The object of this master thesis is testing of vehicle using four post rig. The main goal is to make a research about testing and tuning vehicle characteristics on four post rig in order to implement them for testing of TU Brno Racing’s Formula Student racecar. The main method of testing, input signals and measurement description are presented in this thesis. The different methods of analysis of testing data to find best tuning of damper and spring stiffness for different race disciplines are described. In the last part of this work, quarter car model and multibody model in MSC Adams Car is created. Input parameters of model are based on measurements from real car/ component testing, including damper characteristics and static tire radial stiffness for best fit with the characteristics of real vehicle. The measurements themselves were also described in separate chapter of this thesis. The last but not the least goal was to compare these simulations with measurements, made od real four post rig in order to decide whether car model is suitable for racecar development.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of a virtual twin of cross table MCV 754 QUICK from the Czech manufacturer Kovosvit MAS. The research part describes the basic principles of predictive maintenance methodology and virtual twin technology. The practical part includes a simplification of the initial cross table model. This model was then transferred to the simulation software MSC Adams, where it was optimized so that its behavior corresponds as closely as possible to the physical device. Several simulations were subsequently performed on the model. Then a concept for a predictive method for calculating the remaining service life of individual sections of the ball screw was presented. Simulations performed on a virtual twin served as a source of data to test the proposed method.

This project describes design of the system for diagnosis Parkinson’s disease based on speech. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. One of the symptoms of this disease is disability of motor aspects of speech, called hypokinetic dysarthria. Design of the system in this work is based on the best known segmental features such as coefficients LPC, PLP, MFCC, LPCC but also less known such as CMS, ACW and MSC. From speech records of patients affected by Parkinson’s disease and also healthy controls are calculated these coefficients, further is performed a selection process and subsequent classification. The best result, which was obtained in this project reached classification accuracy 77,19%, sensitivity 74,69% and specificity 78,95%.

In the last years multilevel preconditioners like BPX became more and more popular for solving second-order elliptic finite element discretizations by iterative methods. P. Oswald has adapted these methods for discretizations of the fourth order biharmonic problem by rectangular conforming Bogner-Fox-Schmidt elements and nonconforming Adini elements and has derived optimal estimates for the condition numbers of the preconditioned linear systems. In this paper we generalize the results from Oswald to the construction of BPX and Multilevel Diagonal Scaling (MDS-BPX) preconditioners for the elasticity problem of thin smooth shells of arbitrary forms where we use Koiter's equations of equilibrium for an homogeneous and isotropic thin shell, clamped on a part of its boundary and loaded by a resultant on its middle surface. We use the two discretizations mentioned above and the preconditioned conjugate gradient method as iterative method. The parallelization concept is based on a non-overlapping domain decomposition data structure. We describe the implementations of the multilevel preconditioners. Finally, we show numerical results for some classes of shells like plates, cylinders, and hyperboloids.

[ES] Las células mesenquimales estromales (MSC) poseen una serie de cualidades inmunológicas, pro-angiogénicas y regenerativas que las convierten en un excelente candidato para el tratamiento de diversas patologías. A pesar de las pruebas contundentes obtenidas en modelos preclínicos que demuestran la actividad terapéutica de las MSC, los ensayos clínicos no han podido mostrar hasta ahora un beneficio consistente, probablemente debido a deficiencias metodológicas y a la falta de estandarización, así como a la variabilidad genética intrínseca a los estudios en humanos. Debido a ello, ha sido necesario profundizar en los mecanismos responsables del beneficio terapéutico y rediseñar las estrategias clínicas. En los últimos años, se ha observado que la reparación tisular mediada por las MSC se produce de forma paracrina, y se ha constatado que las vesículas extracelulares (EVs) secretadas por las MSC (EVMSC) son capaces de recapitular las propiedades inmunosupresoras de las células parentales. Además, las estrategias terapéuticas basadas en vesículas tienen grandes ventajas en términos de bioseguridad y producción en condiciones de grado clínico, reduciendo significativamente el coste de dichas terapias. Sin embargo, la dosis efectiva en grandes mamíferos, incluidos los humanos, es bastante elevada y la producción industrial de EVs se ve dificultada en parte, por la senescencia proliferativa que afecta a las MSC durante la expansión celular masiva. En este trabajo hemos intentado solventar los principales escollos de la terapia con EVs incrementando su potencial inmunosupresor y reduciendo por tanto la dosis efectiva. Este incremento se ha conseguido gracias a la sobreexpresión del factor inducible por hipoxia 1-alpha y al desarrollo de un medio de acondicionamiento en cultivo basado en citoquinas. Además, la inmortalización de las células secretoras mediante la transducción del gen de la telomerasa humana ha permitido tanto la estandarización del producto como su producción a gran escala. La eficacia de estas EVs ha sido testada en diferentes poblaciones celulares in vitro: linfocitos T, monocitos, células Natural Killer, macrófagos, células endoteliales y fibroblastos; y en dos modelos de ratón: hipersensibilidad retardada y colitis aguda inducida por TNBS. En conclusión, hemos desarrollado una fuente de EVs de larga duración que secreta grandes cantidades de vesículas con mayor capacidad inmunosupresora y antiinflamatoria, facilitando un producto terapéutico más estándar y fácil de producir para el tratamiento de enfermedades inflamatorias inmunomediadas. / [CA] Les cèl·lules mesenquimals estromals (MSC) posseeixen una sèrie de qualitats immunològiques, pro-angiogèniques i regeneratives que les converteixen en un excel·lent candidat per al tractament de diverses patologies. Tot i les proves contundents obtingudes en models preclínics que demostren l'activitat terapèutica de les MSC, els assaigs clínics no han pogut mostrar fins ara un benefici consistent, probablement degut a deficiències metodològiques i a la manca d'estandardització, així com a la variabilitat genètica intrínseca als estudis en humans. A causa d'això, ha calgut aprofundir en els mecanismes responsables del benefici terapèutic i redissenyar les estratègies clíniques. En els últims anys, s'ha observat que la reparació tissular intervinguda per les MSC es produeix de forma paracrina, i s'ha constatat que les vesícules extracel·lulars (EVs) secretades per les MSC (EVMSC) són capaços de recapitular les propietats immunosupressores de les cèl·lules parentals. A més, les estratègies terapèutiques basades en vesícules tenen grans avantatges en termes de bioseguretat i producció en condicions de grau clínic, reduint significativament el cost d'aquestes teràpies. No obstant això, la dosi efectiva en grans mamífers, inclosos els humans, és bastant elevada i la producció industrial de les EVs es veu dificultada en part, per la senescència proliferativa que afecta les MSC durant l'expansió cel·lular massiva. En aquest treball hem intentat solucionar els principals esculls de la teràpia amb EVs incrementant el seu potencial immunosupressor i reduint per tant la dosi efectiva. Aquest increment s'ha aconseguit gràcies a la sobreexpressió del factor induïble per hipòxia 1-alpha i a el desenvolupament d'un mitjà de condicionament en cultiu basat en citoquines. A més, la immortalització de les cèl·lules secretores mitjançant la transducció del gen de la telomerasa humana ha permès tant l'estandardització del producte com la seva producció a gran escala. L'eficàcia d'aquestes EVs ha estat testada en diferents poblacions cel·lulars in vitro: limfòcits T, monòcits, cèl·lules Natural Killer, macròfags, cèl·lules endotelials i fibroblasts; i en dos models de ratolí: hipersensibilitat retardada i colitis aguda induïda per TNBS. En conclusió, hem desenvolupat una font de EVs de llarga durada que secreta grans quantitats de vesícules amb major capacitat immunosupressora i antiinflamatòria, facilitant un producte terapèutic més estàndard i fàcil de produir per al tractament de malalties inflamatòries inmunomediades. / [EN] Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) possess several immunological, pro-angiogenic and regenerative qualities that make them an excellent candidate for the treatment of various pathologies. Despite compelling evidence from preclinical models demonstrating the therapeutic activity of MSCs, clinical trials have so far failed to show consistent benefit, probably due to methodological shortcomings and lack of standardisation, as well as the genetic variability intrinsic to human studies. As a result, it has been necessary to further investigate the mechanisms responsible for therapeutic benefit and to redesign clinical strategies. In recent years, it has been observed that MSC-mediated tissue repair occurs in a paracrine pathway, and it has been confirmed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by MSC (EVMSC) are able to recapitulate the immunosuppressive properties of the parental cells. Moreover, vesicle-based therapeutic strategies have great advantages in terms of biosafety and production under clinical-grade conditions, significantly reducing the cost of such therapies. However, the effective dose in large mammals, including humans, is quite high and the industrial production of EVs is hampered in part by the proliferative senescence that affects MSC during massive cell expansion. In this work, we have attempted to overcome the main challenges of EVs therapy by increasing their immunosuppressive potential and thus reducing the effective dose. This increase has been achieved by overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and the development of a cytokine-based culture conditioning medium. In addition, immortalization of secretory cells by transduction with the human telomerase gene has allowed both product standardisation and large-scale production. The efficacy of these EVs has been tested in different cell populations in vitro: T lymphocytes, monocytes, Natural Killer cells, macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts; and in two mouse models: delayed-type hypersensitivity and TNBS-induced acute colitis. In conclusion, we have developed a long-lasting source of EVs that secretes large amounts of vesicles with enhanced immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory capacity, providing a more standard and easier-to-produce therapeutic product for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. / Gómez Ferrer, M. (2022). Terapias innovadoras basadas en vesículas extracelulares derivadas de células madre mesenquimales modificadas genéticamente [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182560 / TESIS

La leucémie myélomonocytaire chronique (LMMC) est une hémopathie myéloïde rare du sujet âgé. Les caractéristiques cliniques, génétiques et moléculaires de la maladie sont bien connues. L’expression très hétérogène de la maladie ne peut être expliquée par la seule hétérogénéité génétique du clone leucémique. Les altérations épigénétiques jouent manifestement un rôle important. Le rôle de facteurs extrinsèques issus du microenvironnement est plus obscur. La niche hématopoïétique est le siège d’interactions entre cellules. Deux schémas non-exclusifs d’altération primaire ou secondaire de la niche sont proposés. Le premier implique que l’émergence d’un clone hématopoïétique modifie son environnement. Le second postule que le premier évènement dans l’émergence d’une hémopathie clonale est une altération de l’environnement. Mon travail de thèse a étudié les altérations du microenvironnement médullaire chez les patients et leur impact sur la physiopathologie de la maladie selon 2 axes: 1) la mise au point d’un modèle murin de reconstitution de la niche hématopoïetique humaine et 2) la caractérisation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses des patients. Dans une première partie, j’ai transposé un modèle rapporté en 2016 à l’étude de la LMMC. Ce modèle de greffe de cellules médullaires humaines chez la souris immunodéprimée s’est avéré difficilement reproductible. Dans la seconde partie, j’ai analysé les cellules souches mésenchymateuses de patients atteints de LMMC. J’ai identifié la production excessive d’IGFBP2 (Insuline-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2), conséquence probable d’une dérégulation épigénétique. Le séquençage des CSM à l’échelle unicellulaire a révélé une restriction de l’hétérogénéité de ces cellules dont une fraction seulement produit IGFBP2. Finalement, j’ai montré qu’IGFBP2 favorise la différenciation des progéni-teurs myéloïdes vers la lignée monocytaire. IGFBP2 pourrait donc contribuer à amplifier la monocytose caractéristique de cette maladie.En conclusion, la LMMC s’accompagne de modifications des cellules de la niche hématopoÏétique dont certaines produisent des quantités excessive d’IGFBP2. La recherche de l’origine de ce dérèglement et de son importance dans la progression de la maladie permettra d’évaluer l’intérêt potentiel d’une neutralisation de cette cytokine à des fins thérapeutiques. / Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML, is a rare myeloid hemopathy of the elderly. Clinical, genetic and molecular characteristics of the disease are well-known. The highly heterogeneous expression of the disease can’t be solely explained by genetic heterogeneity of the leukemic clone. Epigenetic alterations obviously play an important role. However, the role of extrinsic factors from the medullar microenvironment in CMML physiopathology is still poorly understood. The hematopoietic niche hosts a lot of bi-directionnal interactions between cells. Two non-exclusive schemes of primary and secondary alterations of the niche can be proposed. First postulate implies that the emergence of a hematopoietic clone alters its environment. The second one supposes that the first event causing the emergence of a clonal hemopathy is an alteration of the environment. My PhD work consisted of studying medullar alterations in patients and their impact on CMML physiopathology upon 2 axes: 1) to set up a murine model of human hematopoietic niche reconstitution 2) to caracterise mesenchymal stem cells from CMML patient ex vivo. During the first part of my PhD, I adapted a model published in 2016 to CMML. This model of human MSC graft in immunodeficient mice proved to be hardly reproducible. During the second part, I analysed of CMML patients MSC. I identified an excessive production of IGFBP2 (Insuline-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2) probably secondary to an epigenetic disregulation. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed a restriction of MSC heterogeneity of which only a fraction produces IGFBP2. Finally, I showed that IGFBP2 favors myeloid progenitors differenciation towards monocytic lineage. IGFBP2 could therefore contribute to the amplification of CMML characteristic monocytosis.To conclude, CMML goes along with modifications of hematopoietic niche cells, some of which produce excessive amounts of IGFBP2. Investigation on the origin of this alteration and its significance in disease progression should allow to evaluate the potential interest of its neutralization for therapeutic strategies.

[ES] Actualmente la insuficiencia cardiaca es una de las principales causas de mortalidad y co-morbilidad a nivel mundial sobre todo en países desarrollados. Este tipo de patología a su vez, se desglosa en un gran abanico de posibles agentes que perturban el funcionamiento del músculo cardiaco en función de su causa. Uno de los problemas más importantes a niveles de afectación cardiaca se centra en pacientes que sufren algún tipo de cáncer y son tratados con antraciclinas. Estas drogas ampliamente usadas en el mundo de la oncología, tienen una serie de efectos secundarios entre los cuales destaca su posible efecto cardiotóxico. Este trabajo ahonda sobre este proceso y sobre la existencia de un perfil de paciente con una susceptibilidad a sufrir este tipo de episodios de toxicidad cardiaca. En este sentido, se investiga una serie de miRNAs que se encuentran diferencialmente expresados en pacientes que sufren este tipo de episodios frente a los que no. Una vez se detectan estos miRNA generamos un algoritmo predictor mediante el cual somos capaces de predecir si un paciente sufrirá cardiotoxicidad en función de la cantidad de ciertos miRNAs presentes en suero. Una vez descubiertos estos miRNAs nos centramos en la búsqueda de una posible opción terapéutica para esta serie de eventos. Para ello usamos las vesículas extracelulares (EVs) derivadas de células mesenquimales estromales (MSC), unas células que han demostrado tener un alto potencial terapéutico y de gran seguridad. Se evaluó su capacidad terapéutica en el daño inducido por doxorrubicina y posteriormente se amplió el estudio añadiendo el daño por isquemia reperfusión en diferentes frentes como puede ser la regeneración cardiaca, inhibición de la fibrosis o neoangiogénesis. Aunque es necesario un estudio más exhaustivo de los perfiles de cardiotoxicidad y de los mecanismos de acción tanto de los miRNAs como de las EVs, esta tesis demuestra la capacidad de ambos como una potente herramienta tanto de diagnóstico como terapéutica. / [CA] Actualment la insuficiència cardíaca és un dels principals causes de mortalitat i co-morbiditat a nivell mundial sobretot en països desenvolupats. Aquest tipus de patologia al seu torn, es desglossa en un gran ventall de possibles agents que pertorben el funcionament de l'múscul cardíac en funció de la seva causa. Un dels problemes més importants a nivells d'afectació cardíaca se centra en pacients que pateixen algun tipus de càncer i són tractats amb antraciclines. Aquestes drogues àmpliament usades en el món de l'oncologia, tenen una sèrie d'efectes secundaris entre els quals destaca el seu possible efecte cardiotòxic. Aquest treball aprofundeix sobre aquest succés i sobre ha un perfil de pacient amb una susceptibilitat a patir aquest tipus d'episodis de toxicitat cardíaca. En aquest sentit s'investiga una sèrie de miRNAs que es troben diferencialment expressats en pacients que pateixen aquest tipus d'episodis enfront dels que no. Un cop es detecten aquests miRNA generem un algoritme predictiu mitjançant el qual, som capaços de predir si un pacient patirà cardiotoxicitat en funció de la quantitat de certs miRNAs presents en sèrum. Un cop descoberts aquests miRNAs ens centrem en la recerca d'una possible opció terapèutica per a aquesta sèrie d'esdeveniments. Per a això fem servir les vesícules extracelulres derivades de cèl·lules mesesnquimales, unes cèl·lules que han demostrat tenir un alt potencial terapèutico i de gran seguretat. Es testen la seva capacitat terapèutica en el dany per doxurbicina i posteriorment s'amplia l'estudi afegint el dany per isquèmia reperfusió en diferents fronts com pot ser la regeneració cardíaca, inhibició de la fibrosi o neoangiogènesi. Encara que és necessari un estudi més exhaustiu dels perfils de cardiotoxicitat i dels mecanismes d'acció tant dels miRNAs com de les EVs, aquesta tesi demostra la capacitat de tots dos com una potent eina tant de diagnòstic com terapèutica. / [EN] Heart failure is currently one of the main causes of mortality and co-morbidity worldwide, especially in developed countries. This type of pathology, can be broken down into a wide range of possible agents that disturb the functioning of the cardiac muscle depending on its cause. One of the most important problems in terms of cardiac involvement is centered on patients who suffer from some type of cancer and are treated with anthracyclines. These drugs, widely used in the world of oncology, have a series of side effects, among which their possible cardiotoxic effect stands out. This work delves into this event and into the existence of a patient profile with a susceptibility to suffer this type of episodes of cardiac toxicity. In this sense, we investigate a series of miRNAs that are differentially expressed in patients who suffer this type of episodes versus those who do not. Once these miRNAs were detected, we generated a predictive algorithm by which we are able to predict whether a patient will suffer cardiotoxicity based on the amount of certain miRNAs present in serum. Once these miRNAs were discovered, we focused on the search for a possible therapeutic option for this series of events. For this we used extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal cells (MSC), cells that have been shown to have a high therapeutic potential and high safety. We tested their therapeutic capacity in doxorubicin injury and later extended the study by adding ischemia reperfusion injury on different fronts such as cardiac regeneration, inhibition of fibrosis or neoangiogenesis. Although a more exhaustive study of the cardiotoxicity profiles and mechanisms of action of both miRNAs and EVs is needed, this thesis demonstrates the capacity of both as a powerful diagnostic and therapeutic tool. / Sánchez Sánchez, R. (2021). Estudio del papel de los miRNAs y las vesículas extracelulares derivadas de células mesenquimales estromales en la patología cardiaca [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/177178 / TESIS

No description available.

Transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells is a valuable option for treating tendon disease. Tenogenic differentiation leading to cell replacement and subsequent matrix modulation may contribute to the regenerative effects of these cells, but it is unclear whether this occurs in the inflammatory environment of acute tendon disease. Equine adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) were cultured as monolayers or on decellularized tendon scaffolds in static or dynamic conditions, the latter represented by cyclic stretching. The impact of different inflammatory conditions, as represented by supplementation with interleukin-1β and/or tumor necrosis factor-α or by co-culture with allogeneic peripheral blood leukocytes, on ASC functional properties was investigated. High cytokine concentrations increased ASC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, but decreased chondrogenic differentiation and ASC viability in scaffold culture, as well as tendon scaffold repopulation, and strongly influenced musculoskeletal gene expression. Effects regarding the latter differed between the monolayer and scaffold cultures. Leukocytes rather decreased ASC proliferation, but had similar effects on viability and musculoskeletal gene expression. This included decreased expression of the tenogenic transcription factor scleraxis by an inflammatory environment throughout culture conditions. The data demonstrate that ASC tenogenic properties are compromised in an inflammatory environment, with relevance to their possible mechanisms of action in acute tendon disease.

Matrix remodeling could be an important mode of action of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in extracellular matrix (ECM) disease, but knowledge is limited in this respect. As MSC are well-known to adapt their behavior to their environment, we aimed to investigate if their mode of action would change in response to healthy versus pathologically altered ECM. Human MSC-derived ECM was produced under different culture conditions, including standard culture, culture on Matrigel-coated dishes, and stimulation with the pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor-1 (TGF1). The MSC-ECM was decellularized, characterized by histochemistry, and used as MSC culture substrate reflecting different ECM conditions. MSC were cultured on the different ECM substrates or in control conditions for 2 days. Culture on ECM increased the presence of surface molecules with ECM receptor function in the MSC, demonstrating an interaction between MSC and ECM. In MSC cultured on Matrigel-ECM and TGF1-ECM, which displayed a fibrosis-like morphology, gene expression of collagens and decorin, as well as total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the supernatant were decreased as compared with control conditions. These results demonstrated that MSC adapt to their ECM environment, which may include pathological adaptations that could compromise therapeutic efficacy.