Orientadores: Anete Pereira de Souza, Ângela Lúcia Bagnatori Sartori / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:24:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_FabiodeMatos_D.pdf: 1133051 bytes, checksum: 2103a58113fa28c260e7ecbccd72f761 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As áreas de Chaco em território sulamericano, representam a maior área de floresta seca contínua do continente. No Brasil, estas áreas são encontradas principalmente na porção sudeste do domínio, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, região sul-pantaneira. Talvez por serem áreas de pouca cobertura, o seu conhecimento ainda é incipiente. Embora novos projetos tenham sido realizados nestas áreas nos últimos anos, a sua crescente supressão pelas atividades de pecuária extensiva tem sido preocupante. Não há na região qualquer tipo de Unidade de Conservação a fim de preservar o patrimônio genético das espécies que lá ocorrem, muitas das quais têm sua distribuição limitada a esta fitofisionomia. Desta forma, estudos que visem o conhecimento da variabilidade genética ainda existente, principalmente em áreas em processo de degradação são fundamentais para o conhecimento da atual situação das populações existentes, para indicar métodos de conservação, bem como a propor políticas públicas visando a manutenção e conservação do Chaco brasileiro. A fim de efetuar estimativas da diversidade genética, o uso de marcadores moleculares tem sido empregado em diversos estudos de populações nas diversas formações vegetacionais, principalmente no Brasil. Os microssatélites (SSRs), tem se mostrado uma ferramenta versátil e confiável. O presente estudo teve por objetivo efetuar um estudo genético populacional de Prosopis rubriflora e P. ruscifolia em áreas de Chaco brasileiro, com distintos níveis de perturbação antrópica e ainda, avaliar o sistema de reprodução, pelo uso de progênies, em P. rubriflora, com o emprego de microssatélites. Inicialmente foi construída uma biblioteca enriquecida em microssatélites para P. rubriflora e P. ruscifolia, empregando-se DNA genômico extraído de material foliar. Foram obtidos 21 marcadores microssatélites polimórficos, sendo nove deles para P. rubriflora e 12 para P. ruscifolia. Posteriormente, foram amostrados indivíduos de ambas as espécies em 19 áreas remanescentes de Chaco em Mato Grosso do Sul, com diferentes níveis de perturbação. Uma área aparentemente conservada na região foi selecionada para a amostragem das progênies de P. rubriflora em dois anos consecutivos de amostragem. A genotipagem foi efetuada por meio de sequenciador automático ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzers. Os resultados da genotipagem foram utilizados para estimar os parâmetros de diversidade genética, tendo eles sido similares em ambos os táxons, como o He = 0,59 em P. rubriflora e He = 0,60 em P. ruscifolia. Foi detectado efeito de gargalo populacional em todos os remanescentes de P. rubriflora e na maioria de P. ruscifolia. Constatou-se ausência de estruturação genética intrapopulacional em P. rubriflora (FIS = 0,042), bem como estruturação genética interpopulações moderada (FST = 0,057) resultante da nítida separação dos remanescentes de Nioaque e Porto Murtinho. Em P. ruscifolia foi encontrado, indícios de estruturação ao nível intrapopulacional, e baixa estruturação interpopulacional (FIS = 0,138 e FST = 0,042). Identificou-se que P. rubriflora apresenta um sistema de reprodução preferencialmente alógamo e deve apresentar mecanismos bastante efetivos para evitar a endogamia, principalmente, devido a maioria dos polinizadores apresentarem baixa dispersão entre as plantas. As duas espécies deste estudo apresentam respostas relativamente distintas às perturbações ambientais nas áreas chaquenhas, sendo que P. ruscifolia parece ser mais vulnerável às degradações em comparação a P. rubriflora. Assim, espera-se que estes dados sirvam de apoio para medidas conservacionistas para as áreas chaquenhas, que são extremamente diminutas em território brasileiro / Abstract: Chaquenian areas in Brazil have a short range distribution and are found mainly in Mato Grosso do Sul county, South Pantanal region, and it comprehends a narrow coverage, is possibly the main reason for the poor knowledge of these areas. While new projects were conducted in these areas in recent years, the suppression of the remnant areas due to cattle breeding activities has been a source of concern, because there is no conservation units to protect the genetic heritage of the native species those counties, where the Chaco¿s remnants occur. In this scenario, studies aiming to increase the knowledge of the current genetic diversity, specially where environmental disturbing processes take place, provides important data to understand the current situation of the remaining populations. Moreover, with this study it is possible to indicate conservation measures and public politics aiming at the maintenance and conservation Brazilian chaquenian areas. In order to estimate the genetic diversity, molecular markers have been used in several population studies from different vegetation formations, mainly in Brazil. Microsatellites (SSRs) is one of the most popular molecular markers, considerated a versatile and reliable tool. This study aimed a population genetics study with Prosopis rubriflora and P. ruscifolia in Brazilian chaquenian areas with distinct disturbing levels and conducts a mating system study with P. rubriflora. Initially, we built an enriched library of microsatellites from P. rubriflora and P. ruscifolia using leaf tissue to extract genomic material, which allowed to obtain 21 polymorphic markers, where, nine markers were developed for P. rubriflora and 12 for P. ruscifolia. Then, we sampled individuals of both species in 19 remnant areas of Chaco in Mato Grosso do Sul¿s county, with different disturbance levels. We selected one apparently conserved remnant for sampling progenies of P. rubriflora, with two consecutive years of sampling. The genotyping procedure was performed using an automatic sequencer ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzers. Through the genotyped data, we estimated genetic diversity parameters and observed results He = 0.59 for P. rubriflora and He = 0.60 for P. ruscifolia. We were able to detect a bottleneck effect in all remnants of P. rubriflora and also, in most of P. ruscifolia remnant areas. We reported a not significant intrapopulation genetic structure in P. rubriflora (FIS = 0.042) although with moderated structure between-populations (FST= 0.057) was observed, with the separation of two distinct populations for the studied remnants. A low, but significant genetic structure within and a low genetic structure between populations (FIS = 0.138 and FST = 0.042), is reported for P. ruscifolia in this study. The analysis showed an outcrossing mating system for P. rubriflora suggesting a very effective mechanism to prevent inbreeding, even with the pollinators of predominently low dispersion. The species in this study presents a relatively distinct response to environmental disturbance caused by anthropic factors in chaquenhas areas, P. ruscifolia seems to be more vulnerable to degradations as compared to P. rubriflora. Despite this scenario, we hope that these available data will aid into conservation measures for chaquenhas areas, which is distributed in a narrow range in Brazilian¿s territory / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

No description available.

Disorders of ATP synthase, the key enzyme of mitochondrial energy provision belong to the most severe metabolic diseases presenting mostly as early-onset mitochondrial encephalo-cardio-myopathies. Mutations in four nuclear genes can result in isolated deficiency of ATP synthase, all sharing a similar biochemical phenotype - pronounced decrease in the content of fully assembled and functional ATP synthase complex. The thesis summarises studies on two distinct causes of ATP synthase deficiency. First is TMEM70 protein, a novel ancillary factor of ATP synthase, which represents most frequent determinant of severe inborn deficiency of ATP synthase. TMEM70 is a 21 kDa protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane, facilitating the biogenesis of mitochondrial ATP synthase, possibly through TMEM70 protein region exposed to the mitochondrial matrix, but the proper regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. In TMEM70-lacking patient fibroblasts the low content of ATP synthase induces compensatory adaptive upregulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes III and IV, interestingly by a posttranscriptional mechanisms. The second type of ATP synthase deficiency studied was mtDNA m.9205delTA mutation affecting maturation of MT-ATP8/MT-ATP6/MT-CO3 mRNA and thus biosynthesis of Atp6 (subunit a) and Cox3...

In this project, we have investigated how to perform rule-based machine translation of sets of keywords between two languages. The goal was to translate an input set, which contains one or more keywords in a source language, to a corresponding set of keywords, with the same number of elements, in the target language. However, some words in the source language may have several senses and may be translated to several, or no, words in the target language. If ambiguous translations occur, the best translation of the keyword should be chosen with respect to the context. In traditional machine translation, a word's context is determined by a phrase or sentences where the word occurs. In this project, the set of keywords represents the context. By investigating traditional approaches to machine translation (MT), we designed and described models for the specific purpose of keyword- translation. We have proposed a solution, based on direct translation for translating keywords between English and Swedish. In the proposed solu- tion, we also introduced a simple graph-based model for solving ambigu- ous translations. / I detta projekt har vi undersökt hur man utför regelbaserad maskinöver- sättning av nyckelord mellan två språk. Målet var att översätta en given mängd med ett eller flera nyckelord på ett källspråk till en motsvarande, lika stor mängd nyckelord på målspråket. Vissa ord i källspråket kan dock ha flera betydelser och kan översättas till flera, eller inga, ord på målsprå- ket. Om tvetydiga översättningar uppstår ska nyckelordets bästa över- sättning väljas med hänsyn till sammanhanget. I traditionell maskinö- versättning bestäms ett ords sammanhang av frasen eller meningen som det befinner sig i. I det här projektet representerar den givna mängden nyckelord sammanhanget. Genom att undersöka traditionella tillvägagångssätt för maskinöversätt- ning har vi designat och beskrivit modeller specifikt för översättning av nyckelord. Vi har presenterat en direkt maskinöversättningslösning av nyckelord mellan engelska och svenska där vi introducerat en enkel graf- baserad modell för tvetydiga översättningar.

Disorders of ATP synthase, the key enzyme of mitochondrial energy provision belong to the most severe metabolic diseases presenting mostly as early-onset mitochondrial encephalo-cardio-myopathies. Mutations in four nuclear genes can result in isolated deficiency of ATP synthase, all sharing a similar biochemical phenotype - pronounced decrease in the content of fully assembled and functional ATP synthase complex. The thesis summarises studies on two distinct causes of ATP synthase deficiency. First is TMEM70 protein, a novel ancillary factor of ATP synthase, which represents most frequent determinant of severe inborn deficiency of ATP synthase. TMEM70 is a 21 kDa protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane, facilitating the biogenesis of mitochondrial ATP synthase, possibly through TMEM70 protein region exposed to the mitochondrial matrix, but the proper regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. In TMEM70-lacking patient fibroblasts the low content of ATP synthase induces compensatory adaptive upregulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes III and IV, interestingly by a posttranscriptional mechanisms. The second type of ATP synthase deficiency studied was mtDNA m.9205delTA mutation affecting maturation of MT-ATP8/MT-ATP6/MT-CO3 mRNA and thus biosynthesis of Atp6 (subunit a) and Cox3...

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Die vorliegende qualitative Forschungsarbeit leistet mittels zweier empirischer Untersu-chungen einen Beitrag im Forschungsfeld von betrieblichem Gesundheitsmanagement (BGM) vor dem Hintergrund eines verbesserten Schutzes vor gesundheitsbedingtem Aus-scheiden von Arbeitnehmern. Zielstellung ist zum einen die Entwicklung eines betrieblichen Frühaufklärungssystems, das wie ein wissensbasiertes lernendes System fortlaufend Informa-tionen und Trends zur Verbesserung des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes (AUG), der Be-trieblichen Gesundheitsförderung (BGF) und des Betrieblichen Eingliederungsmanagements (BEM) durch interne und externe Beobachtungsbereiche erfasst, auswertet und Vorschläge für notwendige Anpassungen oder inkrementelle Innovationen bereitstellt. Zum anderen wird das „(integrative) Coaching“ in einer vergleichenden Fallstudie auf seine Wirkfaktoren hin analysiert; beim integrativen Coaching handelt es sich um ein Beratungsangebot, das auf Grundlage der regulären Beratung im Betrieblichen Eingliederungsmanagement entwickelt wurde. / With the help of two empirical studies, the present study contributes in the research field of occupational health management (BGM) against the background of improved protection against health-related retirement of employees. The objective is, on the one hand, the devel-opment of a company early education system that, like a knowledge-based learning system, continuously provides information and trends to improve occupational safety (AUG), com-pany health promotion (BGF) and company integration management (BEM) through internal and external monitoring areas records, evaluates and provides suggestions for necessary ad-justments or incremental innovations. On the other hand, the “integrative coaching” as a consulting offer based on the “standardized help planning in the BEM” is analyzed in a com-parative case study against the background of the effective factors of coaching.

[ES] El procesamiento del lenguaje natural (NLP) es un conjunto de problemas computacionales con aplicaciones de máxima relevancia, que junto con otras tecnologías informáticas se ha beneficiado de la revolución que ha significado el aprendizaje profundo. Esta tesis se centra en dos problemas fundamentales para el NLP: la traducción automática (MT) y el reconocimiento automático del habla o transcripción automática (ASR); así como en una arquitectura neuronal profunda, el Transformer, que pondremos en práctica para mejorar las soluciones de MT y ASR en algunas de sus aplicaciones. El ASR y MT pueden servir para obtener textos multilingües de alta calidad a un coste razonable para una diversidad de contenidos audiovisuales. Concre- tamente, esta tesis aborda problemas como el de traducción de noticias o el de subtitulación automática de televisión. El ASR y MT también se pueden com- binar entre sí, generando automáticamente subtítulos traducidos, o con otras soluciones de NLP: resumen de textos para producir resúmenes de discursos, o síntesis del habla para crear doblajes automáticos. Estas aplicaciones quedan fuera del alcance de esta tesis pero pueden aprovechar las contribuciones que contiene, en la meduda que ayudan a mejorar el rendimiento de los sistemas automáticos de los que dependen. Esta tesis contiene una aplicación de la arquitectura Transformer al MT tal y como fue concebida, mediante la que obtenemos resultados de primer nivel en traducción de lenguas semejantes. En capítulos subsecuentes, esta tesis aborda la adaptación del Transformer como modelo de lenguaje para sistemas híbri- dos de ASR en vivo. Posteriormente, describe la aplicación de este tipus de sistemas al caso de uso de subtitulación de televisión, participando en una com- petición pública de RTVE donde obtenemos la primera posición con un marge importante. También demostramos que la mejora se debe principalmenta a la tecnología desarrollada y no tanto a la parte de los datos. / [CA] El processament del llenguage natural (NLP) és un conjunt de problemes com- putacionals amb aplicacions de màxima rellevància, que juntament amb al- tres tecnologies informàtiques s'ha beneficiat de la revolució que ha significat l'impacte de l'aprenentatge profund. Aquesta tesi se centra en dos problemes fonamentals per al NLP: la traducció automàtica (MT) i el reconeixement automàtic de la parla o transcripció automàtica (ASR); així com en una ar- quitectura neuronal profunda, el Transformer, que posarem en pràctica per a millorar les solucions de MT i ASR en algunes de les seues aplicacions. l'ASR i MT poden servir per obtindre textos multilingües d'alta qualitat a un cost raonable per a un gran ventall de continguts audiovisuals. Concretament, aquesta tesi aborda problemes com el de traducció de notícies o el de subtitu- lació automàtica de televisió. l'ASR i MT també es poden combinar entre ells, generant automàticament subtítols traduïts, o amb altres solucions de NLP: amb resum de textos per produir resums de discursos, o amb síntesi de la parla per crear doblatges automàtics. Aquestes altres aplicacions es troben fora de l'abast d'aquesta tesi però poden aprofitar les contribucions que conté, en la mesura que ajuden a millorar els resultats dels sistemes automàtics dels quals depenen. Aquesta tesi conté una aplicació de l'arquitectura Transformer al MT tal com va ser concebuda, mitjançant la qual obtenim resultats de primer nivell en traducció de llengües semblants. En capítols subseqüents, aquesta tesi aborda l'adaptació del Transformer com a model de llenguatge per a sistemes híbrids d'ASR en viu. Posteriorment, descriu l'aplicació d'aquest tipus de sistemes al cas d'ús de subtitulació de continguts televisius, participant en una competició pública de RTVE on obtenim la primera posició amb un marge significant. També demostrem que la millora es deu principalment a la tecnologia desen- volupada i no tant a la part de les dades / [EN] Natural language processing (NLP) is a set of fundamental computing prob- lems with immense applicability, as language is the natural communication vehicle for people. NLP, along with many other computer technologies, has been revolutionized in recent years by the impact of deep learning. This thesis is centered around two keystone problems for NLP: machine translation (MT) and automatic speech recognition (ASR); and a common deep neural architec- ture, the Transformer, that is leveraged to improve the technical solutions for some MT and ASR applications. ASR and MT can be utilized to produce cost-effective, high-quality multilin- gual texts for a wide array of media. Particular applications pursued in this thesis are that of news translation or that of automatic live captioning of tele- vision broadcasts. ASR and MT can also be combined with each other, for instance generating automatic translated subtitles from audio, or augmented with other NLP solutions: text summarization to produce a summary of a speech, or speech synthesis to create an automatic translated dubbing, for in- stance. These other applications fall out of the scope of this thesis, but can profit from the contributions that it contains, as they help to improve the performance of the automatic systems on which they depend. This thesis contains an application of the Transformer architecture to MT as it was originally conceived, achieving state-of-the-art results in similar language translation. In successive chapters, this thesis covers the adaptation of the Transformer as a language model for streaming hybrid ASR systems. After- wards, it describes how we applied the developed technology for a specific use case in television captioning by participating in a competitive challenge and achieving the first position by a large margin. We also show that the gains came mostly from the improvement in technology capabilities over two years including that of the Transformer language model adapted for streaming, and the data component was minor. / Baquero Arnal, P. (2023). Transformer Models for Machine Translation and Streaming Automatic Speech Recognition [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/193680

Abstract Melatonin is an important modulator of several physiological and behavioural processes, and it influences the function of many different tissues. Melatonin has effective antioxidative properties, but some of its actions in mammals are also mediated through the MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors. Antioxidative properties are seen especially when the melatonin concentration is high (≥ nM), and melatonin's affinity for its receptors appears at lower concentrations (pM). Recently, the involvement of melatonin in protecting the heart against cardiac diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI), has been brought out. MI alters the structure and function of myocardium, attenuating for example cardiac contractility by affecting the amount and function of the essential Ca2+ handling proteins, dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase2 (SERCA2). MI also evokes many adaptive responses in organisms, such as elevated production of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP). In this thesis, the expression of MT1 and MT2 receptor mRNAs was investigated in several rat tissues. Furthermore, the effect of MI and exogenous melatonin on the rat endogenous melatonin and on the expression of cardiac MT1, MT2, DHPR, RyR2 and SERCA2 proteins was evaluated. The concentrations of ANP and BNP were also measured after post-MI melatonin administration. The results show the expression of MT1 and/or MT2 receptor mRNAs in the hypothalamus, retina, small intestine, liver and heart, which indicates that at least some effects of melatonin could be mediated through the receptors in these tissues. Melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland increased rapidly in response to MI, supporting an important role of endogenous melatonin in protecting the heart after MI. Furthermore, exogenous melatonin altered the mRNA expression of DHPR, RyR2 and SERCA2 after MI, suggesting that melatonin might contribute to the post-infarction cardiac contractile function. The results also revealed a novel, positive relationship between melatonin and ANP, and thereby bring out one more possible way of melatonin to protect the heart against MI-induced injuries. Taken together, the present thesis (i) supports the notion that melatonin is an important endogenous protective agent of the organism, and (ii) extends our knowledge of melatonin's post-infarction cardioprotective actions. / Tiivistelmä Melatoniini osallistuu monien fysiologisten toimintojen ja käyttäytymisen säätelyyn sekä vaikuttaa useiden eri kudosten toimintaan. Melatoniini on tehokas antioksidantti, mutta jotkut sen vaikutuksista välittyvät myös MT1 ja MT2 melatoniini reseptorien kautta. Antioksidatiiviset vaikutukset tulevat esiin erityisesti silloin, kun melatoniinin pitoisuus on korkea (≥ nM). Alhaisemmilla pitoisuuksilla (pM) on puolestaan havaittavissa melatoniinin sitoutuminen reseptoreihinsa. Viime aikoina on tullut esille melatoniinin mahdollinen suojavaikutus sydänsairauksia, kuten sydäninfarkteja, vastaan. Sydäninfarkti muuttaa sydänlihaksen rakennetta ja toimintaa esimerkiksi vaikuttamalla supistuksen kannalta välttämättömien proteiinien, dihydropyridiini reseptorin (DHPR), ryanodiini reseptorin (RyR2) ja sarko-endoplasmakalvoston Ca2+-ATPaasi2:n (SERCA2) lukumääriin ja toimintaan, ja sitä kautta muun muassa heikentää sydämen supistuvuutta. Sydäninfarkti laukaisee elimistössä myös monia adaptiivisia vasteita, kuten eteispeptidin (ANP) ja aivojen natriureettisen peptidin (BNP) lisääntyneen erityksen. Tässä väitöstyössä tutkittiin MT1 ja MT2 reseptorien mRNAn ilmentymistä useissa rotan eri kudoksissa. Lisäksi tutkittiin sydäninfarktin ja eksogeenisen melatoniinin vaikutuksia rotan endogeeniseen melatoniiniin sekä sydämen MT1, MT2, DHPR, RyR2 ja SERCA2 proteiinien ekspressioon. Myös ANP ja BNP pitoisuudet mitattiin. Tulokset osoittivat MT1 ja/tai MT2 reseptori mRNAn ilmentymisen hypotalamuksessa, silmän verkkokalvolla, ohutsuolessa, maksassa ja sydämessä, minkä perusteella ainakin osa melatoniinin vaikutuksista saattaisi olla reseptorivälitteisiä näissä kudoksissa. Tulosten mukaan käpyrauhasen melatoniinisynteesi lisääntyi nopeasti sydäninfarktin jälkeen, mikä tukee käsitystä endogeenisen melatoniinin tärkeästä roolista infarktin jälkeisessä sydämen suojauksessa. Lisäksi eksogeeninen melatoniini muutti DHPR:n, RyR2:n ja SERCA2:n mRNA ekspressiota infarktin jälkeen, mikä voisi merkitä, että melatoniini saattaa vaikuttaa infarktin jälkeiseen sydämen supistuvuuteen. Tulosten osoittama positiivinen riippuvuus melatoniinin ja ANP:n välillä tuo puolestaan esille yhden uuden mahdollisen keinon, jonka kautta melatoniini voisi suojata sydäntä infarktin aiheuttamia vaurioita vastaan. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että tämä väitöstyö (i) tukee käsitystä, että endogeenisella melatoniinilla on tärkeä merkitys elimistön suojaamisessa, ja (ii) laajentaa tietämystämme infarktin jälkeisistä melatoniinin sydäntä suojaavista vaikutuksista.

There is no consensus regarding the interpretation of the "Spirit like a dove" comparison in Jesus' baptism (Mk 1:10). Although scholars have proposed at least fifty different interpretations of the dove comparison, no study appears to have considered Isaiah's three dove texts as the background for the Markan dove (cf. Is 38:14; 59:11; 60:8). This neglect is surprising considering the abundance of Isaianic allusions in Mark's Prologue (Mk 1:1-15), and the growing awareness that Isaiah is the hermeneutical key for both the Markan Prologue and Jesus' baptism within it. Indeed, Mark connects the dove image inseparably to the Spirit's "descent" from heaven, which alludes to Yahweh's descent in a New Exodus deliverance in Isaiah 63:19 [MT]. Furthermore, each Isaianic dove text uses the same simile, "like a dove" or "like doves," which appears in Mark 1:10, and shares the theme of lament and restoration which fits the context of Mark's baptism account. This study therefore argues that the dove image in Mark 1:10 is a symbol which evokes metonymically Isaiah's three dove texts. So the Spirit is "like a dove" not because any quality of the Spirit resembles that of a dove, but because the dove recalls the Isaianic theme of lament and restoration associated with doves in this Scriptural tradition. After discussing the Markan dove in terms of simile, symbol, and metonymy, the study examines the Isaianic dove texts in the MT and LXX and argues that they form a single motif. Next, later Jewish references to the Isaianic dove texts are considered, while an Appendix examines further dove references in Jewish and Greco-Roman literature. Finally, the study argues that the Markan dove coheres in function with the Isaianic dove motif and symbolizes the Spirit's effect upon and through Jesus by evoking metonymically the Isaianic dove texts.