En el proyecto se presentarán los conceptos teóricos necesarios para poder realizar el diagnóstico de la empresa, de manera que se manejen diversas herramientas útiles para plantear las difentes propuestas de mejora que se implementarán en la empresa en estudio (ARIN S.A.). / Establishing process management means adopting the best management form in the organization and at the same time executing continuous improvement plans when one of the processes does not turn out to be efficient. Developing these improvements in the jewelry sector requires a series of resources such as technology, skilled labor, raw materials and reliable suppliers that offer quality products and comply with the established dates and times. It is for this reason that the company under study looks for suppliers that meet such characteristics, so that long-term relationships with customers can be made, since the production rate and future income to the company are determined from them. The purpose of this research project is to perform the analysis of the behavior of a company that produces gold jewelry during the last two years and, from this, to present a series of proposals to improve the processes carried out to increase productivity, and thus guarantee the satisfaction of the needs of our customers, both internal and external. In the project the theoretical concepts necessary to carry out the diagnosis of the company will be presented, so that various useful tools are used to raise the different proposals for improvement that will be implemented in the company. / Tesis

隨著國內經濟成長，平均國民所得增加，服務業在我國經濟體系中扮演的角色愈來愈重要。在電腦資訊系統普遍被應用於各行各業的今天，服務業者亦不例外，如能將MRP 系統的優點引入服務業管理的領域，提供服務業者作為建立電腦資訊系統的參考，相信對於服務品質與經營績效的提昇具有很大的助益。研究結論：1. MRP系統非常適合用於服務業之後場管理；2. 利用服務作業型態與製造業之作業型態分類進行比較，可以作為選擇MRP系統之參考。3. 服務業者實施MRP應由BOM、MPS及存貨狀態等資料著手；4. 服務業在實施MRP時，對於BOM的內容，可以由核心服務來分析；5. 服務業MRP中之BOM通常結構簡單；6. 服務業MRP之BOM，應加入時間因素的考量為佳；7. 如果將服務要素，作為 BOM之子項目時，其存貨狀態在每日的開始時是固定的，而當天沒有用完的部份也不能遞延到隔日累積使用。8. MRP系統可以使得服務規劃的進行更具彈性。

<p>Detta examensarbete är utfört vid Ahlstrom Cores AB som tillverkar spirallindade pappershylsor vid tre anläggningar i Sverige. Pappershylsor används främst vid tillverkning av papper av olika kvalitéer och företagets kunder använder då hylsorna till att linda upp det färdiga pappret på. Råvaror vid tillverkningen är hylskartong av olika kvalitéer och bredder samt lim. Rapporten behandlar två separata uppgifter. Den första och större av de två är att utforma ett nytt system för styrning av råvarulager och den andra är att förbättra materialflödet vid en av företagets anläggningar. </p><p>I dagsläget saknar företaget regler för när och i vilka mängder råmaterial ska köpas in. Detta föranleder företaget att tro att man skulle kunna minska sina lager utan att för den skull minska sin servicegrad. Samtliga slutprodukter produceras efter ett recept som specificerar hur en slutprodukt byggs upp. Rapporten visar hur företaget utifrån ett givet produktionsschema och samlingen av recept kan beräkna sitt materialbehov för den kommande tidsperioden. Rapporten drar också slutsatsen att företaget bör använda partiformningsmetoden Lot-for-lot för samtliga sina råmaterial utom två. Att dessa två råmaterial inte kan styras på samma sätt som de övriga beror på att dessa materials förbrukning varierar mycket mot den som beskrivs i recepten. För de två materialen rekommenderas att beställningspunktsystem används för den ena och återfyllnadsnivå för den andra. En beräkning visar att det nya lagerstyrningssystemet kommer att minska företagets råvarulagrer med cirka 45 %. </p><p>För materialflödesproblemet vid en av anläggningarna ger rapporten ett antal åtgärdsförslag som samtliga har det gemensamt att inga större investeringar kommer att krävas för att genomföra dem. Bland dessa åtgärdsförslag kan nämnas en ny disposition av företagets råvaru- och färdigvarulager. Denna nya disposition syftar till att minska längden på de interna materialtransporterna. Rapporten ger också ett förslag på hur råvarulagren ska organiseras och rekommenderar att en större maskin flyttas inom anläggningen. Detta genomförs framförallt för att bättre kunna utnyttja en yta som idag knappt används, samtidigt som denna maskin med dagens placering tar upp mer plats än vad som kan anses nödvändigt. Övergripande för åtgärderna vid anläggningen är att ingen exakt bedömning av hur stor förbättring åtgärderna innebär har gjorts, utan rapporten nöjer sig med att konstatera att det blir bättre.</p>